Detta självständiga arbete har ämnat att bidra med ökad förståelse för hur trum- och slagverkslärare på svenska kulturskolor beskriver hur deras elever internaliserar och externaliserar kunskap på olika sätt. Uppsatsen utgår ifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv och använder begreppen internalisering och externalisering för att diskutera lärande. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra trum- och slagverkspedagoger i kulturskolan. Resultatet visar att elevernas olika sätt att internalisera kunskap tar sig uttryck genom lektionernas inramning. Lärarna arbetar med auditiva, visuella och kinestetiska verktyg för att rama in och skapa lektionsmoment som möjliggör elevernas internalisering av kunskap på ett individanpassat sätt. Att kulturskolan inte bygger på läroplaner eller betyg är en tillgång för lärarna då lektionsinramningen tydligt kan anpassas för en specifik elevs sätt att internalisera kunskap snarare än att sträva efter kunskap som eleven skall uppnå baserat på ålder. Att trum- och slagverkskurserna i kulturskolan innefattar flera instrument möjliggör lärarnas sätt att främja elevers olika sätt att internalisera kunskap. Genom att använda olika slagverksinstrument som verktyg att förevisa på, anpassar lärarna undervisningen efter den enskilda elevens sätt att internalisera kunskapen. Resultatet visar även att då elever får nya musikaliska erfarenheter kan deras sätt att internalisera kunskap förändras. Elevernas externalisering av kunskap synliggörs genom resultatet av gjorda läxor och terminsuppspel. Lärarna kan även bevittna hur mindre steg i elevernas utveckling externaliseras kontinuerligt då de möter sina elever varje vecka. Resultatet kan bidra till en ökad förståelse för trum- och slagverkselevers internalisering och externalisering av kunskap inom ramen för den svenska kulturskolan. / This study has aimed to contribute to an increased understanding of how drum and percussion teachers describe how their students internalize and externalize knowledge in various ways. The study examines teachers on Swedish leisure time school of the arts. The essay is based on a sociocultural perspective and utilizes the concept of internalization and externalization to discuss learning. The empirical material has been gathered through semi-structured interviews with four teachers. The results indicate that students various ways of internalizing knowledge are manifested through the framing of lessons. The teachers use audio, visual and kinesthetic tools to frame and create lesson elements that enable students to internalize knowledge in an individually tailored manner. The fact that the school is not based on grades is an asset for the teachers, as the framing of lessons can be tailored to specific students way of internalizing, rather than striving for knowledge that the student should achieve based on age. The inclusion of multiple percussion instruments in the courses enables the teachers to promote students diverse ways of internalizing knowledge. By using various instruments as tools for demonstration, the teachers tailor the instruction to each individual students way of internalizing. Students ways of internalizing can change when students have new musical experiences. Students externalization of knowledge is made visible through the results of completed homework and performances. The teachers can also witness smaller steps in students development being continuously externalized as they meet their students every week. The results can contribute to an increased understanding of drum and percussion students' internalization and externalization of knowledge in Swedish leisure time school of the arts.

