Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar os imaginários sociais sobre os trabalhadores no varguismo e no peronismo. Posteriormente, pretendemos comparar os imaginários sociais sobre os trabalhadores no Estado Novo (1937-1945) com os do Primeiro Peronismo (1946- 1955), visando estabelecer aproximações e distanciamentos entre os mesmos. Para lograr o objetivo, analisaremos os discursos políticos de Getúlio Vargas e Juan Domingo Perón em duas festas cívicas específicas de seus países, isto é: 10 de novembro e o Primeiro de Maio, entre os anos 1937-1945, no Brasil; e o 17 de outubro e o Primeiro de Maio, entre os anos 1946-1955. A partir da análise dos discursos políticos, sobretudo relacionados aos imaginários sociais sobre os trabalhadores, propomos a ideia de uma (re) invenção dos trabalhadores, composta pela combinação de aspectos imateriais ou simbólicos com os aspectos materiais. / This work aims to study the social imaginary on workers in Varguism and Peronism. Subsequently, we intend to compare the social imaginary of workers in the Estado Novo (1937-1945) with the Primeiro Peronismo (1946-1955), to establish similarities and differences between them. To achieve the goal, we will analyze the political speeches of Getúlio Vargas and Juan Domingo Perón in two specific civic events in their countries: 10 of November and the first of May, between the years 1937-1945, in Brazil; and the 17 of October and the first of May, between the years 1946-1955. From the analysis of the political discourse, particularly in relation to social imaginary about the workers, we propose the idea of a reinvention of workers, composed by the combination of immaterial or symbolic aspects with the material aspects.

A dissertação presente procura compreender o modo como se dá a construção das imagens da cidade de Buenos Aires em dois romances do escritor argentino Julio Cortázar. Partindo da hipótese de que tal imagem sofre modificações importantes com o autoexílio do autor em Paris, realizado no ano de 1951, ele busca realizar uma análise comparativa entre o romance El examen, escrito em 1950, quando ainda residia na Argentina, e Rayuela, publicado em 1963, ou seja, depois de mais de dez anos vivendo longe de seu país. A fim de empreender uma interpretação detalhada dos textos escolhidos, o trabalho se divide em dois grandes capítulos, um para cada romance em questão. O primeiro tem El examen como objeto e procura identificar como ele constrói sua representação da capital argentina ao mesmo tempo em que instaura uma alegoria do regime peronista, contemporâneo à sua escrita. O segundo elege Rayuela enquanto texto escrito no exílio e tem como objetivo central determinar a maneira nostálgica e memorialista mediante a qual ele representa a Buenos Aires deixada pelo autor. Finalmente, o trabalho coteja ambos os textos a fim de definir em quais momentos eles se aproximam e em quais se afastam ao erigirem, cada um a seu modo, suas particulares imagens da capital argentina. / This dissertation aims to comprehend how the representations of Buenos Aires are constructed in two novels by the Argentinian writer Julio Cortázar. Assuming that there are important changes in such representation with the author\'s self-exile in Paris in the year of 1951, it attempts to conduct a comparative analysis between the novel El examen, written in 1950, when he was still living in Argentina, and Rayuela, published in 1963, that is, more than ten years after his definite departure from his country. In order to accomplish a detailed interpretation of the chosen texts, the dissertation is divided into two main chapters, one for each novel. The first has El examen as its object and it seeks to identify how the novel creates its representation of Buenos Aires while establishing an allegory of the Peronist government, contemporary to its writing. The second chapter elects Rayuela as a text written in exile and intends to determine how its representation of a left-behind Buenos Aires is characterized by a nostalgic and memorialistic approach. Lastly, it compares both novels in order to define the similarities and differences between their specific images of the Argentinian capital city.

