Esta pesquisa investiga o comportamento temporal de sentenças com os verbos modais poder, dever e ter que no português brasileiro (PB). Tomamos como ponto de partida as noções de perspectiva e orientação temporal, de Condoravdi (2002), que podem ser definidas, grosso modo, como o momento de avaliação modal de uma sentença e o momento de realização da proposição sob o escopo do modal. Os dois objetivos principais deste trabalho são (i) identificar as fontes da perspectiva e orientação temporal de sentenças modais e (ii) identificar e explorar a natureza de potenciais restrições à interpretação temporal dessas sentenças. Em relação à fixação da perspectiva temporal, os dados do PB corroboram a proposta amplamente aceita na literatura de que modais epistêmicos são interpretados acima de TP e de AspP, ao passo que modais raiz são interpretados abaixo dessas duas projeções funcionais. Devido a essa diferença de altura, modais epistêmicos sempre ancoram sua perspectiva temporal no momento de fala, enquanto modais raiz fixam sua perspectiva a partir do Tempo e aspecto da oração. Quanto à orientação temporal, mostramos que as propriedades de cada classe de modais também podem ser facilmente derivadas dessa diferença sintática. Modais epistêmicos podem ter orientações verdadeiramente passadas, que surgem quando o núcleo temporal sob seu escopo é pretérito. Modais raiz, por outro lado, utilizam apenas operadores aspectuais alojados em seus prejacentes para definir sua orientação temporal, o que explica por que esses modais só podem ter orientações presentes, futuras ou perfeitas. Com respeito às restrições à interpretação temporal de sentenças modais, propomos que elas são muito mais circunscritas do que sugerem trabalhos anteriores (Werner (2006), Klecha (2016), entre outros). Assumimos que tendência de modais raiz terem orientação futura é de natureza extralinguística: as noções normalmente transmitidas por esses modais são naturalmente orientadas ao futuro, mas em contextos adequados, orientações presentes e perfeitas podem ser obtidas. A única restrição realmente atestada é a impossibilidade de modais epistêmicos universais serem orientados ao futuro. Seguindo Giannakidou e Mari (2018), explicamos essa restrição como sendo um efeito de bloqueio causado pela competição com o auxiliar do futuro perifrástico ir, que seria a forma especializada de expressão de necessidade epistêmica futura. / This research investigates the temporal behavior of modal sentences with the verbs poder, dever and ter que in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). We take as a starting point the notions of temporal perspective and temporal orientation (Condoravdi (2002)), which can be roughly defined as the moment of modal evaluation of a sentence and the moment of realization of the proposition under the scope of the modal. The two main objectives of this work are (i) to identify the sources of temporal perspective and orientation of modal sentences and (ii) to identify and explore the nature of potential constraints to the temporal interpretation of these sentences. When it comes to the source of temporal perspective, the data from BP corroborates the widely-accepted assumption that epistemic modals are interpreted above TP and AspP, while root modals are interpreted below these two functional projections. Because of this difference in height, epistemic modals always anchor their temporal perspective in the speech time, whereas root modals use tense and aspect to define theirs. As for temporal orientation, we have shown that the properties of each class of modals can also be easily derived from this syntactic difference. Epistemic modals can have truly past orientations, which arise when the tense head under their scope is past. Root modals, on the other hand, use only the aspectual operadors hosted in their prejacents to define their temporal orientation, which explains why these modals can only have present, future or perfect orientations. With respect to constraints to the temporal orientation of modal sentences, we propose that they are far more circunscribed than what previous works have suggested (Werner (2006), Klecha (2016), among others). We assumed that the tendency of root modals to be future-oriented is extralinguistic: the notions normally conveyed by these modals are naturally oriented to the future, but, given an appropriate context, present and perfect orientations can be obtained. The only constraint we actually identified is the impossibility of universal epistemic modals being oriented to the future. Following Giannakidou e Mari (2018), we explained this constraint as a blocking effect caused by competition with the perifrastic future auxiliary ir, which would be the specialized form for the expression of future epistemic necessity

El presente estudio aborda los constructos de Perspectiva Temporal Futura (Nuttin, 1985), en sus diferentes dimensiones (Metas, ubicación temporal de las metas y Actitudes Temporales) y de Satisfacción con la vida (Pavot y Diener, 1993), desde la adolescencia hasta la adultez tardía.A través de un diseño no experimental, evolutivo transversal, se evaluó a 570 personas de ambos sexos entre los 16 y los 65 años, de dos niveles socioeconómicos de Lima, Perú. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Método de Inducción Motivacional (MIM) y la Escala de Actitudes Temporales (TAS) de Nuttin (1985) y la Escala de Satisfacción con la vida (SWLS) de Pavot y Diener (1993), además de una entrevista semiestructurada que se realizó a 32 personas.Los resultados confirman la utilidad del modelo y los instrumentos de Nuttin para la evaluación de la Perspectiva Temporal Futura. La coherencia del modelo se expresa en las correlaciones entre los instrumentos utilizados y en la consistencia entre los mismos y la información recogida mediante las entrevistas. Asimismo, las asociaciones entre Satisfacción con la vida y PTF, dan cuenta de constructos estrechamente ligados entre sí. La Satisfacción con la vida está asociada a la elevación de metas de Contacto interpersonal y negativamente asociada a las metas sobre Sí mismo. Las correlaciones más significativas se presentan entre Satisfacción con la vida y Actitudes temporales y especialmente con la actitud hacia el Presente. El grupo en conjunto se encuentra predominantemente satisfecho con su vida, presenta una actitud positiva frente al futuro y ubica sus metas preferentemente en Contacto interpersonal, Sí mismo y Autorrealización. Los diferentes componentes de la PTF y la Satisfacción con la vida, se modifican a lo largo del desarrollo. Así, el interés en el Contacto interpersonal en general y en particular por los Otros, por la Familia, por los Hijos, por la Sociedad y por la Humanidad, se incrementan con la edad, lo mismo que la preocupación por la Autopreservación y la necesidad de Trascendencia, conjuntamente con la búsqueda de mayor Diversión o disfrute. El interés por el Contacto íntimo, la Pareja, los Padres y los Amigos disminuye con la edad, lo mismo que las metas sobre el Sí mismo, el Autoconcepto, la Autonomía, la necesidad de Realización y Autorrealización y el interés por los Estudios.A medida que las personas se hacen mayores, se incrementan las metas localizadas en el Presente abierto y disminuyen las ubicadas en el Futuro distante. La actitud hacia el Pasado, se hace más positiva, disminuye la idealización del futuro y aumenta la Satisfacción con la vida. La variable género, no muestra mayores diferencias en el grupo en general. Unicamente se encuentra que las mujeres presentan mayor interés en el Contacto interpersonal y que los varones muestran mayor interés en temas vinculados a la Sociedad. La influencia del género en la PTF parece restringirse especialmente a la adolescencia y a la adultez media. El nivel socioeconómico sí marca diferencias importantes, así, en el NSE alto predominan las respuestas de Autorrealización en general y Profesional en particular y las metas de Exploración. Son los que presentan una PTF más larga, una actitud más positiva hacia el Presente y una mayor Satisfacción con la vida. En el NSE bajo, en cambio, surge un mayor interés por las Posesiones materiales y una mayor preocupación por los Padres. Este grupo muestra una mayor cantidad de metas en el Futuro cercano, una PTF más restringida y menor Satisfacción con la vida.Palabras clave: Perspectiva Temporal Futura, Actitudes temporales, Satisfacción con la vida, Ciclo vital / The present study focus in the concepts of Future Time Perspective (Nuttin, 1985) in its different dimensions (goals, temporal location of goals and temporal attitudes), and satisfaction with life (Pavot & Diener, 1993) since adolescence through elder ages. Through a non-experimental transversal evolutionary design, 570 males and females from 16 to 65 years of age, from two different socioeconomic levels were evaluated in Lima, Peru. The used tools were the 1985 Nuttin Motivational Induction Method (MIM) and Temporal Attitudes Scale (TAS) and the 1993 Pavot and Diener Satisfaction with Life Scale, besides an interview applied to 32 people.The results confirmed the utility of Nuttin´s model and instruments in the evaluation of the Future Time Perspective. The coherence of the model is shown by the correlation between the utilized instruments, and the consistency between them and the information gathered though the interviews. In the same way, the associations between the Satisfaction with Life and the FTP give account of tightly link constructs. The Satisfaction with life is associated to increase Interpersonal Contact goals and negatively associated to Self-goals. The more significant correlation is between Satisfaction with life and Temporal Attitudes, especially attitude toward the present.The study group as a whole is predominantly satisfied with their life, have a positive attitude toward the future, and place their goals preferable in Interpersonal Contact, Self and Self realization.The different components of the FTP and the Satisfaction with life change with age. Thus, the interest for Interpersonal Contact in general, and in particular the interest for the Others, the Family, the Offspring, the Society and the Humanity, increases with age, the same tan the preoccupation for de Self preservation and the Transcendence need together with the search of more entertainment or pleasure. On the other hand, the interest for Intimate Contact, the Partner, the Parents and the Friends decreases with age, the same than the Self-goals, the Self-concept, the Autonomy, the need of Realization and Self-realization and the interest for the Studies.As persons grow older, there is an increase of the goals located in the Open present, and a decrease of those located in the Distant Future. The attitude toward the Past turns more positive, the idealization of the Future decreases and the Satisfaction with life increases.In general, there are no major gender differences in the group, except for the observation that women show more interest in Interpersonal Contact and men in themes related to Society. The influence of gender in the FTP seems to be restricted to adolescence and middle adulthood. However, there are important differences according to the socioeconomic level. Thus, in the high socioeconomic group Self realization in general and professional in particular as well as Exploration goals are predominant. This group presents a longer FTP, a more positive attitude toward the present and higher Satisfaction with life. On the contrary, in the low socioeconomic group there is more interest for material possessions and a higher preoccupation for Parents. This group shows more goals in the Near future, a more restricted FTP and lower Satisfaction with life. Key words: Future Time Perspective, Temporal attitudes, Satisfaction with life, life span.

