Examensarbetet behandlar frågan om värdegrunden i skolans vardag, vad värdegrunden bygger på och hur den gestaltas i pedagogik och annan verksamhet i skolan. Arbetet baseras dels på en litteraturstudie som syftar till att undersöka skolans historia, framför allt dess kristna påverkan och läroplansutvecklingen, samt en begreppsdefinition. Dels baseras det på en kvalitativ intervjustudie av 10 lärare i grundskolan. Intervjustudiens syfte är att undersöka lärares uppfattningar av vad värdegrunden handlar om och hur den kommer till uttryck i den dagliga verksamheten.

This thesis aims at answering the following questions:1) How can the existence of a state be justified?2) To what extent does the state have the right to restrict individual´s liberty of action?3) To what extent does the state have the right to restrict or redistribute any kind of "goods", and if so, which restrictions should be allowed on which"goods"?4) Can a moral theory be "goal-directed", and are there moral reasons that it should be "goaldirected"? In order to answer these questions, I will analyze Robert Nozick´s and Michael Walzer´s answers to these questions, as presented in Anarchy, State and Utopia (1974) and Spheres of Justice (1983). My answers, which are founded on an argument for the necessity of freedom of choice and ambition-sensitivity in theories of justice, are results of a compromise between the ideas in these theories, but also partially on criticism of both theories.

International regulations target a global reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions through the allocation of national reduction targets and the definition of mechanisms to achieve these targets. One of these mechanisms is international emissions trading, these trading programs have been the targets of widespread criticism since they were introduced into the policy-making arena. The point of departure in this study has been that the trading raises questions about morality, since it implies signals, which legitimates pollution. The main purpose with this study has been to find out if emissions trading systems can be morally justified with the method of wide reflective equilibrium. From the study it was found that the moral intuition; it is wrong to pollute the environment, and perform activities, which legitimates pollution, finds support from the different theories within environmental ethics and Kantian ethics. But, it was also found that there are a number of background theories, such as neo-classical economic thinking, liberalism, and utilitarianism, that supports the notion of emissions trading. The paper argues that even though the concept of CO2-emissions trading raises moral questions it can be morally defended on the basis of rationality. When the theory about specification is applied to the concept of emissions trading it is possible to reach a situation were a wide reflective equilibrium is achieved.

As we approach the 21st Century, our society is increasingly being faced with technological advances. One of such areas of advancement is the reasearch involving human genes. The human genome-mapping project(HGMP) started on the first of october 1990 with a group of over 350 labs. but by late 90's, many important advances had been discovered concerning how to improve the human specie. With these advances came ethical questions and concerns.Both moral and legal questions have been raised as to the effectiveness and safty of this technology. It is the contention of this paper to give a clearer meaning and understanding of the ethics of genetic control.As such I will discuss the wide spread fears and anxiety brought about by the introduction of this new technology. To make this aim more comprehensible, I will pay particular attention to Joseph Fletcher and his books on Genetic control, and Humanhood: Essays In Biomedical Ethics. Fletchers ardent support for genetic control has developed worldwide debates from both ethicists and philosophers as to the safty and efficiency of genetic engineering.

There is no stronger or more enduring prohibition in medicine than the rule against the killing of patients by doctors. This prohibition is rooted in some medical codes and principles. Out standing among the principles surrounding these prohibitions are the principles of beneficence and non-maleficience. The contents of these principles in a way mark the professional integrity of the physician. But the modern approach to health care services pulls a demand for the respect of the individual right of self-determination. This demand is now glaring in almost all the practices pertaining to health care services. In end of life decisions, this modern demand is found much in practices like physician- assisted suicide and euthanasia. It demands that the physician ought to respect the wish and choice of the patient, and so, must assist the patient in bringing about his or her death when requested. In such manner, this views the principle of autonomy as absolute and should not be overridden in any circumstance. However, the physician on his part is part of the medical profession that has integrity to protect. This integrity in medical profession which demands that the physician works only towards the health care of the patient and to what reduces diseases and deaths often go contrary to this respect for individual autonomy. Thus faced with such requests by patients, the physician always sees his integrity in conflict with his demand to respect the autonomous choice of the patient and so has a dilemma in responding to such requests. This is the focus of this work,"Professional Integrity and the Dilemma in Physician- Assisted Suicide" However, the centre of my argument in this work is not merely though necessary to develop general arguments for or against the general justification of PAS, but to critically view the role played by the physicians in assisting the death of their patients as it comes in conflict with the medical obligation and integrity. Is it morally right, out rightly wrong or in certain situation permissible that physicians respond positively to the request of the patients for PAS? This is the overarching moral problem in the morality of physician- assisted suicide, and this work will consider this in line with the main problem in the work “the dilemma of professional physicians in the assistance of suicide.