A dissertação presente procura compreender o modo como se dá a construção das imagens da cidade de Buenos Aires em dois romances do escritor argentino Julio Cortázar. Partindo da hipótese de que tal imagem sofre modificações importantes com o autoexílio do autor em Paris, realizado no ano de 1951, ele busca realizar uma análise comparativa entre o romance El examen, escrito em 1950, quando ainda residia na Argentina, e Rayuela, publicado em 1963, ou seja, depois de mais de dez anos vivendo longe de seu país. A fim de empreender uma interpretação detalhada dos textos escolhidos, o trabalho se divide em dois grandes capítulos, um para cada romance em questão. O primeiro tem El examen como objeto e procura identificar como ele constrói sua representação da capital argentina ao mesmo tempo em que instaura uma alegoria do regime peronista, contemporâneo à sua escrita. O segundo elege Rayuela enquanto texto escrito no exílio e tem como objetivo central determinar a maneira nostálgica e memorialista mediante a qual ele representa a Buenos Aires deixada pelo autor. Finalmente, o trabalho coteja ambos os textos a fim de definir em quais momentos eles se aproximam e em quais se afastam ao erigirem, cada um a seu modo, suas particulares imagens da capital argentina. / This dissertation aims to comprehend how the representations of Buenos Aires are constructed in two novels by the Argentinian writer Julio Cortázar. Assuming that there are important changes in such representation with the author\'s self-exile in Paris in the year of 1951, it attempts to conduct a comparative analysis between the novel El examen, written in 1950, when he was still living in Argentina, and Rayuela, published in 1963, that is, more than ten years after his definite departure from his country. In order to accomplish a detailed interpretation of the chosen texts, the dissertation is divided into two main chapters, one for each novel. The first has El examen as its object and it seeks to identify how the novel creates its representation of Buenos Aires while establishing an allegory of the Peronist government, contemporary to its writing. The second chapter elects Rayuela as a text written in exile and intends to determine how its representation of a left-behind Buenos Aires is characterized by a nostalgic and memorialistic approach. Lastly, it compares both novels in order to define the similarities and differences between their specific images of the Argentinian capital city.

This thesis analyses the evolution of the representation of distinct political elements through Julio Cortázar’s writings, mainly with reference to the novels and the so-called collage books. I also allude to some short stories and refer to many of Cortázar’s nonliterary texts. Through this chosen corpus, I trace a thematic thread showing that politics was present in Cortázar’s fiction from his very first writings, and not – as he himself tended to claim – only following his conversion to socialism after a lifechanging trip to revolutionary Cuba. My analysis aims to show that in opposition to what many critics have argued, this crucial point in his life did not divide the writer into an irreconcilable before and after – the apolitical versus the political –, but rather, it simply shifted the emphasis of the representation of the political, which already existed in Cortázar’s writings. In order to trace this process, I carry out my analysis in chronological order, not of the publication of the works, but of the actual time when they were written. Therefore, in the first chapter, I look at some of the books written between 1948 and 1951, namely, Divertimento (1949), El examen (1950) and Diario de Andrés Fava (1951), focusing mainly on El examen; I then extend the analysis to Los premios (1960), written when Cortázar was already living in Paris. Chapter two focuses on Rayuela (1963) and the action/inaction dilemma as reflected in the novel’s protagonist. The third chapter considers a period of conflict for Cortázar, as he tries to come up with a way in which to write literature for the political revolution of Latin America, without compromising his belief in artistic freedom. To elucidate this phase, I analyse 62/modelo para armar (1968) on the one hand, and the collage books, La vuelta al día en ochenta mundos (1967) and Último Round (1969), on the other. My fourth and final chapter examines Libro de Manuel (1973), Cortázar’s explicit attempt to converge literature, politics and history, and assesses the results of this effort to merge art and politics, allegedly without making aesthetic concessions. Although there have been works analysing the political dimension of specific texts (particularly of his short stories), no study to date has analysed the evolution of the political element throughout Cortázar’s writings, from the first unpublished novels to his later more experimental works. The originality of my thesis lies in the tracing of this progression through an extensive analysis of these works. My examination is also original insofar as it refers to unpublished material – a selection of Cortázar’s manuscripts from Princeton University Library – to the most recent posthumous publications – such as Papeles inesperados (2009) – and to a series of personal interviews with Argentinian writers associated with Cortázar. This research therefore hopes to bring unique insight that will further the overall understanding of this major and influential writer of the twentieth century.

Thesis--Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 313-340).

Thesis--Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 313-340).

Thesis--Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 313-340).

É comum conceber o peronismo como a experiência argentina de um fenômeno amplo de processos de industrialização, em geral em países com economias baseadas no setor primário, habitualmente denominado populismo. Sem entrar diretamente nesses debates, afirma-se neste trabalho que para compreender o peronismo é necessário explicitar questões muito concretas que compõem a história argentina, que podem ou não se repetir em outras sociedades. Especificamente, se afirma que não é possível entender o peronismo a partir de um impulso industrializador – sem por isto negar-lhe aspectos nesse sentido – dado que este processo já estava em curso, e devido ao fato de não se observar que esse setor tenha experimentado um desenvolvimento fora da tendência longo prazo da manufatura. Em contrapartida, o peronismo apresenta outras características peculiares da sociedade argentina, como o conflito que já tinha surgido em pleno auge do modelo agroexportador pela disputa social de participação política e por cargos dirigentes contra a elite tradicional. Na realidade, as variantes possiveis da Pampa Úmida na história é o eixo central que viabiliza deduzir as chaves da Argentina, inclusive do peronismo. / Peronism is usually conceived as the argentine experience of a much wider phenomenon of events linked to the industrialization of countries with economies based on the primary sector, usually termed populism. Without directly getting into those debates, this work states that in order to understand peronism, specification of some very concrete issues is required - which are entrenched into argentine history that might not apply to other cases. In particular, it sustains that peronism cannot be understood merely from a drive for industrialization – without eliminating needs in that direction – as it was already in course and due to the fact that manufacture did not experience any development out of its long term tendency. On the other hand, peronism brought forth other issues which had already presented themselves in argentine society, even though it might have exteriorized them in a much higher intensity, such as social conflict caused by the dispute for participation in political and social management against the traditional elite that had already emerged during the peak of the primary-export model. In fact, the changing possibilities of the Pampas over the years are the main axis that enables the understanding of Argentina’s main characteristics, including peronism.