The study describes the future goals and concerns of institutionalized adolescents, and also identifies their attitudes towards the past, the present and the future, comparing them with a group of non-institutionalized adolescents with similar characteristics. It is a descriptive study with a transversal design, of 34 institutionalized and 41 non-institutionalized adolescents between 15 to 17 years old. The instruments were the Motivational Induction Method (MIM) and the Time Attitude Scale (TAS) (Nuttin, 1985). Goals are related to interpersonal contacts, the self-realization and the self. Institutionalized adolescents show more goals related to the development of aptitudes and a major necessity of interpersonal contacts associated with the fear of the damage caused by settling these relationships. / Se describen las metas a futuro y preocupaciones que los adolescentes institucionalizados poseen y se identifican las actitudes temporales que presentan hacia el pasado, presente y futuro, comparándolas con un grupo de adolescentes no institucionalizados de similares características. Es un estudio descriptivo con diseño transversal en el que participaron 34 adolescentes institucionalizados y 41 no institucionalizados de 15 a 17 años. Los instrumentos fueron el Método de Inducción Motivacional (MIM) y la Escala de Actitudes Temporales (TAS) (Nuttin, 1985). Se encontró que las metas se orientan principalmente hacia los contactos interpersonales, el deseo de autorrealización y el sí mismo. No obstante, los adolescentes institucionalizados muestran una mayor cantidad de metas relativas al desarrollo de aptitudes y una mayor necesidad de establecer contactos interpersonales, ligada, a su vez, a temores en torno al daño que se puede generar al entablar dichas relaciones.

The present  research studies Satisfaction  with  Life and Future Time Perspective, in itsdifferent dimensions (goals, temporal location of goals and temporal altitudes), from adolescence to elder ages. This study evaluated 570 males and females between 16 and 65 years old, from two different socioeconomic levels in Lima, Peru, through a non­ experimental, evolutionary transversal design. Tools used in this research were the Motivational Induction Method (MIM) and the Temporal Altitudes Scale (TAS) by Nultin (1985), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) by Pavot & Diener (1993). Results show that there are significan! differences on the construction and temporal Iocation of goals, altitudes towards present, past and future and in the levels of Life Satisfaction due to the variable age. lt was also found that socioeconomic leve! influences these processes more than gender. / Este estudio aborda los constructos de Perspectiva Temporal Futura, en sus diferentes dimensiones (Metas, ubicación temporal de las metas y Actitudes Temporales) y de Satisfacción con la vida, desde la adolescencia en adelante. A través de un diseño no experimental, evolutivo transversal, se evaluó a 570 personas de ambos sexos entre los 16 y los 65 años, de dos niveles socioeconómicos de Lima, Perú. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Método de Inducción Motivacional (MIM), la Escala de Actitudes Temporales (TAS) de Nuttin (1985) y la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) de Pavot y Diener  (1993). Los resultados muestran que la edad supone diferencias importantes en la construcción de las metas y su ubicación temporal, así como en las actitudes hacia el presente, pasado y futuro y en los ni veles de satisfacción. Asimismo, evidencia que el nivel socioeconómico, más que el sexo, influye en estos procesos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:38:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndreaCFO.pdf: 316798 bytes, checksum: 81ae091ab46fcf01c0d21ffaf7e5c3c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-09-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The purpose of this study was to investigate indicators of urban bus drivers involvement in transit accidents. We analyzed their involvement in accidents in relation to several indicators suggested by the literature, including the temporal dimension of those bus drivers, as expressed in Zimbardo's Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), for previous studies have shown that people more present time oriented revealed greater tendency to engage in risk driving. A questionnaire was applied to 457 bus drivers of the city of Natal, RN, Brazil, with questions about participants socio-demographic information, their professional performance and items on time perspective, presented in a five points Likert type scale. Among the indicators analyzed, the best predictors of traffic accidents were: worried about not being on schedule, family problems, and falling asleep; to work