[ES] La tesis doctoral que a continuación se expone, presenta una investigación de índole artística y didáctica bajo la propuesta de realización de un estudio dirigido a los alumnos que cursan estudios superiores de percusión. Esta investigación se centra en la práctica pedagógica de los recursos musicales, tanto técnicos como interpretativos, a partir de las primeras composiciones escritas para ensemble de percusión. Con la introducción de una temática totalmente novedosa en cuanto al objeto de estudio, esta tesis se ocupa principalmente de la aplicación de estudios exploratorios. Estudios que muestran inicialmente la situación actual del tema tratado y posteriormente conducen al logro de aspectos teóricos y documentales a través de la implementación y comparación de nuevas propuestas metodológicas experimentales. La adaptación e incorporación de estas aportaciones didácticas contribuye a la apertura de nuevos campos de investigación dentro de la didáctica musical, así como al desarrollo de una innovación metodológica necesaria que haga frente al todavía muy extendido uso de la metodología tradicional dentro de los estudios musicales superiores. Asimismo, la redacción de esta tesis doctoral secunda la creación de nuevo conocimiento científico que conforma, transmite y optimiza la difusión del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los estudios superiores de música, convirtiéndose en una herramienta de renovación educativa que interviene en la ampliación de la producción investigadora de los centros de enseñanza superior musical. / [CA] La tesi doctoral que a continuació s'exposa presenta una investigació d'índole artística i didàctica, sota la proposta de realització d'un estudi dirigit als alumnes que cursen estudis superiors de percussió. Aquesta investigació es centra en la pràctica pedagògica dels recursos musicals, tant tècnics com interpretatius, a partir de les primeres composicions escrites per a ensemble de percussió. Amb la introducció d'una temàtica totalment nova pel que fa a l'objecte d'estudi, aquesta tesi s'ocupa principalment de l'aplicació d'estudis exploratoris. Estudis que mostren inicialment la situació actual del tema tractat i posteriorment condueixen a la consecució d'aspectes teòrics i documentals a través de la implementació i comparació de noves propostes metodològiques experimentals. L'adaptació i incorporació d'aquestes aportacions didàctiques contribueix a l'obertura de nous camps d'investigació dins de la didàctica musical, així com al desenvolupament d'una innovació metodològica necessària que faça front a l'encara molt estès ús de la metodologia tradicional dins els estudis musicals superiors. Tanmateix, la redacció d'aquesta tesi doctoral secunda la creació de nou coneixement científic que conforma, transmet i optimitza la difusió del procés d'ensenyament-aprenentatge dels estudis superiors de música, convertint-se en una eina de renovació educativa que intervé en l'ampliació de la producció investigadora dels centres d'ensenyament superior musical. / [EN] The doctoral thesis that is exposed below, presents research on artistic and didactic proposal of carrying out a study aimed at students who are pursuing higher percussion studies focused on the didactic practice of musical resources, both technical and interpretive, from the first compositions written for percussion ensemble. By introducing a totally new object of study, this research deals mainly with the application of exploratory studies. These studies initially show the current situation of the topic and subsequently lead to the achievement of theoretical and documentary aspects through the implementation and comparison of new experimental methodological proposals. The adaptation and incorporation of these new didactic contributions provides new research fields within music didactics, as well as to the development of a necessary methodological innovation that addresses the still very widespread use of traditional methodology within higher musical studies. In addition, this doctoral thesis contributes to the creation of new scientific knowledge that shapes, conveys and optimizes the dissemination of the teaching-learning process of higher music studies, becoming a tool for educational renewal that intervenes in the expansion of research at higher music schools. / Marzal Raga, LM. (2022). Aprendizaje cooperativo y enseñanza performativa para ensemble de percusión en los estudios superiores de música de la Comunidad Valenciana [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/185776

The purpose of this study is to provide a historiographical and musical analysis examining the jazz ride cymbal pattern, from its inception on woodblock, small accessory cymbals, hand cymbal mechanisms and brushes through what becomes known as the modern-day ride cymbal pattern. This research examines a wide array of drummers and bandleaders, with the objective of identifying the earliest recordings of this important addition to jazz drumming, and popular music history while analyzing the ride cymbal pattern's evolution through definitive recordings. The study begins with the earliest known recordings that clearly display the pattern as it is played on any of the instruments mentioned above. The research concludes with the jam sessions of the early 1940s at Minton's Playhouse, where the pioneer of bebop drumming, Kenny Clarke, experimented with altering the pattern. At this point, the pattern reach its final level of maturity and has since experienced no subsequent major modification. The historical and geographical analysis uses relevant literature from the field of jazz history in order to interpret and evaluate the impact of the the overall trajectory of the music and players. By surveying newspaper and magazine articles, archival interviews, and photographic sources, combined with audio and film analysis, it is clear that drummers navigated a path to the maturation of the pattern.

