Fluorinated compounds are environmentally persistent and have been demonstrated to bioaccumulate and contribute to climate change. The focus of this work was to better understand the atmospheric chemistry of poly- and per-fluorinated compounds in order to appreciate their impacts on the environment. Several fluorinated compounds exist for which data on climate impacts do not exist. Radiative efficiencies (REs) and atmospheric lifetimes of two new long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs) were determined using smog chamber techniques: perfluoropolyethers and perfluoroalkyl amines. Through this, it was observed that RE was not directly related to the number of carbon-fluorine bonds. A structure-activity relationship was created to allow the determination of RE solely from the chemical structure of the compound. Also, a novel method was developed to detect polyfluorinated LLGHGs in the atmosphere. Using carbotrap, thermal desorption and cryogenic extraction coupled to GC-MS, atmospheric measurements can be made for a number of previously undetected compounds. A perfluoroalkyl amine was detected in the atmosphere using this technique, which is the compound with the highest RE ever detected in the atmosphere. Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) are water soluble and non-volatile, suggesting they are not susceptible to long-range transport. A hypothesis was derived to explain the ubiquitous distribution of these compounds involving atmospheric formation of PFCAs from volatile precursors. Using smog chamber techniques with offline analysis, perfluorobutenes and fluorotelomer iodides were shown to yield PFCAs from atmospheric oxidation. Dehydrofluorination of perfluorinated alcohols (PFOHs) is poorly understood in the mechanism of PFCA atmospheric formation. Using density functional techniques, overtone-induced photolysis was shown to lead to dehydrofluorination of PFOHs. In the presence of water, this mechanism could be a sink of PFOHs in the atmosphere. Confirmation of the importance of volatile precursors was derived from examination of snow from High Arctic ice caps. This provided the first empirical evidence of atmospheric deposition. Through the analytes observed, fluxes and temporal trends, it was concluded that atmospheric oxidation of volatile precursors is an important source of PFCAs to the Arctic.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Technologiae: Chemical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2014 / An awareness campaign on the harmful effects of Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), especially Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has been conducted to inform the general public about the impact of these organic compounds on hu-mans and biota. These compounds have been shown to be potential carcinogens, as indi-cated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development . A major concern about these chemicals is that they have been widely used in consumer products and have been detected in food and drinking water. They have been determined to be resistant to biological degradation, owing to their unique chemical and physical properties (fluorine atoms that have substituted hydrogen atoms in their chemical structure). Owing to their characteristics of being highly soluble in water, they cannot be removed from water using ordinary purification processes. Studies have been conducted to evaluate the removal of PFOA and PFOS from water using different methods. Among these methods, it has been proved that adsorption is a suitable method with the best adsorbent identified as activated carbon (AC). AC can be found in many forms, including as a fibre. The use of AC for the removal of PCFs can be augmented with sonica-tion and electro-chemical methods for rapid absorption of these compounds. The aim of this study was to remove these contaminants using a microporous AC fibre (ACF) made from an indigenous plant, Agave sisalana, which is widely available across sub-Saharan Africa, by using electro-physico-chemical methods. ACF has the following advantages when compared with granulated and/or powdered AC: it has a slightly larger reactive surface area; small quantities can be used; it is easily handled; it retains its shape under stress, thus does not require additional filtration to remove particulate residue; and can be regenerated easily. The manufacturing process of the ACF was done in several steps: 1) harvesting of the A. sisalana leaves, stripping them to obtain wet fibre by scrapping using traditional meth-ods, 2) chemical