Personal Informatics (PI) systems common trending theme is fitness, which in turn is a trending theme in human-computer interaction. These systems have been the focus of a handful of studies. So far, the research that has been conducted merely focuses on the technical details of such services and few investigate the longitudinal use of PI systems. Even though fitness is a popular area, still personal informatics systems designed for this purpose suffer from short-term use. Therefore, there is a need to design systems that encourages users for prolong use. The prolonged use of digital artifacts is an issue of sustainable interaction design. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the design space of personal informatics fitness systems through the lens of sustainable interaction design. This thesis aims at investigating motives and intentions behind the longitudinal use of personal informatics fitness systems. This thesis argues that by adopting the lens of sustainable interaction design we can find ways of designing PI systems with prolonged use for the users. Based on the findings the thesis ends by suggesting a guideline for designing personal informatics fitness systems which will hopefully help interaction designers and researchers alike.

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Mobilapplikationer har potential till att hjälpa människor förändra vanor och beteenden av olika slag. I Sverige har vi rätt till avgiftsfri tandvård upp till 22 år och i vissa landsting erbjuds fri tandvård i ytterligare några år utöver det. Traditionellt har interventioner bestått av motiverande samtal med patienter för att motivera till bättre munhälsa, vilket gör att det kan skilja sig i hur mycket människor motiveras till att ta hand om sin orala hälsa. Den här studien syftar till att försöka besvara hur ungdomars uppfattning och attityd är om en prototyp till en mobilapplikation som är tänkt att hjälpa ungdomar att förbättra sin munhälsa genom själv-monitorering. Själv-monitorering genom mobilapplikationer kallas ofta för Personal Informatics. Dessa verktyg låter användaren observera och registrera ett eller flera beteende och därefter få informationen presenterat till sig för att förstå ens beteende bättre. En aspekt som är av stor vikt vid utvecklingen av mobilapplikationer är användarupplevelsen med dem. User Experience Design handlar om processen att försöka förbättra användarupplevelsen med produkter. Den här studien har genomförts med metoder som ofta används i en UX-designprocess, såsom skapande av prototyper och intervjuer med målgruppen. Resultatet visar inte bara åsikter från deltagare ur målgruppen, utan även vad som enligt dem ger mervärde i mobilapplikationen samt framtida utmaningar i fortsatta arbetet.

<p>New parents often experience significant stress as they take on new roles and responsibilities. Personal informatics practices have increasingly gained attention as they support various aspects of wellness of individuals by providing data-driven self-insights. While several PI systems have been proposed to support mental wellness of individuals not only by providing self-knowledge but also by helping individuals deal with negative emotions, few studies investigated how parenting stress can be managed through PI practices. In this paper, I set out to investigate how new parents make use of flexible self-tracking practices in the context of stress management. The findings of this study indicate that flexible self-tracking practices enable individuals to develop self-knowledge as well as to better communicate with their spouses through data. Based on the findings, I discuss how the self-tracking experiences for the mental wellness of parents can be better designed and provide some considerations for future research and design for parenting stress management.</p>

The current study is a user-centred enquiry into how wellness-related personal informatics (PI) systems can be more effectively designed to better promote lasting behaviour change and sustained wellbeing in the context of the changing health paradigm. Until recently, the Western biomedical model with its disease focus has been effective in delivering health care; however, this paradigm does not efficiently support a system in crises - the contemporary health care system which is confronted with complex challenges of modern lifestyle diseases and behavioural disorders. Enabled by the technological revolution, a Systems Medicine model - a preventative, personalised, predictive and participatory (P4) approach - is emerging and PI systems play a significant role in realising this pre-clinical, patient-centric, behaviour-focussed shift in health care. This viewpoint paper argues that design strategies applied in PI systems to promote behaviour change play a vital role in supporting health outcomes, specifically, persuasive and mindful user experience (UX) strategies. By applying a phenomenographic research methodology, a user-centred approach is taken to understand qualitatively different ways in which PI systems (and their inherent design strategies) are experienced by users, to inform more intuitive design of PI systems that balance behaviour change strategies to support more lasting shifts and sustainable states of wellbeing. Drawing together ideas from systems medicine, complexity theory, persuasive and mindful design approaches in conjunction with phenomenography, this study aims to understand experiential nuances to offer implications for the future design of health care through PI systems. The theory built through the research process is applied in a prototype design, which is presented as an example of a PI system design that balances persuasive and mindful strategies and aims to promote lasting behaviour change and enduring states of wellbeing more effectively.