The purpose of this paper is to understand why education is a human right. I will look at works by the late Paulo Freire, a Brazilian educator. Paulo Freire worked for many years on developing a pedagogy to promote humanity. His goal was to demonstrate that a literate person will ultimately live a better life because she will be free from oppression and domination. I chose to study Paulo Freire as a tool in proving why education is a human right because throughout his work he demonstrated the need for people to be literate in order for them to be considered “truly human”. I will address this term further in my argument. This thesis is a work in progress. My goal is to include chapters illustrating Amartya Sen’s theory and ideology, and compare them to those of Freire’s. I would also like to include a chapter specifically dedicated to women and education, since it is common practice for women in many countries to sacrifice their right to education so the males in their families can attend school.

I denna uppsats undersöks laga skifte i Rengsjö socken och vilka konflikter som uppstod i samband med skiftesförrättningarna under åren 1847 till 1874. En kategorisering av olika konflikter har gjorts och med studier av laga skiftesprotokollen har konflikterna identifierats samt uppställda hypoteser och frågor bearbetats och besvarats. Den primära källan är således laga skiftesprotokoll som arkiverats hos Lantmäteriet och till den tidigare forskning som omnämns hör bland annat Ronny Petterssons studie om laga skifte i Halland, Anders Franzéns studie över laga skifte i Småland samt Britt Liljewalls teorier om kontinuitet och förändring som drivkrafter. Forskningen kring laga skifte är tämligen omfattande men gäller i huvudsak de södra delarna av vårt land. Denna studie avser en mindre socken i landskapaet Hälsingland.

"I dag präglas samhället av en mångfald uttryck inom bild- och formområdet. I det fria konstnärliga utövandet pågår ett ständigt experimenterande med olika material, tekniker och uttrycksformer. Olika medier påverkar oss genom användning av symboler för att föra fram sina budskap. Därför finns behov av att kunna analysera och tolka bild- och formområdets olika funktioner i dagens samhälle." I min undersökning har jag tagit reda på hur man kan utveckla ett symboliskt måleri genom att låta sig inspireras av Holländska blomsterstilleben från 1600-talet, för att sedan kunna skapa en meningsfull och inspirerande stillebenundervisning i skolan. Jag har valt att utgå från dessa 1600-talsmålningar då det finns en mängd dokumenterad symbolik och historik kring dessa verk, och för att de estetiskt intresserar mig med sin passiva och dekorativa utstrålning. På ett lekfullt sätt har jag undersökt dessa målningars kraft och symboliska betydelse för att sedan förskjuta symboliken i dem och skapa egna konnotationer som betyder något för mig. Då jag främst har fokuserat på gestaltningen i min undersökning har jag kunnat konstatera att mitt bildspråk, min teknik, kompositions och associationsförmåga har berikats betydligt genom att måleriskt ha undersökt dessa religiösa, kulturella och vetenskapliga bilder. Genom att prova på olika uttryck, färg, form, ljus och narration experiment på ett postmodernt sätt har jag också lekt med förskjutningar och därigenom skapat en för mig själv ny typ av narrativa stilleben. Dessa har jag sedan analyserat vilket även finns dokumenterat i denna undersökning. Man kan enkelt utrycka det som att jag har velat ta symboliken från historiska målningar och uppdatera den för en samtida "oinvigd" publik. Jag vill på detta sätt i min undervisning uppmuntra eleverna att ta historien i all sin komplexitet och göra den till sin egen och avdramatisera det "heliga" och i och med detta kanske göra den mer attraktiv och greppbar. / BI / Konst

The modern world is facing a revolutionary development in the clinical medicine and biomedical sciences. Due to the different life supporting systems, it is easily possible to keep patients with severe diseases alive. With organ transplantation a lot of people, who would otherwise die can live long and happy lives. In vitro fertilization allows a woman to bear the child that is not genetically related to her. Due to the possibility of contraception, safe abortions and prenatal diagnosis, women and couples can make preferable choices concerning their future child. Such medical developments and improvements have a great impact on our life, and provoke a lot of ethical questions and moral dilemmas. The aim of this thesis is to answer the question whether prenatal diagnosis can be justified as it mainly leads to the selective abortion, whether and when the fetus counts as a person and whether the prospective parents can perform selective abortion on the basis of fetal disability; and to discuss ethical problems that are experienced by the doctor, who brings the news into the family and what is his/her role in the decision-making process.

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