overtime, passengers complaints, work while on vacations and medical leaves. In regard to drivers' time perspective, the sub-scale of "combined present" showed a positive relationship with involvement in transit accidents, while the future scale a negative one, in both cases in accordance with the expect direction, even though the effects have not been statistically significant. The selected predictive variable indicate that traffic accidents are mainly associated to situational factors, that could be prevented through the betterment of work conditions of the bus drivers and other organizational and public policies, since transit accidents should be part of initiatives in the areas of health and safety / O prop?sito deste estudo foi investigar indicadores do envolvimento de motoristas de ?nibus urbano em acidentes de tr?nsito. Relacionamos esse envolvimento em acidentes com v?rios dos indicadores apontados pela literatura da ?rea, incluindo a dimens?o de tempo daqueles motoristas, tal como expressa no Invent?rio Zimbardo de Perspectiva Temporal (IZPT), pois estudos anteriores constataram que pessoas mais ligadas ao presente relatavam maior propens?o de risco ao dirigir. Um question?rio foi aplicado a 457 motoristas de ?nibus de Natal, contendo perguntas sobre atua??o profissional, caracter?sticas sociodemogr?ficas dos participantes e os itens de perspectiva temporal, respondidos em escala de cinco pontos, tipo Likert. Dentre os indicadores investigados, verificamos que os melhores preditores relativos aos acidentes de tr?nsito foram: preocupar-se com dirigir atrasado, com problemas familiares e com o pr?prio sono; fazer horas extras; reclama??es de passageiros, trabalhar durante as f?rias e "colocar" atestados m?dicos. J? em rela??o ? perspectiva temporal dos motoristas, a sub-escala de presente combinado mostrou uma rela??o positiva com o envolvimento em acidentes de tr?nsito, e a de futuro uma rela??o negativa, em ambos os casos conforme o sentido esperado, ainda que os efeitos n?o tenham sido estatisticamente significativos. As vari?veis preditoras selecionadas indicaram que os acidentes de tr?nsito est?o principalmente associados a fatores situacionais, os quais podem ser evitados atrav?s da melhoria das condi??es de trabalho dos motoristas profissionais e das pol?ticas organizacionais e p?blicas, considerando que os acidentes de tr?nsito devem fazer parte dessas iniciativas nas ?reas de sa?de e seguran?a p?blica

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:38:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaquelFD_DISSERT.pdf: 1009216 bytes, checksum: f857701876f550ec34f702bc663e127e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The pro-ecological commitment (CPE) constitutes an important topic within Person- Environment Studies, here seen as a predisposition to practices that result in environmental protection. Under the framework of sustainability, the concept of sustainable behavior emerges, covering, in addition to CPE, new psychological dimensions such as: the future time perspective (PTF) and the ecological worldviews (VEM). The current study intended to explore the concept of sustainable behavior of university students, by means of the association among some of its dimensions: CPE, PTF and VEM. For this purpose, 380 undergraduate students of biology, ecology, nursing, geography, and social service answered a form containing: socio-demographic questionnaire, a question on self-assessment of environmental care, the Scale of Ecocentric and Anthropocentric Environmentalisms, the Scale Consideration of Future Consequences, and the Scale Ecological Worldviews. Based on descriptive and correlational procedures, it was found that 78% of the participants practice or have practiced environmental care (caregivers) and the spread of information has been the practice more frequently reported, and the source of influence for such practices were the school, social networks, and the contact with nature It was also observed the association between practice of environmental care and ecocentric environmentalism, consideration of future consequences and egalitarian worldview (worldview of fragile nature). The lack of environmental care was associated with anthropocentric environmentalism, apathy, and individualistic worldview (worldview of passivity). As expected, and suggested by the literature, positive association were found between the sustainable behavior dimensions investigated in this study and the practice of environmental care / O compromisso pr?