The topics of mental health and stress in the workplace have received increasedattention in recent years. Many employees report feelings of stress and overwhelm dueto high demands in the workplace. Stress is a complex phenomenon and manifests itselfin both the body (physiological signals) and mind (perceptions, thoughts, feelings andemotions). This thesis explores how a system that combines biodata and self-reflectionmight support office workers in their stress management. Through a user-centreddesign approach including methods like semi-structured interviews, surveys,participant observations and design drawings, the design concept of Untangled! wasdeveloped. It intends to make the complexity of stress more relatable for office workersby providing a playful and individualised experience to engage and reflect on theirbiodata. The users are assisted by the underlying system of Untangled! to build anincreased awareness for the body and more resilience for stress in the long-term.

Vi lever i ett datadrivet samhälle där individer och tjänster ständigt loggar, spårar och behandlar information om sina egna eller andras beteenden. Informationsteknologi för datadriven beteendeförändring är centralt inom områdena Personal Informatics, en klass verktyg som hjälper individer att samla och undersöka personligt relevant information i självreflekterande syfte, samt Persuasive Design, som handlar om att känna till de bakomliggande orsakerna om vad som motiverar användare att agera och designa för att uppnå detta. Trots denna gemensamma huvudfokus bedrivs forskning kring områdena delvis separat. På grund av det stora överlappet mellan de två områdena behövs en översikt över vad som anses särskilt viktigt inom både Personal Informatics och Persuasive Design. Därför har vi genomfört en litteraturstudie för att på ett samlat sätt presentera den forskning som finns samt vilka generella lärdomar som belyses av forskare inom området. Resultatet visar mönster och skillnader i den gemensamma basen av litteratur, vilket möjliggör för djupare insikt i området. Vi diskuterar dessa mönster och möjligheter för vidare forskning av de resultat vi fått in samt vilka aspekter som anses särskilt viktiga. / We live in a world where products and services constantly try to affect our behavior. Data driven information technology for achieving behavior change is a central concept in Personal Informatics, a class of tools for assisting individuals in collecting and reviewing personally relevant information in self-reflective purposes, as well as Persuasive Design, which concerns the underlying factors behind motivating users into action and designing to achieve this. Despite these similarities in focus, these areas are partly researched as different fields. Because of the common grounds between the research areas, we believe an overview of the research literature concerning both Personal Informatics and Persuasive Design is important. For this reason we have performed a literature study so that we, in an organized manner, can present the aspects which are studied as well as insights highlighted by scientists in the area. We discuss patterns and possibilities for future research by the results we have collected as well as which aspects are considered especially important.

Inom modern informationsteknologi har självloggning fått en allt större roll. Dessa tjänster består vanligtvis av flera delar som behöver samverka för att ge en bra användarupplevelse. Eftersom fysiska enheter kompletteras med appar och webbtjänster behövs det en samspelad gränssnittsdesign för att användarna skall känna ett samband mellan tjänsterna och för att användarna skall använda flera delar. Detta kan göras på flera olika sätt, men genom olika designmål kan utvecklarna bland annat forma de olika delarna av tjänsterna mot samma mål eller spetsa dem för att uppfylla olika delar av tjänsten. Studien undersöker användarnas relation till olika gränssnitt och även olika tjänster. Denna uppsats xxnner att engagemang, personlighet och motivation påverkar valet av tjänst men även hur aktiva användarna är i ett flergränssnittsanvändande och vad de tycker om att behöva hantera flera gränssnitt. Denna uppsats belyser även hur användarna i sin jakt på större självin- sikt samlar och reflekterar över insamlad data över flera gränssnitt och enheter. Genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie med aktiva användare undersöks det närmare hur användarna upplever sitt samlande och hur tjänsterna fungerar och används över flera gränssnitt. Resultaten visar att användare ofta har problem med insamlingen av data och dessutom sällan använder sig av mer än ett eller kanske två gränssnitt. / In modern information technology Personal Informatics(PI) has gained an increasingly important role. Usually PI consists of several parts that need to work together to provide a great user experience. Since physical devices supplemented with apps and web services, to allow users to feel the connection between the services it is very important with a unified interface design. This can be done in several different ways, but through different design objectives you can shape services towards the same goal, or focus them to meet goals in other parts of the service. The study examines users' relationship with various interfaces and also various services. This paper finds that dedication, personality and motivation influences the choice of service but also, how active users are in a multi-use interface and what they think about having to manage multiple interfaces. This paper also highlights how the users in their quest for greater self-awareness collect and reflect on collected data over multiple interfaces and devices. Through qualitative interviews with active users we look closely at how users perceive their collecting and how the services works and are used across multiple interfaces. The results show that users often have problems with the collection of data and that they also rarely use more than one or maybe two interfaces.

