L’objectif d’accès universel aux traitements antirétroviraux (ARV), adopté officiellement en 2006 par les Etats membres des Nations Unies, implique la décentralisation de la prise en charge de l’infection à VIH au niveau des districts de santé et l’accessibilité économique des services de santé et traitements pour les ménages touchés par la maladie. Les enjeux posés par les politiques de passage à l’échelle de l’accès aux ARV dans les pays à faibles ressources ont ainsi conduit récemment à un regain d’intérêt pour la recherche opérationnelle, et redonné une actualité particulière à l’évaluation en profondeur des processus de décentralisation, en fournissant un angle d’analyse de cette politique jusqu’à présent inexploré par l’économie appliquée. Intégrée au sein d’un programme concerté de recherche conduit au Cameroun, cette thèse cherche à évaluer la performance de cette politique, notamment du point de vue de l’efficacité des services VIH et de leur accessibilité économique pour les ménages. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l’analyse des relations entre décentralisation de l’offre de soins pour l’infection à VIH et efficacité des services délivrés. Les analyses, réalisées à partir de modèles de régression multi-niveaux, montrent que les services VIH décentralisés obtiennent d’aussi bons résultats que les services centralisés, voire même de meilleurs résultats pour certains critères, tels que l’observance et la qualité de vie mentale. Elles mettent également en évidence que les caractéristiques de l’offre de soins, dont notamment la disponibilité en ressources humaines qualifiées et la charge de travail des personnels soignants, jouent un rôle non négligeable dans l’explication des différences observées dans la performance des services.La seconde partie s’intéresse à l’analyse de l’accessibilité économique des soins et traitements de l’infection à VIH. L’analyse des déterminants de l’accès au traitement antirétroviral révèle l’existence d’inégalités d’accès liées à la fois à des facteurs socio-économiques et à des facteurs structurels. Les résultats montrent également que les coûts directs de la maladie sont considérables au regard des ressources des ménages, que leur distribution est régressive par rapport aux revenus et que de multiples facteurs socio-économiques limitent l’efficacité de la prise en charge.L’expérience du Cameroun montre la faisabilité et la pertinence, au regard des objectifs de la lutte contre le VIH, d’une stratégie de diffusion du traitement par antirétroviraux s’appuyant sur une décentralisation de l’offre de soins, sous réserve toutefois que les systèmes de santé soient renforcés, notamment en termes de ressources humaines, et que des réformes innovantes du financement de la santé soient entreprises, réduisant, de façon substantielle, les paiements directs à la charge des populations. / In order to reach the largest population throughout the whole territory of a country, scaling-up access to ART requires both the decentralization of HIV care from central to more local services at the district level, together with care and antiretroviral treatment being economically accessible for households affected by HIV/AIDS. The recent issues raised by ART scaling-up policies in low income countries have led to a revival of interest in operational research and provide the opportunity for an in-depth assessment of decentralization policies from a point of view hitherto unexplored in applied economics.The present thesis work, which forms part of a large programme of operational research conducted in Cameroon, aimed to assess the performance of the decentralization policy in the field of HIV, particularly in terms of services’ effectiveness and economic accessibility for households.The first part of the thesis was dedicated to the assessment of the relationships between decentralization of the healthcare delivery for HIV care and the effectiveness of the services provided. Using multilevel regression models, the analysis showed that decentralized services at the district level not only achieved outcomes as good as those in centralized services, but performed even better for certain outcomes such as adherence to ART and mental health related quality of life. The results also highlighted that healthcare supply characteristics, including in particular the availability of qualified human resources and the workload of health professionals, played a significant role in explaining the differences observed inservices performance.The second part of the thesis dealt with the economic accessibility of care and treatment for HIV infection. The analysis of the determinants of access to ART highlighted inequalities in access related both to socio-economic and structural factors. Results also showed that the direct costs of the illness are considerable compared to households’ resources, that their distribution in terms of income is regressive and that numerous socio-economic factors limited HIV care effectiveness.With respect to the objectives of the global fight against HIV/AIDS, the Cameroonian experience shows the feasibility and pertinence of implementing an ART scaling-up strategy based on the decentralization of the health care supply. However this can only be fully effective if the health system as a whole is strengthened, especially in terms of human resources, and if strong financing reforms are implemented in order to substantially reduce out-of-pocket payments for affected households.

The purposes of the investigation were to determine and analyze the effects of dry heat upon the physical and mental performance tasks and to deduce implications for the improvement of educational practices.

The term creativity will be used in this paper to denote the unique imposition of the personality upon, in this case, the instrument selected and the work performed. The result of the creativity, the performance, is in the indefinable but, to a competent judge, readily recognizable area of true artistry, and represents, at best, a spontaneity resulting from interaction with unconscious processes after the conscious mastery of the technical problems of the particular instrument. For the purposes of this study, May's definition of anxiety is as good and workable as any: "Anxiety is the apprehension cued off by a threat to some value which the individual holds essential to his existence as a personality. In the case of the musician, the threatened value is his desire (and necessity, in terms of his self concept) to pursue music as a career. When his career is threatened or depreciated, the result is anxiety, which manifests itself in various forms of irrational behavior, physical symptoms, and inadequate adjustments to everyday situations.