-ecol?gico (CPE) se constitui como t?pico importante no ?mbito dos estudos pessoa-ambiente, sendo entendido como uma postura frente ?s quest?es ambientais que predisp?e pr?ticas que resultam na prote??o do meio ambiente. Sob o referencial da sustentabilidade, emerge a no??o de conduta sustent?vel que, al?m do CPE, abarca novas dimens?es psicol?gicas, entre elas: a perspectiva temporal de futuro (PTF) e as vis?es ecol?gicas de mundo (VEM). O presente estudo teve como objetivo geral explorar, com estudantes universit?rios, a no??o de conduta sustent?vel, por meio da associa??o entre algumas dimens?es que a comp?em: CPE, PTF e VEM. Para tanto, 380 alunos dos cursos de biologia, ecologia, enfermagem, geografia e servi?o social responderam a um formul?rio contendo: question?rio sociodemogr?fico, uma quest?o sobre auto-avalia??o da pr?tica de cuidado ambiental, a Escala de Ambientalismos Ecoc?ntrico e Antropoc?ntrico, a Escala de Considera??o de Consequ?ncias Futuras, e a Escala de Vis?es Ecol?gicas de Mundo. A partir das inter-rela??es entre vari?veis, feitas por via de procedimentos descritivos e correlacionais, observou-se que 78% dos participantes pratica ou j? praticou cuidado ambiental (cuidadores), tendo sido a propaga??o de informa??o a pr?tica mais frequentemente relatada, e a escola, o contato com a natureza e a rede social as influ?ncias recebidas para estas pr?ticas. Observou-se, tamb?m, a associa??o da pr?tica de cuidado ambiental com o ambientalismo ecoc?ntrico, a considera??o de consequ?ncias futuras e a vis?o de mundo igualit?ria (vis?o de natureza fr?gil). A aus?ncia de cuidado ambiental esteve associada com o ambientalismo antropoc?ntrico e a apatia, e com a vis?o ecol?gica de mundo individualista (vis?o passiva). Tal como esperado e sugerido na literatura, foi constatada a exist?ncia de associa??es positivas entre as dimens?es da conduta sustent?vel investigadas neste estudo e a pr?tica de cuidado ambiental

La repetición escolar es un fenómeno escolar percibido, pero no atendido en América Latina, esto se evidencia en la escasa producción científica de la población en relación con las variables autoeficacia y perspectiva temporal. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo examinar la relación entre la autoeficacia y perspectiva temporal en estudiantes de nivel secundaria que han repetido de año escolar. Realizada con base en un diseño correlacional, se hizo uso de la Escala de Autoeficacia General (Grimaldo, 2005) y el Inventario de perspectiva temporal (Díaz-Morales, 2006). La muestra constó de 157 estudiantes escolares repitentes. Los resultados indican una relación moderada entre autoeficacia y la dimensión futuro (r = 0,48) y pasado positivo (r = 0,32); y una relación pequeña entre autoeficacia y presente hedonista (r = 0,30), pasado negativo (r = 0,22) y presente fatalista (r = 0,27). En conclusión, la relación encontrada entre la autoeficacia y la dimensión futuro refiere una visión positiva sobre las capacidades que posee el estudiante y así considera los problemas futuros como un desafío solucionable. Mientras que la relación entre la autoeficacia y presente fatalista implica que a pesar de tener una actitud negativa y abatida hacia el futuro, esta no afecta la percepción sobre las propias capacidades; así como, la relación entre autoeficacia y pasado negativo constituye que una visión negativa y desfavorable del pasado no implica bajas creencias de la capacidad personal. Por último, se recomienda incrementar la muestra e incluir instituciones privadas. / School repetition is a perceived school phenomenon, but not attended in Latin America, this is evidenced in the limited scientific production of the population in relation to the variables self-efficacy and time perspective. The present research aims to examine the relationship between self-efficacy and temporal perspective in high school students who have repeated a school year. Carried out based on a correlational design, the General Self-efficacy Scale (Grimaldo, 2005) and the Time Perspective Inventory (Díaz-Morales, 2006) were used. The sample consisted of 157 repeating school students. The results indicate a moderate relationship between self-efficacy and the future dimension (r = 0.48) and positive past (r = 0.32); and a small relationship between self-efficacy and hedonistic present (r = 0.30), negative past (r = 0.22) and fatalistic present (r = 0.27). In conclusion, the relationship found between self-efficacy and the future dimension refers to a positive vision about the abilities that the student possesses and thus considers future problems as a solvable challenge. While the relationship between self-efficacy and fatalistic present implies that despite having a negative and dejected attitude towards the future, it does not affect the perception of one's own abilities; Likewise, the relationship between self-efficacy and negative past constitutes that a negative and unfavorable view of the past does not imply low beliefs of personal capacity. Finally, it is recommended to increase the sample and include private institutions. / Tesis