An unhealthy diet and insufficient physical activity lead to global health risks, where 70% of all deaths globally can be linked to non-communicable diseases. To change these types of behaviours, there are different methods, one of which is the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) which can serve as a guide to which methods can be used to achieve a behaviour change. The purpose of this study is to investigate how health applications can motivate users to a long-term health improvement. What are the important design factors in health applications for users, to be motivated to a long-term health improvement?   To fulfil the purpose, a study was conducted with a qualitative approach inspired by Design Science. For data collection, semi-structured interviews were conducted and data generated were analysed using thematic analysis.   The study showed that a number of the recommended Behavioural Change Techniques (BCTs) that could be found in BCW are consistent with respondents' personal experiences and opinions on desirable functions for achieving a healthier lifestyle. The results of this study indicate that important design factors in a health application are easily used functions that allow a user to find reliable information when needed, track their goals and evaluate these in relation to their previous achievements to continue to be motivated for  a long-term change. / En ohälsosam diet och otillräcklig fysisk rörelse leder till globala hälsorisker, där 70% av alla dödsfall globalt kan kopplas till icke smittsamma sjukdomar. För att förändra dessa typer av beteenden finns det olika metoder, där en av dem är Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) som kan fungera som en fingervisning om vilka metoder som kan användas för att uppnå en beteendeförändring. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur hälsoapplikationer kan motivera användare till en långvarig hälsoförbättring. Vad upplever användare är viktiga designfaktorer i hälsoapplikationer, för att motiveras till en långvarig hälsoförbättring?    För att uppfylla syftet har en studien genomförts med en kvalitativ ansats inspirerad av Design Science. För datainsamling har semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts och den data som alstrats har analyserats med hjälp av tematisk analys.    Studien visade att ett antal av de rekommenderade Behavioural Change Techniques (BCTs) som kunde återfinnas i BCW stämmer överens med respondenternas personliga erfarenheter och åsikter om önskvärda funktioner för att nå en hälsosammare livsstil. Resultatet av denna studie pekar på att viktiga designfaktorer i en hälsoapplikation är smidiga funktioner som ger en användare möjlighet att finna tillförlitlig information vid behov, spåra sina mål och utvärdera dessa i relation till sina tidigare prestationer för att fortsatt motiveras att genomföra en långvarig förändring.

Many people use personal informatics systems to gather personal behavioral data, make better decisions, and make changes to their behavior. While the proliferation of new products on the market makes collecting personal data easier, how to help people engage with these systems over a long period of time remains an open question. To uncover which features of personal informatics systems lead to engaging experience and long-term use, two user studies were conducted with people who use personal informatics systems to support or track behavior change. Baseline interviews were conducted and participants were asked to interact with personal informatics systems. Participants rated their experience both qualitatively and quantitatively and particularly in Study2, participants rated their experience with the system daily. At the beginning and at the end of each study, participants were asked to reflect on their physical activity levels and on their perceived behavior change at the end of the each study. The results were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively and similarities and differences between the studies were exhibited. This research reveals that easy and instant access to data is critical, and feeling good and positive social outcomes of interaction will also support sustained product use. In addition, personalization of data is emerged to be an important expectation of the users. At the end, design implications for future personal informatics system are also offered.