activation using NaOH, KOH, ZnCl2 and H3PO4, employing a spraying method instead of soaking, which was followed by drying, and 3) carbonisation in a furnace at the required temperature. The use of activation reagents involved the determination of an appropriate concentration, with optimum concentrations determined as 0.54M, 0.625M, 1.59M and 0.73M for NaOH, KOH, ZnCl2 and H3PO4, respectively. Apart from the fibre acti-vation, temperature and activation time were also important parameters that were optimised. A response surface methodology was used to design a set of experiments that provided the optimum temperature and activation time. From the input variables, the Expert design soft- ware generated experimental runs (n = 13) for each fibre activation reagent used with a tem-perature range of 450°C to 933°C being assessed for carbonisation time of between 17 to 208 minutes. ACF activated with KOH (0.54 M) and characterised by micropores with the highest surface area achieved being 1285.8 m2/g in comparison with Granular activated car-bon (Ounas et al., 2009) with an average surface area range of 1000 to 1100 m2/g. This sur-face area was measured using Dubinin-Astakhov isotherm with CO2 at 273 K. The physical characteristics of the ACF were analysed using a Scanning Electron Microscope to ascertain the integrity of the fibres. PFOA and PFOS were analysed using a solid phase extraction (SPE) method fol-lowed by analysis using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometer (SPE-LC/MS/MS). The water sample volume used for extraction was 60 mL. The instrument used was an HPLC - Ultimate 3000 Dionex HPLC system and MS model - Amazon SL Ion Trap, with the following MS/MS operational conditions and ion mode: MS Interface → ESI; dry temp → 350C; nebulising pressure → 60 psi; dry gas flow → 10 L/min; ionisation mode → negative; capillary voltage → +4500V; end plate offset → −500V, while the separation col-umn was a Waters Sunfire C18, 5 μm, 4.6 × 150 mm column (supplier: Waters, Dublin, Ire-land), with an operational temperature of 30C. Initially, adsorption studies (n = 48) using sonication (20 kHz) in batch systems indi-cated efficient removal of PFOA and PFOS within 120 min, with numerous samples (n = 14) achieving complete removal for both PFOA and PFOS. The minimum removal rates ob-served were 65.55% for PFOA and 95.92% for PFOS. From the ACF samples in which high-est removal rates were achieved, a number (n = 3) of the ACF samples were selected for surface characterisation. Based on the sonication in the previous experiments, an electro-physico-chemical adsorption regime was designed, to facilitate the rapid adsorption of PFOS and PFOA from contaminated drinking water in an electrolytic cell. In these experiments, si-multaneous sonication and electrolysis were used. A comparison was made between ACF produced in this study and the commercial activated carbon. The result revealed that adsorp-tion of PFOA and PFOS on ACF was a monolayer adsorption type phenomenon and had the best fit using a Freundlich isotherm compared with the Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption of PFOA and PFOS on the commercial AC presented a multilayer adsorption type of isotherm fit with the Langmuir isotherm having the best fit compared with the Freundlich isotherm.

PFCs are used in a wide variety of industrial and commercial applications for more than 50 years. Among variation of PFCs, Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (CF3(CF2)7SO3-) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (CF3(CF2)6COO-) are the most dominant PFCs. In May 2009, PFOS, its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF) are designated as new Persistent Organic Compounds (POPs) which are resistant, bio-accumulating, and having potential of causing adverse effects to humans and environment (IISD, 2009). However, products containing PFCs are still being manufactured and used, which could be the main reason why they are still observed in the environment and biota (Berger et al., 2004; Saito et al., 2003; Sinclair et al., 2004). The study is focused on the PFCs contamination in water and industrial wastewater around the Central and Eastern Thailand, where is one of the major industrialized areas in the country. The samplings were conducted in major rivers, Chao Phraya, Bangpakong and Tachin River. PFCs were contaminated in all rivers. The average total PFCs were 15.10 ng/L, 18.29 ng/L and 7.40 ng/L in Chao Phraya, Bangpakong and Tachin River, respectively. PFOS and PFOA were the predominant PFCs in all samples. The total of 118.6 g/d