Alien-colour : for woodwind quintet -- Two bagatelles for the solo piano -- Duodecat : for large ensemble -- Moonlight : for solo voice and percussion -- Activation : for orchestra. / Yang Jin Fong. / "June 2004." / Thesis (D.Mus.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Title: Playing-related musculoskeletal disorders in drummers Objectives: The aim of this study is to collect literature resources focusing on the field of performing arts medicine in musicians with a special focus on drummers. The main focus will be directed on the therapeutic, preventive, educational and ergonomic influence of musculoskeletal disabilities. Methods: This is a literature review, written mainly from foreign sources in English. Electronic databases like Pubmed, Pedro, Science Direct, Springer and Wiley were used. Special attention was given to studies that describe health problems of musicians associated with playing drums. Instrument ergonomics, prevention and education in this field is also described. Results: 128 studies corresponded to the entry criteria. 88 of these studies were devoted to health problems of playing a musical instrument in general, 5 studies were directly addressing particular health risks associated with playing drums. Another 11 studies were describing percussionists within a larger sample of musicians. Conclusion: There are not many studies dealing with health issues associated with playing the drums. Their authors are often speaking from personal experience. On the internet, there is a number of websites containing information about the most common ailments...

A presente dissertação de mestrado propõe uma investigação sobre as possibilidades de aplicação das práticas de musicalização corporal desenvolvidas pelo grupo Barbatuques na educação musical do artista teatral. Este grupo, referência em percussão corporal, possui uma sólida pesquisa artística e pedagógica, iniciada em 1997, na qual utiliza o corpo como instrumento musical, através de atividades nas quais o aspecto lúdico é preponderante. O objetivo principal desta dissertação é apresentar os principais jogos desenvolvidos pelo grupo, propondo uma análise reflexiva sobre seu uso e aplicação no ensino de teatro. Esta pesquisa pretende colaborar como uma ferramenta possível para a educação musical do artista teatral. / This master\'s degree dissertation investigates into the possibilities to apply the corporal musicalization practices developed by the body percussion group Barbatuques in music education for theater artists. This leading group has a solid artistic and pedagogical research, started in 1997, based on the use of the body as a musical instrument through activities in which the ludic aspect is preponderant. The main objective of this dissertation is to present the most important games developed by the group, proposing a reflexive analysis on its use and application in theater teaching. This research also intends to collaborate as a possible tool in musical education for theater artists.

A presente dissertação de mestrado propõe uma investigação sobre as possibilidades de aplicação das práticas de musicalização corporal desenvolvidas pelo grupo Barbatuques na educação musical do artista teatral. Este grupo, referência em percussão corporal, possui uma sólida pesquisa artística e pedagógica, iniciada em 1997, na qual utiliza o corpo como instrumento musical, através de atividades nas quais o aspecto lúdico é preponderante. O objetivo principal desta dissertação é apresentar os principais jogos desenvolvidos pelo grupo, propondo uma análise reflexiva sobre seu uso e aplicação no ensino de teatro. Esta pesquisa pretende colaborar como uma ferramenta possível para a educação musical do artista teatral. / This master\'s degree dissertation investigates into the possibilities to apply the corporal musicalization practices developed by the body percussion group Barbatuques in music education for theater artists. This leading group has a solid artistic and pedagogical research, started in 1997, based on the use of the body as a musical instrument through activities in which the ludic aspect is preponderant. The main objective of this dissertation is to present the most important games developed by the group, proposing a reflexive analysis on its use and application in theater teaching. This research also intends to collaborate as a possible tool in musical education for theater artists.

<p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability TBI survivors often suffer from severe disturbances of cognition, memory and emotions. Improving the treatment is of great importance, but as of yet no specific neuroprotective treatment has been found. After TBI there are changes in ion homeostasis and protein regulation, causing generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overproduction of ROS can lead to damage cellmembranes, proteins and DNA and secondary cell death. In the present thesis experimental TBI in rats were used to study the effects of the ROS scavengers α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN) and 2-sulfophenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone (S-PBN) on morphology, function, intracellular signalling and apoptosis. </p><p>Posttreatment with PBN and S-PBN resulted in attenuation of tissue loss after TBI and S-PBN improved cognitive function evaluated in the Morris water maze (MWM). Pretreatment with PBN protected hippocampal morphology, which correlated to better MWM-performance after TBI.</p><p>To detect ROS-generation in vivo, a method using 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) microdialysis in the injured cortex was refined. 4-HBA reacts with ROS to form 3,4-DHBA, which can be quantified using HPLC, revealing that ROS-formation was increased for 90 minutes after TBI. It was possible to attenuate the formation significantly with PBN and S-PBN treatment. </p><p>The activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is generally considered beneficial for cell survival. However, persistent ERK activation was found in the injured cortex after TBI, coinciding with apoptosis-like cell death 24 h after injury. Pretreatment with the MEK-inhibitor U0126 and S-PBN significantly decreased ERK activation and reduced apoptosis-like cell death. Posttreatment with U0126 or S-PBN showed robust protection of cortical tissue.</p><p>To conclude: ROS-mediated mechanisms play an important role in secondary cell death following TBI. The observed effects of ROS in intracellular signalling may be important for defining new targets for neuroprotective intervention.</p>