É comum conceber o peronismo como a experiência argentina de um fenômeno amplo de processos de industrialização, em geral em países com economias baseadas no setor primário, habitualmente denominado populismo. Sem entrar diretamente nesses debates, afirma-se neste trabalho que para compreender o peronismo é necessário explicitar questões muito concretas que compõem a história argentina, que podem ou não se repetir em outras sociedades. Especificamente, se afirma que não é possível entender o peronismo a partir de um impulso industrializador – sem por isto negar-lhe aspectos nesse sentido – dado que este processo já estava em curso, e devido ao fato de não se observar que esse setor tenha experimentado um desenvolvimento fora da tendência longo prazo da manufatura. Em contrapartida, o peronismo apresenta outras características peculiares da sociedade argentina, como o conflito que já tinha surgido em pleno auge do modelo agroexportador pela disputa social de participação política e por cargos dirigentes contra a elite tradicional. Na realidade, as variantes possiveis da Pampa Úmida na história é o eixo central que viabiliza deduzir as chaves da Argentina, inclusive do peronismo. / Peronism is usually conceived as the argentine experience of a much wider phenomenon of events linked to the industrialization of countries with economies based on the primary sector, usually termed populism. Without directly getting into those debates, this work states that in order to understand peronism, specification of some very concrete issues is required - which are entrenched into argentine history that might not apply to other cases. In particular, it sustains that peronism cannot be understood merely from a drive for industrialization – without eliminating needs in that direction – as it was already in course and due to the fact that manufacture did not experience any development out of its long term tendency. On the other hand, peronism brought forth other issues which had already presented themselves in argentine society, even though it might have exteriorized them in a much higher intensity, such as social conflict caused by the dispute for participation in political and social management against the traditional elite that had already emerged during the peak of the primary-export model. In fact, the changing possibilities of the Pampas over the years are the main axis that enables the understanding of Argentina’s main characteristics, including peronism.

É comum conceber o peronismo como a experiência argentina de um fenômeno amplo de processos de industrialização, em geral em países com economias baseadas no setor primário, habitualmente denominado populismo. Sem entrar diretamente nesses debates, afirma-se neste trabalho que para compreender o peronismo é necessário explicitar questões muito concretas que compõem a história argentina, que podem ou não se repetir em outras sociedades. Especificamente, se afirma que não é possível entender o peronismo a partir de um impulso industrializador – sem por isto negar-lhe aspectos nesse sentido – dado que este processo já estava em curso, e devido ao fato de não se observar que esse setor tenha experimentado um desenvolvimento fora da tendência longo prazo da manufatura. Em contrapartida, o peronismo apresenta outras características peculiares da sociedade argentina, como o conflito que já tinha surgido em pleno auge do modelo agroexportador pela disputa social de participação política e por cargos dirigentes contra a elite tradicional. Na realidade, as variantes possiveis da Pampa Úmida na história é o eixo central que viabiliza deduzir as chaves da Argentina, inclusive do peronismo. / Peronism is usually conceived as the argentine experience of a much wider phenomenon of events linked to the industrialization of countries with economies based on the primary sector, usually termed populism. Without directly getting into those debates, this work states that in order to understand peronism, specification of some very concrete issues is required - which are entrenched into argentine history that might not apply to other cases. In particular, it sustains that peronism cannot be understood merely from a drive for industrialization – without eliminating needs in that direction – as it was already in course and due to the fact that manufacture did not experience any development out of its long term tendency. On the other hand, peronism brought forth other issues which had already presented themselves in argentine society, even though it might have exteriorized them in a much higher intensity, such as social conflict caused by the dispute for participation in political and social management against the traditional elite that had already emerged during the peak of the primary-export model. In fact, the changing possibilities of the Pampas over the years are the main axis that enables the understanding of Argentina’s main characteristics, including peronism.