PFOS and 323.6 g/d PFOA were released from the three rivers to the Gulf of Thailand. The survey was also conducted in small rivers, reservoirs, and coastal water around Eastern Thailand, where many industrial zones (IZ) are located. The geometric mean (GM) concentration of each PFC was ranged from 2.3 to 107.7 ng/L in small rivers, 2.2 to 212.2 ng/L in reservoirs, and 0.8 to 41.1 ng/L in coastal water samples. The higher PFCs contaminations were detected in the surface water around the industrial zones, where might be the sources of these compounds. Field surveys were also conducted in ten industrial zones (IZ1 – IZ10) to identify the occurrences of PFCs from in industries. The recovery rates of PFCs in the samples indicated that the matrix interference or enhancement was an important problem in PFCs analysis. The elevated concentrations were detected in electronics, textile, chemicals and glass making industries. Total PFCs concentrations in the influent of WWTP were ranged from 39.6 to 3, 344.1 ng/L. Ten industrial zones released 188.41 g/d of PFCs. All of the treatment processes inside industrial zones were biological processes, which were reported that they were not effective to remove PFCs. The influence of industrial discharges was affected not only the rivers and reservoirs but also in the coastal water. The PFCs in rivers and reservoirs were discharged to the Gulf of Thailand, which is the important food source for Thai people and exports. Due to the problems in industrial wastewater analysis, several optimizing options were applied in PFCs analytical method especially in Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) procedure. The combination of PresepC-Agri and Oasis®HLB was the better option for analyzing PFCs in water samples. The optimum flow rate for loading the samples was 5 mL/min. Methanol (2 mL) plus Acetronitrile (2 mL) was the effective way to elute PFCs from the cartridges. The specific solvent percentages to elute each PFCs were identified for both water and industrial wastewater samples. The matrix removal methods by using Envi-Carb and Ultrafilter were effective for different types of industrial wastewater samples. PFCs were detected in surface waters, which are the sources of tap and drinking water for the people in Central and Eastern Thailand. The surveys were conducted in Bangkok city. Samples were collected from water treatment plants (WTPs), tap water, and drinking water. PFCs were detected in all tap water and drinking water samples. PFOS and PFOA concentrations in raw water of WTP were found 4.29 ng/L and 16.54 ng/L, respectively. The average PFOS and PFOA concentrations in tap water were detected 0.17 and 3.58 ng/L, respectively. The tap water results also showed that PFOS and PFOA concentrations were not similarly detected in all area in the city. PFOA were detected higher in the western area, while PFOS concentration was quite similar in all areas. Overall, it can be concluded that the current treatment processes were not completely remove PFCs. Nevertheless, PFCs in particulate phase were effectively removed by the primary sedimentation and rapid sand filtration. Elevated PFCs were found in the industrial zones (IZ2 and IZ5). To understand the distribution and fate of PFCs during industrial wastewater process, PFCs mass flows were studied. Higher PFCs in adsorbed phase were detected only in activated sludge and some influent samples. In IZ2, PFOA loading in the dissolved phase increased after activated sludge process by 5%. There was no degradation of PFOA inside the polishing pond. The highest loading to the treatment plant was PFOS with the loading of 2, 382 mg/d and 1, 529 mg/d in dissolved and adsorbed phase, respectively. Unlike PFCAs that showed no removal in the treatment process, PFOS were decreased during the treatment processes with 36% in the activated sludge process and 36% in the polishing pond. The predominant in this IZ5 was PFOS. The increasing of PFOS was also found in this treatment plant dissimilar to IZ2. PFOS was increasing by 45% in dissolved phase and 47% in adsorbed phase. All of PFCs in this industrial zone were detected higher in the effluent, indicated that PFCs’ precursors should be the major effects of this contamination. / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14930号 / 工博第3157号 / 新制||工||1473(附属図書館) / 27368 / UT51-2009-M844 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 宏明, 教授 清水 芳久, 教授 藤井 滋穂 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第15659号 / 工博第3317号 / 新制||工||1501(附属図書館) / 28196 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 