An overwhelming number of contemporary adolescents struggle with difficult issues. Many of these problems are socially related whereas others can be directly related to the degradation of the family unit. Among the most damaging of issues is distorted body image, which infect youth, often causing them to communicate aggressively, and even landing them in compromising situations. I have sought to challenge my students to redefine themselves through expressive movement and the creation of abstract rhythmic sounds. In teaching these techniques, I have given my former students the means to combat negative thoughts and actions, as well as an excellent tool for self-discovery. In leading a number of workshops targeted to specific populations, I have taught an innovative technique of movement expression that replaces the spoken word, thereby allowing an individual to unlock the previously undiscovered power of his/her body.

ABSTRACT PEDAGOGY AND PERFORMING SHAKESPEARE’S TEXT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY By Sally Parrish Southall A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2009 Director: Dr. Noreen C. Barnes Professor, Director of Graduate Studies School of the Arts In the Master of Fine Arts program in Theatre Pedagogy at Virginia Commonwealth University, and in a second program, the Master of Letters/Master of Fine Arts in Shakespeare and Renaissance Literature in Performance at Mary Baldwin College - two specific pedagogical approaches to accessing and performing Shakespeare’s text, both in the post-graduate setting - provide significant analysis tools and performance techniques, yet they use different points of departure and areas of focus. Chapter 1 will give the background, design, and focus of the graduate programs at Virginia Commonwealth University and at Mary Baldwin College. Chapter 2 will discuss and describe Janet B. Rodgers’ teaching orientation and her particular pedagogy in “Shakespeare and Text: The War of the Roses” class at viii ix Virginia Commonwealth University. Chapter 3 will provide Dr. Ralph Alan Cohen’s professional background and the foundational structure and focus of the pedagogy in his class “Language and Performance” at Mary Baldwin College. Chapter 4 explores the parallel and overlapping methods demonstrated in these two classes as well as the contrasting specifics of their particular methodologies. Chapter 5 describes the value of the two approaches, both of which exemplify the individual strengths of the professors.

Ce travail est consacré à l’évaluation des performances de ciblage et à l’analyse d’impact de trois projets. La première étude porte sur l’accès à l’eau courante en République du Congo ; et l’auto-ciblage pratiqué à travers une tarification spécifique ne bénéficie qu’aux ménages connectés qui sont plutôt non pauvres. L’auto-ciblage fonctionne mieux pour le projet des travaux publics au Libéria ; la proportion de pauvres qui participent à ces travaux est élevée. En fait ce projet n’a aucune barrière à l’entrée, ce qui explique en partie ce bon résultat. Le ciblage du programme de modernisation agricole en RDC n’est pas très efficace non plus, les bénéficiaires n’étant souvent pas pauvres. L’impact en termes de réduction de la pauvreté est important dans les deux projets concernés par ce type d’analyse (modernisation agricole en RDC et travaux publics au Libéria), tout au moins pour les populations bénéficiaires. Le cas du projet de modernisation agricole en RDC montre néanmoins qu’il est important de prendre en compte d’autres facteurs pour obtenir un impact important, comme lever les contraintes liées au marché du crédit et à l’accès aux infrastructures / This work analyses the targeting performance and the impact evaluation of three projects. The first paper is about the water subsidies in the Republic of Congo. The study shows that the self-targeting scheme, using an Inverse Block Tariff structure has poor performance, indeed only those households who are connected can benefit from it, and they are usually non-poor. The self-targeting mechanism used in the Public Work program in Liberia works better since the proportion of poor involved in the program is high. This project has no entry barrier which partly explains the good result. The targeting performance of the Modernization of Agriculture project in the DRC is also poor, most of the beneficiaries being non-poor. The impact in terms of poverty reduction is important in both projects involved in this type of analysis (Modernization of Agriculture in the DRC and Public Work in Liberia), at least for the beneficiaries. The case of the DRC project, however, shows that it is important to lift some other constraints like access to credit and infrastructures in order to improve the impact of the program.

This thesis documents my rehearsal and performance of the role of Tiger in Rajiv Joseph’s Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo, including research, character analysis, role development, rehearsal journal, and an evaluation of my performance. Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo was produced by the UNO Department of Film and Theatre, under the direction of David W. Hoover. The play was performed at the Robert E. Nims Theatre of the Performing Arts October 2 - 4, 9 - 11 at 7:30pm, and October 12, 2014 at 2:30pm. The play was performed at the Kennedy Center American College Theatre Festival Region 6 in San Angelo TX, February 23, 2015 at 8pm, February 24 at 11am and 8pm. It was awarded the Director’s Choice Trophy, receiving awards for Distinguished Director (David W. Hoover), Lighting Design (Diane Baas), Scenic Design (Kevin Griffith), and Actor in a Principal Role (John Neisler).