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability TBI survivors often suffer from severe disturbances of cognition, memory and emotions. Improving the treatment is of great importance, but as of yet no specific neuroprotective treatment has been found. After TBI there are changes in ion homeostasis and protein regulation, causing generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overproduction of ROS can lead to damage cellmembranes, proteins and DNA and secondary cell death. In the present thesis experimental TBI in rats were used to study the effects of the ROS scavengers α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN) and 2-sulfophenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone (S-PBN) on morphology, function, intracellular signalling and apoptosis. Posttreatment with PBN and S-PBN resulted in attenuation of tissue loss after TBI and S-PBN improved cognitive function evaluated in the Morris water maze (MWM). Pretreatment with PBN protected hippocampal morphology, which correlated to better MWM-performance after TBI. To detect ROS-generation in vivo, a method using 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) microdialysis in the injured cortex was refined. 4-HBA reacts with ROS to form 3,4-DHBA, which can be quantified using HPLC, revealing that ROS-formation was increased for 90 minutes after TBI. It was possible to attenuate the formation significantly with PBN and S-PBN treatment. The activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is generally considered beneficial for cell survival. However, persistent ERK activation was found in the injured cortex after TBI, coinciding with apoptosis-like cell death 24 h after injury. Pretreatment with the MEK-inhibitor U0126 and S-PBN significantly decreased ERK activation and reduced apoptosis-like cell death. Posttreatment with U0126 or S-PBN showed robust protection of cortical tissue. To conclude: ROS-mediated mechanisms play an important role in secondary cell death following TBI. The observed effects of ROS in intracellular signalling may be important for defining new targets for neuroprotective intervention.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and disability. As common sequelae in survivors of TBI are disabling functional, emotional and cognitive disturbances, improved treatment of TBI patients is urgently needed. At present, no neuroprotective pharmacological treatment exists. The formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, reactive oxygen species (ROS), is considered an important event in the pathophysiology of TBI. In the present thesis, the fluid percussion (FPI) and controlled cortical contusion injury models of TBI in rats were used. Two nitrone radical scavengers, α-Phenyl-N-tert -butyl nitrone (PBN) and the sulfonated analogue of PBN, 2-sulfophenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (S-PBN), were used as tools to study the role of ROS in TBI. Pre-treatment with PBN (30 mg/kg) improved morphological and cognitive outcome after severe controlled cortical contusion injury. Treatment with equimolar doses of PBN and S-PBN administered 30 min after FPI followed by a 24 h intravenous infusion improved morphological outcome. Only S-PBN improved cognitive outcome as assessed in the Morris Water Maze. Surprisingly, pre-treatment with PBN increased the number of apoptotic neurons at 24 hours after injury despite a reduced lesion volume. FPI resulted in an early increase in glucose uptake and a reduction in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) assessed by fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) and hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (HMPAO) autoradiography. At 12 h, a marked reduction in glucose uptake and rCBF ensued. These TBI-induced changes were attenuated by PBN and S-PBN pre-treatment. A method for ROS detection using 4-hydroxybenzoate in conjunction with microdialysis was evaluated. The results showed a marked increase in ROS formation as assessed by an increase in the single adduct 3,4-DHBA, lasting 90 min after injury. In a separate study, PBN and S-PBN equally reduced 3,4-DHBA formation despite no detectable brain concentrations of S-PBN at 30 or 60 min post-injury. In conclusion, ROS play an important role in the injury process after TBI. We report a method for ROS detection with potential clinical utility. Nitrones increased ROS elimination and improved functional and morphological outcome. Nitrone treatment may have a clinical potential as a neuroprotective concept in TBI.