宏明, 教授 清水 芳久, 教授 藤井 滋穂 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Actuellement, les moules utilisés pour la réalisation de pièces composites aéronautiques sont à base d'alliages métalliques (FeNi, Invar) très appréciés pour leur faible coefficient de dilatation. Toutefois, ces alliages présentent plusieurs inconvénients (poids, prix, délais de livraison) qui incitent les industriels à se toumer vers d'autres matériaux. Dans ce contexte, les matériaux composites époxy/fibres de carbone sont une altemative intéressante compte tenu de leurs propriétés mécaniques proches del'Invar tout en alliant légèreté et facilité de mis en æuvre. Cependant, avec de tels moules des phénomènes d'adhésion risquent d'intervenir entre la résine époxyde infusée, constituant la future pièce, et le moule lui-même composé d'une résine époxyde. Leur nature proche est susceptible de favoriser des phénomènes de diffusion ou d'interactions moléculaires impliqués dans l'adhésion des polymères.Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont donc pour but de minimiser l'ensemble des phénomènes favorisant I'adhésion entre deux résines époxydes (l'une étant réticulée au contact de la seconde). Pour cela, les travaux sont concentrés sur la modification pérenne de la physicochimie ainsi que de la topographie de surface de la résine époxyde composant le moule. Ces deux paramètres sont en effet identifiés comme indispensables pour l'obtention de surfaces au caractère faiblement mouillant, pré-requis pour une bonne adhésion avec un tiers corps. Dans un premier temps, la physicochimie de surface de la résine du moule a étémodifiée durablement grâce à un additif fluoré préalablement greffé à la résine époxyde. Le mécanisme de fluoration de la surface a été étudié et une étape cruciale de migration de l'additif fluoré vers I'interface air / résine au cours de réticulation a été identifiée. Dans un deuxième temps, une rugosité contrôlée à l'échelle micrométrique est appliquée à la surface de la résine ainsi modifiée. Les propriétés de surface qui en découlent sont étudiées et montrent une accentuation du caractère faiblement mouillant des résines fluorées. Enfin, les propriétés d'interfaces entre les résines époxydes modifiées constituant le moule et une résine époxyde vierge représentant une pièce injectée sont étudiées via un test mécanique. Les résultats obtenus (force et type de rupture) sont mis en relation avec les propriétés superficielles de la résine époxyde modifiée. / Currently , the molds used for making aircraft composite piecess are made of metal alloys ( FeNi Invar ) popular for their low coefficient of expansion. However, these alloys have several drawbacks ( weight, price , delivery time ) which encourage manufacturers to rotate to other materials. In this context, the epoxy composites / carbon fibers are an interesting altemative given their mechanical properties similar to Invar while combining lightness and ease of implementation . However , with such molds, phenomena of adhesion may occur between the infused epoxy resin constituting the future piece , and the mold itself made of an epoxy resin. Their close nature promotes diffusion phenomena or molecular interactions involved in the adhesion of polymers.The works presented in this thesis is therefore to minimize all phenomena promoting the adhesion between two epoxy resins (one being cured in contact with the second). To do this, the work is focused on sustainable change in the physicochemistry and the surface topography of the epoxy resin component mold. These two parameters are indeed identified as essential for obtaining surfaces prerequisited low wetting character , for good adhesion with a third body. At first , the physicochemistry of the resin surface of the mold was permanently changed using a fluorinated additive grafted beforehand on the epoxy resin. The mechanism of fluorination of the surface has been studied and a critical step in migration of the fluorinated additive towards the air / resin interface during curing has been identified. In a second step , a controlled micrometer scale roughness is applied to the surface of the resin as amended . The surface properties arising are studied and show an accentuation of low wetting character of fluorinated resins . Finally, the properties of interfaces between the modified epoxy resins constituting the mold and blank epoxy resin representing a molded part are studied via a mechanical test. The results obtained ( strength and type of failure ) are put in contact with the surface of the modified epoxy resin properties.