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Tout au long de notre travail nous avons essayé, dans un premier temps, de mettre en exergue les progrès réalisés par les réformes législatives et la contribution de la justice administrative en matière de promotion de la transparence dans les marchés publics au Maroc., une comparaison à d'autres réglementations nous a, aussi, paru utile pour nous renseigner des écarts existants et en faire une occasion pour des leçons à tirer des expériences des pays jugés développés. Dans second temps, nous avons essayé de proposer des pistes de réflexion pour les grands problèmes qui demeurent entravant la promotion de la transparence en matière des marchés publics en particulier et de l'éthique dans la gestion de la vie publique en général. / Transparency in public procurement management is increasingly needed due to the growth of public expenditure.The mechanisms put in place to safeguard the principles of transparency and ethics are to be constantly refined.In Morocco, according to the official discourse, the country has decided to adopt the international standards of transparency in public procurement; insofar it constitutes the framework of the public action. Hence, it has undergone several reforms.Accordingly, it is within this context that our specific choice to study this subject emanates from.It is therefore important to understand the complexity and challenges of transparency in the management of public procurement.Public procurement is probably one of the areas where regulation is strongly binding.This regulation oversees, more likely than elsewhere, all the actors' behaviours and management practices.Indeed, the dominant logic in the purchasing function is a logic of legal security that overshadows the search for efficiency and economic performance.Throughout our work, we have tried, firstly, to highlight the progress of legislative reform and the contribution of administrative justice in promoting transparency in public procurement in Morocco. A comparison to other regulations seemed useful to inform us of any gaps and was an opportunity to learn from the experiences of the so-considered developed countries.Secondly, we tried to propose exploring the major problems that hinder the promotion of transparency in public procurement in particular and ethics in management of public life in general.

Uma performance inicialmente realizada em parques e praças da cidade de São Paulo foi levada ao espaço de uma escola pública desse mesmo município. Realizei uma série de provocações artísticas e educativas buscando apreender modos diversos de fruição e mediação de alunos e professores de 1º e 2º ciclos do ensino fundamental, durante os meses de março a setembro de 2001. Nesta pesquisa-participante desempenhei os papéis de artista, pesquisadora e educadora. A pesquisa de campo dividiu-se em três etapas, que foram esboçadas a priori e se configurando com mais clareza no desenvolvimento do trabalho, conforme as interações e ressonâncias que iam ocorrendo. As diferentes linguagens utilizadas gestual, escrita, visual, videográfica e corporal mostraram-se essenciais à captação dos sentidos atribuídos à performance, bem como à exploração de interações nem sempre presentes no território escolar. Possibilitaram ainda a vivência de processos criativos e de produção de sentidos pessoais e coletivos, a partir de provocações estético-artísticas e/ou educativas. A escola mostrou-se aberta para o desenvolvimento das atividades, disponibilizando espaço e tempo para o trabalho com alunos e professores. A iniciativa de levar um trabalho artístico para dentro de uma instituição educativa foi vista positivamente pelos profissionais da escola, principalmente depois de concluída a pesquisa. No desenvolvimento das propostas, no entanto, surgiram dificuldades como: a limitação do horário dos professores para reflexões mais aprofundadas, a grande quantidade de alunos em cada grupo, os equipamentos precários da escola, a falta de funcionários que pudessem auxiliar os professores, a resistência dos profissionais da escola para trabalhar com a liberdade do imaginário das crianças. As entrevistas realizadas com artistas e professores revelaram semelhanças e diferenças de concepções, formação e experiências que interferem nas atuações desses profissionais. A pesquisa aponta para a necessidade de maiores investimentos, parcerias e integração entre as políticas públicas de educação e cultura a fim de que professores e crianças tenham chances de aprofundar seus conhecimentos em arte, nas suas diferentes linguagens, bem como artistas possam refletir e contribuir com maior clareza sobre a função social da arte no mundo atual. / A performance carried out in parks and public squares in São Paulo city was taken to a public school in São Paulo. My performances were both artistically and educationally provoking, aiming at a better understanding of how different teachers and students from 1st. to the 8th. grade enjoy and interact with art. These were performed from March to September 2001. In this sort of action research I played the roles of artist, researcher and teacher. The fieldwork consisted of three stages, which were previously planned though they took shape as the project developed according to the interactions and resonances that ensued. The different languages and media used video, visual, written word, gestores, and body language were crucial. They enabled the senses relating to performance to be absorbed and interactions not always present in school environments to be explored, apart from allowing creative processes to be experienced and both personal and collective feelings to be produced from aesthetic and/or educative provoking. The schools approach as regards the development of the activities was an open-minded one making time and space available to work with pupils and teachers. The idea of taking art to school was welcomed by the professionals, particularly after the research was complete. However, there were some difficulties as the proposals were developed, such as: limited amount of time available for teachers to participate in deeper reflections; large number of students in each group; out-of-date equipment at school; lack of employees who could assist the teachers; school professionals resistance to deal with the freedom of the childrens world. Interviews with artists and teachers revealed where their conception, formation, and experiences affecting their work alike and where they are different. The research shows greater investments, partnerships and integration between culture and public education policies are needed, so teachers and children have a chance to enrich their knowledge of art in all its different languages and so artists can reflect upon and contribute to a better understanding of the social role of art in todays world.