First, this study examined the association of perfluorinated chemicals with 1) cardio-metabolic health outcomes and 2) the association of phthalates with cardiometabolic health outcomes, and 3) cardio-metabolic health outcomes while assessing the possibility of additive interactions between perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) and phthalates. Second, association with markers of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress were explored. Finally, this study examined the association of these chemicals with estrogenic cancers- Breast cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between PFCs and the cardio-metabolic health outcomes adjusting for covariates. An interaction term between PFCs and phthalates was added to the main effect model to assess the possibility of effect modification. Generalized linear models were used to examine associations between PFCs and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers per unit increase in exposure to PFCs while adjusting for covariates. Binomial logistic regression was used in investigating the association between quartiles of PFCs and presence or absence of cancer while also adjusting for covariates. Discriminant analysis was used to assess the correlation between individual PFCs compounds and individual cancer categories. Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) was associated with increased odds of central obesity in females, odds ratio (OR): 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.01, 1.21). Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHS), Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDE) were all significantly associated with lymphocyte counts. Beta (95% CI); 0.03(0.02,0.05), 0.04(0.02,0.05), 0.05(0.03, 0.07), 0.04(0.03,0.05), 0.03(0.01,0.04) and with serum iron 0.07(0.05,0.09), 0.04(0.02,0.07), 0.10(0.07,0.12), 0.05(0.03,0.07), 0.04(0.02,0.06) and serum albumin 0.02(0.02,0.02), 0.02(0.02,0.03), 0.03(0.03,0.04), 0.02(0.02, 0.023), 0.01 (0.01, 0.05). Only PFHS, PFNA, PFOA and PFOS were associated with serum total bilirubin 0.04(0.03,0.05), 0.02(0.00,0.03), 0.06(0.04,0.08), 0.03(0.02,0.05). PFCs studied were associated with increased odds of breast, prostate, uterine and ovarian cancers, p

No description available.

The increasing awareness towards PFAS pollution makes it increasingly important to treat. Many agencies over the globe, including the Swedish Food Agency, are introducing ever so strict control over PFASs in drinking water. One of Norrvatten’s back-up drinking water plants, the Hammarby plant, is a groundwater plant that saw elevated concentrations of PFASs (sum of 32 PFASs~80 ng/L) and total uranium (~109 µg/L). The aim of this work is to investigate the possible remediation for PFAS and uranium pollution in the groundwater. The main objective is to examine the possibility of SorbixTM, a strong-base anion exchange resins provided by ETC2, adsorbing PFAS and uraniumfrom the groundwater. Furthermore, the optimal solution of groundwater and sodium chloride that prevents microbial growth is to be investigated. This is of interest considering the intermittent operation of the Hammarby plant, where water would be allowed to stagnant for longer periods thus being prone to microbial growth. The effect of microorganisms on the resins is of concern. Biogrowth experiments were conducted using four different brines: 0%, 5%, 15%, and 25%. Identical masses of AIX resins were soaked in these solutions for 19-29 days in order to investigate whether the brine is effective at inhibiting biogrowth. The tests were analyzed mainly using plate count method, and secondly using flow cytometry. For uranium and PFAS removal, batch experiments using (1) resins that were previously soaked in brine were performed, (2) resins that were exposed to microorganisms as well as (3) new unused resins. Results showed that brines with 15% salinity or higher are capable of completely stopping microbial growth. The SorbixTM was capable of removing PFAS to below detection levels, as well as 99% removal of total uranium. To further develop on this study, column experiments with continuous water flow should be investigated. Continuous flow is a more accurate representation of the real case and will give knowledge on additional information regarding the breakthrough volume of the individual PFASs, the required water flow relative to available resin area that ensures acceptable removals, and how the competitiveness of uranium affects PFAS adsorption. It is also recommended to investigate the potential for regenerating the AIX resins. The Swedish Food Agency restricts the chemicals that are allowed to come in contact with any drinking water equipment. This means that some of the regenerative substances used in other studies are prohibited in Sweden. / Den växande uppmärksamheten kring PFAS gör det allt viktigare att avlägsna dessa från dricksvatten. Flera myndigheter över hela världen, inklusive Livsmedelsverket, inför gränsvärden och kontroller på PFAS i dricksvatten som blir allt striktare. En av Norrvattens reservvattenverk, Hammarby, är en grundvattenanläggning som visade förhöjda koncentrationer av PFAS och uran, där summan av de 32 mest förekommande PFASs är 80 ng/L och den totala uranhalten är 109 µg/L. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka möjligheten till PFAS och uran borttagning från grundvattnet. Huvudmålet är att undersöka möjligheten för SorbixTM, en starkbasisk anjonbytesharts som är framtagen av ETC2 Sverige (ETC2, n.d.), att adsorbera PFAS och uran från grundvattnet. Dessutom ska den optimala lösningen av grundvatten och natriumklorid, som förhindrar mikrobiell tillväxt, undersökas. Detta är av intresse med tanke på den intermittenta driften av Hammarby-anläggningen, där vattnet i ledningarna är stillastående under längre perioder och därmed blir utsatt för mikrobiell tillväxt. Effekten av mikroorganismer på jonbytesharts är, enligt andrastudier, bekymmersam. Tillväxtexperimenten utfördes genom användning av fyra olika saltlösningar: 0%, 5%, 15%och 25%. Identiska massor av anjonbytesharts blötlades i dessa lösningar i 19-29 dagar för att undersöka biologisk tillväxt. Testerna analyserades huvudsakligen med tre-dagars-tillväxt och imindre utsträckning med flödescytometri.För uran- och PFAS-avlägsnande så användes standardiserad skaktester med (1) jonbytesharts somtidigare blötlagts i saltvatten, (2) jonbytesharts som exponerats för mikroorganismer samt (3) nytt och oanvänt jonbytesharts. Resultatet visade att lösningar med 15% salthalt eller högre kan bromsa den mikrobiella tillväxten helt. SorbixTM lyckades ta bort PFAS till under detektionsnivåer, samt avlägsnade över 99% av den uppmätta uranen i grundvattnet. För vidare studier så rekommenderas kolonnförsök med kontinuerligt vattenflöde. Kontinuerligt flöde är en mer exakt representation av det verkliga fallet och kommer att ge ytterligare information såsom: breakthrough volymen för de enskilda PFASs, optimala vattenflödet i förhållande till tillgänglig yta av jonbytesharts som säkerställer acceptabel avlägsnande samt hur stark konkurrensen mellan uran och PFAS blir och vilken av de som adsorberas/desorberas först. Dessutom rekommenderas undersökningar på regenereringen av jonbytesharts, med tanke till de begränsade regenereringsämnen som är tillåtna enligt Livsmedelsverket. Många regenerativa ämnensom används i andra studier är förbjudna att använda i Sverige.

Background: Environmental exposures acting through different mechanisms have been linked with a number of cancers. Perfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) are endocrine disrupting chemicals affecting estrogen homeostasis. Objectives: We examined the association between PFCs and a group of estrogen related cancers and explored if increased non-occupational exposure was associated with increased odds of developing these cancers. We also explored which of these chemical exposures was more correlated with each cancer. Methods: Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we selected participants ≥ 20 years of age. Our outcome variable was presence or absence of breast, prostate, ovarian and uterine cancer (yes/no); our exposure variables were serum PFCs. Logistic regression models were used in investigating the association between PFCs and cancer types and between quartiles of PFCs exposure concentrations and presence or absence of cancer while adjusting for covariates. Discriminant analysis was used to assess the correlation between individual PFCs compounds and individual cancer types. Results: PFCs were associated with increased odds of ovarian cancer; PFOA: 1.02(1.01, 1.02), PFOS: 1.01 (1.012, 1.013), PFHS 1.031 (1.030, 1.033), PFDE: 1.29(1.27, 1.30) and increased odds of breast cancer; PFOA: 1.089(1.089, 1.09), PFOS: 1.011(1.011, 1.011), PFNA: 1.031(1.030, 1.033), PFHS: 1.02 (1.02, 1.02), PFDE: 1.19(1.18, 1.19). PFCs were not associated with increased odds of prostate or uterine cancers. Comparing the odds in quartile 4 to quartile 1 for ovarian cancer, PFOA: 1.77(1.75,1.79), PFOS: 2.25(2.22, 2.28), PFHS: 1.86(1.84, 1.88), PFDE: 2.11(2.09, 2.14). For breast cancer, PFOA: 2.30(2.28, 2.31), PFOS: 1.47(1.46, 1.48), PFNA: 1.04(1.03, 1.05), PFHS:7.07(6.97,7.17), PFDE: 1.38(1.37, 1.39). PFOA was more correlated with breast cancer (0.7) and PFHS was more correlated with ovarian cancer (0.9). Discussion: PFCs were associated with increased odds of ovarian and breast cancers with a positive dose-response relationship. PFOA was more correlated with breast cancer and PFHS more with ovarian cancer.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20814号 / 工博第4418号 / 新制||工||1686(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 伊藤 禎彦, 教授 田中 宏明, 准教授 西村 文武 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM