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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Consciência_fonológica_e_sua_relação_com_a_escrita.pdf: 1998040 bytes, checksum: c9f2aa3d3d49f57bc1c22b9fac930aaa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-22 / Sem bolsa / A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar a consciência fonológica da rima silábica e sua relação com a escrita, a partir das pistas dessa consciência em dois grupos de crianças, repetentes e não repetentes, estudantes do 3º ano de uma escola pública da cidade de Pelotas/RS, estabelecendo, pois, um comparativo entre os níveis de CF de ambos os grupos. Para tanto, partiu-se da hipótese de que as crianças não repetentes tendem a apresentar melhor desempenho nas tarefas aplicadas. A metodologia foi composta por três etapas: (i) aplicação de teste de consciência fonológica, a partir do CONFIAS, Consciência Fonológica Instrumento de Avaliação Sequencial (MOOJEN et al., 2003); (ii) atividade de ligar os pares das figuras que rimam; (iii) atividade de escrita das palavras que rimam ao lado de seus respectivos pares. Após a coleta, os dados foram transcritos e analisados na ordem em que foram coletados: a) teste de CF, b) liga da relação de palavra e c) escrita de palavras. Os dados referentes às três modalidades de coleta foram analisados individualmente para posterior comparação, à luz das teorias da Sílaba (SELKIRK, 1982) e da Geometria de Traços (CLEMENTS e HUME, 1995). Quanto à aplicação do CONFIAS, os resultados revelaram que ambos os grupos investigados demonstraram índices de acertos semelhantes, visto que a diferença entre um grupo e outro é pouco significativa. Em relação às tarefas do instrumento, observou-se que os sujeitos manifestaram maior dificuldade nas tarefas relativas ao nível do fonema, indo ao encontro da literatura da área (GOMBERT, 1992; FREITAS, 2004; SILVA e CAPELLINI, 2009, dentre outros). Sendo assim, as tarefas relativas ao nível intrassilábico são consideradas complicadas para ambos os grupos. Considerando-se os dados gerais, nas atividades de ligar os pares de rimas silábicas com codas em /R/, /l/ e /s/, constatou-se que os alunos não repetentes apresentaram escores de acertos mais elevados, se comparados aos repetentes. A análise dos dados apontou, ainda, que existe uma relação entre a CF e a aquisição da escrita, já que os alunos não repetentes revelaram um melhor desempenho no teste de CF e um menor número de erros na escrita. Concluiu-se, portanto, que as crianças não repetentes apresentam desempenho em CF superior aos repetentes, bem como o fato de que a consciência fonológica desempenha papel fundamental na aprendizagem da escrita. / This research aims to investigate phonological awareness of syllabic rhyme and its relationship with writing, observing phonological awareness clues in writing of two groups of third year students (repeating and not repeating) of a public school in Pelotas city / RS, evaluating and comparing phonological awareness levels of these two groups. The methodology was composed of three steps: (i) application of phonological awareness test, from the CONFIAS, Phonological Consciousness Sequential Assessment Instrument (MOOJEN et al., 2003); (Ii) activity of binding the pairs of rhyming figures; (Iii) writing activity of words that rhyme alongside their respective peers. After data collection, description and analysis of the results were made in different samples. Description and analysis of the research are evaluated in the order that was made: phonological awareness test, word alloy and written word, and results of three data collection methods are analyzed individually for comparison. Description and analysis occur in light of Syllable Theory (SELKIRK, 1982) and Geometry Trace (CLEMENTS AND HUME, 1995). Regarding the application of CONFIAS, the results revealed that both groups investigated showed similar success indexes, since the difference between one group and another is not significant. Regarding the tasks of the instrument, it was observed that the subjects showed greater difficulty in the tasks related to the level of the phoneme (GOMBERT, 1992; FREITAS, 2004; SILVA and CAPELLINI, 2009, among others). Thus, tasks related to the intra-syllabic level are considered complicated for both groups. Considering the general data, in the activities of linking the pairs of syllabic rhymes with codas in /R/, /l/ and /s/, it was found that non-repeating students presented higher scores than the repeating ones. Data analysis also pointed out that there is a relationship between CF and writing acquisition, since non-repeating students showed a better performance in the CF test and a lower number of writing errors. It was concluded, therefore, that non-repeating children present higher CF performance than repeaters, as well as the fact that phonological awareness plays a fundamental role in writing learning.

Pessoas com fissura lábio palatina apresentam alterações na acuidade auditiva por um grande período de suas vidas, ou por toda vida, devido à constante disfunção tubária, que acarreta a otite média, impedindo assim uma recepção adequada dos sons da fala. Influência de otite média durante a infância é uma das características que está associada com o distúrbio de aprendizagem e transtornos de processamento auditivo. A consciência fonológica envolve o reconhecimento de que as palavras são formadas por diferentes sons que podem ser manipulados, abrangendo além da capacidade de reflexão (constatar e comparar), também a de operação com fonemas, sílabas, rimas e aliterações (contar, segmentar, unir, adicionar, suprimir, substituir e transpor). O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estudar a associação entre a consciência fonológica e o processamento temporal em crianças com fissura labiopalatina. Foram avaliadas 41 crianças de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 7 anos e 10 anos e 11 meses, com fissura labiopalatina transforame unilateral, sem outras anomalias associadas ou síndromes. As crianças foram submetidas ao teste de processamento temporal Random Gap Detection Test (RGDT) e a avaliação de consciência fonológica CONFIAS adaptada com figuras. Os resultados indicaram não haver associação, nesta amostra, entre a consciência fonológica e o processamento temporal. Porem outros estudos devem ser realizados com um número maior de crianças na amostra. / Persons with cleft lip and palate presents alterations in the auditory sharpness by a big period of his lives, or by all life, because the constant tube dysfunction, that causes otitis media, stopping like this an adequate reception of the sounds of the speak. Influence of the otitis media during the childhood is one of the characteristics that is associated with the disturbance of learning and auditory process disorders. The phonological awareness involves the recognition of that the words are graduates by different sounds that can be manipulated, including beyond the capacity of reflection (establish and compare), also the operation with phonemes, syllables, rhymes and alliterations (count, segment, unite, add, suppress, replace and transpose). The main objective of this work was study the association between the phonological awareness and the temporal processing in childrens with cleft lip and palate.The work counted on 41 children of both sexes, with ages between 7 years and 10years and 11 monts, with cleft lip and palate, without other anomalies associated or syndromes. The children were submitted temporal processing test Random Gap Detection Test (RGDT) and the evaluation of the phonological awareness CONFIAS, adapted with figures. The results showed there isnt association, in this sample, bettween the phonological awareness and the temporal processing. But others studies should be realized with more children in the sample.

Within the current decade, the number of Hispanic students has doubled so that about 16% of the total student population within the United States are Spanish-speakers (U.S. Census Bureau, 2017). With this growing population comes a responsibility to understand and implement best practices for educating these students. Because literacy is a building-block for learning, one integral part of this responsibility consists of developing valid and reliable means of assessing pre-reading skills that are predictive of later reading abilities (Lonigan, Burgess, & Anthony, 2000; Wagner, Torgesen, & Rashotte, 1994). English-language learning children are being identified for having reading difficulties and disabilities two to three years later than their English-proficient peers (Chu & Flores, 2011). As a population, they are also overly misidentified as having reading difficulties/disabilities and being unnecessarily placed into a special education system (McCardle, Mele-McCarthy, Cutting, Leos, & D’Emilio, 2005b; Sanatullova Allison & Robinson-Young, 2016). Per a nationwide survey of Speech-Language Pathologists, one large contributing factor for this dilemma is the lack of appropriate assessment instruments (Roseberry-McKibbin, Brice, & O’Hanlon, 2005). Phonological awareness is the ability to focus on and manipulate units of spoken language (words, syllables, onsets, rimes, and/or phonemes). It is one of the most significant predictors of later reading abilities. A large body of evidence provides support for this within the English language but also within other alphabetic languages, such as Spanish (e.g. Carillo, 1994; Durgunoglu, Nagy, Hancin-Bhatt, 1993; Schneider, Kuspert, Roth, Vise, & Marx, 1997). Thus, assessments of phonological awareness have been shown to be reliable measures that predict later reading abilities in Spanish-speaking children and English-proficient children alike (Farver, Nakamoto, & Lonigan, 2007). There are many standardized assessments available to test phonological awareness as an emergent literacy skill in English. In congruence with the previously mentioned nationwide survey, Spanish assessments of phonological awareness are less abundant. Additionally, these tests tend to be expensive, time-consuming to give, and require training of the administrator. These tests are static in nature and regularly require the child to comprehend complex administrative instructions which is often problematic for children with limited language skills in Spanish and/or English (Barker, Bridges, & Saunders, 2014). The current study aims to build upon existing data regarding development of the DAPA-S by evaluating the validity of a shorter version of the DAPA-S (the DAPA-S Short Form) with children from Spanish-speaking backgrounds. The DAPA-S Short form was designed with the purpose of retaining all the test items of the full version but with an altered structure which allows for significantly shorter administration time. The DAPA-S and the shorter version were both designed as Spanish dynamic assessments of phonological awareness which are computerized, have simple instructions, provide information about a child’s ability to learn from instruction, and do not require speech responses. The twelve participants that were involved in this study were given the DAPA-S Short Form as well as other assessments related to phonological awareness or emergent reading. Three of those participants did not complete the study due to poor attendance or behavioral challenges. Therefore, this study reports on nine participants who completed the full assessment battery. To investigate concurrent validity, correlational analysis was performed with the DAPA-S Short Form scores and scores from a measure of phonological awareness, the Test of Phonological Sensitivity in Spanish (TOPSS; Brea, Silliman, Bahr, & Bryant, 2003). The Elision, Rapid Automatic Naming, and Letter Name/ Letter Sound subtests from the TOPSS were administered. No significant correlations were observed between either subtest from the DAPA-S Short Form and any of the subtests from the TOPSS (r = .49 for Elision, r = .36 for RAN, r = .43 for Letter Name/Letter Sound subtests). Therefore, concurrent validity was not established as measured in this study. To investigate convergent validity, correlational analysis was performed with the DAPA-S Short Form subtests and the scores from a measure of Spanish emergent reading skills, the Letter-word Identification (LWID) subtest from the Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey – Revised (WMLS-R; Woodcock, Muñoz – Sandoval, Ruef, & Alvarado, 2005). Significant correlation was observed between the First Syllable subtest of the DAPA-S Short Form and the test of emergent literacy (r = .87, p < .01); no significant correlation was observed for the Last Syllable subtest of the DAPA-S Short Form (r = .44) and the test of emergent literacy. Therefore, the First Syllable subtest from the DAPA-S Short Form demonstrates good convergent validity, while the Last Syllable subtest did not. Data suggests that the DAPA-S Short Form demonstrates excellent internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = .99 for both subtests) but requires modifications and further testing with a larger sample size in order to be considered as a valid measure of phonological awareness. If developed through further research, the DAPA-S Short Form as well as the full version of the assessment could prove to be invaluable tools in educational and clinical settings.

Literacy development in Spanish-speaking children is a growing concern in the United States (Invernizzi, 2009). Phonological awareness is a predictor of literacy achievement in most alphabetic languages (Anthony et al., 2011; Davison & Brea-Spahn, 2012; Durgunoğlu, Nagy, & Hancin-Bhatt, 1993; Goikoetxea, 2005). Bilingual children with complex communication needs (CCN) demonstrate increased difficulties in speaking, reading, and writing, making learning two languages a difficult task (Toppelberg, Snow, & Tager-Flusberg, 1999). Literacy attainment in bilingual individuals who have CCN is important to improve their overall language development and communication interaction skills (Harrison-Harris, 2002). A valid and reliable phonological awareness assessment that does not require speech is needed in order to provide appropriate instruction and address desired literacy goals (Barker, Bridges, & Saunders, 2014). The goal of this study is to describe pilot data from the Dynamic Assessment of Phonemic Awareness in Spanish (DAPA-S), a new dynamic phonological awareness assessment that does not require speech responses, with children from Latin American Spanish-speaking backgrounds, in order to determine its construct validity. DAPA-S was administered over the course of one to three sessions to ten participants (six males and four females). Participants also received the Identificación de letras y palabras (Letter-Word Identification; LWID) subscale from the Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey–Revised (WMLS-R; Woodcock, Muñoz- Sandoval, Ruef, & Alvarado, 2005) as an emergent reading skill task and three subtests from the Test of Phonological Sensitivity in Spanish (TOPSS; Brea, Silliman, Bahr, & Bryant, 2003):letter-name and letter-sound, elision, and rapid automatized naming (RAN) as assessments of phonological awareness. To evaluate concurrent validity, Pearson correlations and bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals were calculated between the DAPA-S total score and the measures of phonological awareness from the TOPSS. The DAPA-S demonstrated strong and significant correlations with elision, RAN, and the letter-sound subtests rs = –.67 to .87, ps = .00 to .03. These results indicated that the DAPA-S likely measured the same construct as the other measures of phonological awareness from the TOPSS. To evaluate convergent validity, Pearson correlations and bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals were calculated between LWID of the WMLS-R and the DAPA-S total score. The DAPA-S demonstrated a strong and significant correlation, r = .75, p < .05. The data suggest a high degree of both concurrent and convergent validity, as many of the conventional measures of phonological awareness and emergent reading were significantly correlated with the DAPA-S, including letter-sound, RAN, and LWID. Overall, the pattern of results suggests that the DAPA-S may be a reliable and valid tool for measurement of phonological awareness in Spanish.

Multiple domains of deficit have been proposed to account for the apparent reading failure of children with a reading disability. Deficits in both phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming are consistently linked with the development of a reading disability in young school age children. Less research, however, has sought to connect these two reading related processes to global theories of deficit, such as temporal processing deficits, in the explanation of reading fluency difficulties. This study sought to explore the relationship between aspects of temporal processing, as indexed through measures of motor fluency and control, and measures of reading related processes, phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming, to word reading fluency. Using structural equation modeling, measures of patterned motor movement were found to be negatively and significantly related to measures of phonological awareness. Measures of oral and repetitive movement were found to be positively and significantly related to measures of patterned movement. Finally, phonological awareness was found to be a significant predictor of word reading fluency both independently and through rapid automatized naming. No direct relationship between measures of motor control and fluency and word reading fluency was found. These findings suggest that temporal processing, as indexed by measures of motor fluency and control, are moderately predictive of the facility with which a child with a reading disability can access, manipulate, and reproduce phonetically based information. Implications for the inclusion of motor based measures in the assessment of children with reading disabilities and future directions for research are discussed.

The structure of phonological processing for typically developing children has been debated over the past two decades. Recent research has indicated that phonological processing is best explained by a single underlying phonological ability (e.g., Anthony and Lonigan, 2004). The current study had two goals. The first goal was to determine the structure of phonological processing for school-age children with mild intellectual disabilities (MID). The second goal was to determine the relationship between the components of phonological processing and expressive and receptive language ability. The participants were 222 school-age children identified by their schools as having MID. Confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to determine the structure of phonological processing. The results indicated that a model with one phonological awareness factor and one naming speed factor explained the data better than competing models with a single latent factor or more than two latent factors. There was a negative significant relationship between phonological processing and naming speed. There were positive bivariate relationships between phonological processing and expressive and receptive language. There were negative bivariate relationships between naming speed and expressive and receptive language. These results are consistent with other research findings with typically developing children, indicating a similarity in the relationships between phonological process and language for children with MID. Theoretical and instructional implications are discussed.

Deficiencies in mathematics skill constrain students’ educational achievement and subsequently, their employment outcomes. This study included 265 school-identified students with mild intellectual disabilities. The research questions investigated the extent to which phonological awareness, color naming speed, and vocabulary knowledge, was related to mathematics skill after controlling for grade level via regression analyses. Further, the mediating effects of expressive vocabulary on the relationship between receptive vocabulary and mathematics skill as well as the indirect effect of receptive vocabulary knowledge on mathematics skill through expressive vocabulary were examined. The findings indicated that after controlling for grade level, phonological awareness, naming speed, and vocabulary knowledge were significantly related to mathematics skill. The mediating effects of expressive vocabulary as well as the indirect effects of receptive vocabulary knowledge on mathematics skill were also significant.

In this study, six teachers have been interviewed about their vision and teaching of reading comprehension, both for pupils who has cleared the reading code and those who have not. The aim is to illustrate if teachers in middle school spend time to exercise reading comprehension, or if this is left to the Swedish teachers. Thus only according to the subject Swedish, the students are entitled to be given the opportunity to develop reading strategies. The interviews are semi-structured based on qualitative research. The informants are three teachers of Swedish and three teachers of other subjects. Two different interview guides were used containing three questions. The main questions were the same but each guide had some question directly connected to the subject. The results show that all teachers believe that exercising reading comprehension is to be conducted in all subjects, not just Swedish. However, the work is done differently. Teachers in the Swedish subject discuss their teaching in a much more purposeful way than the other teachers. Teachers in the Swedish subject have developed their competence concerning reading comprehension and have got more knowledge than those on other subjects. Those teachers who do not teach Swedish as a subject say that lack of time is the reason why reading comprehension cannot be integrated to the extent that they desire / I den här studien har sex verksamma lärare intervjuats angående deras syn på undervisning av läsförståelse, både när det gäller elever som knäckt läskoden respektive de som inte har det. Syftet är att åskådliggöra om samtliga lärare på mellanstadiet lägger tid på läsförståelseträningen, eller om det är lämnat åt svensklärarna, då det enbart står i ämnet svenska att eleverna ska ges möjlighet att utveckla lässtrategier. Intervjuerna är semi-strukturerade och bygger på en kvalitativ studie. Informanterna är tre lärare i svenska och tre lärare i andra ämnen Två olika intervjuguider användes som innehöll tre frågor, huvudfrågorna användes till samtliga lärare medan någon fråga var direkt riktad till de ämnen lärarna undervisar inom. Resultatet visar att samtliga lärare är eniga om att läsförståelseträning ska bedrivas i alla ämnen och inte bara svenska. Däremot skiljer sig båda kategorierna åt då svensklärarna diskuterar sin undervisning på ett mycket mer målmedvetet sätt än de övriga lärarna

A predictable alphabet book was proposed as a natural way to observe emergent readers’ attempts to integrate their developing literacy skills and knowledge base, despite not yet having achieved conventional levels of reading. Study 1 examined how accuracy in identifying words in an alphabet book in kindergarten related with emergent skills measured in kindergarten and with subsequent reading ability. One hundred and three children completed tests of phonemic awareness, letter knowledge, vocabulary, and rapid naming in kindergarten and were audiotaped reading an alphabet book with their parent. Reading ability was assessed one year later. Correlations were consistent with previous research identifying phonemic awareness, letter knowledge, vocabulary and rapid naming as significant correlates of emergent reading. Alphabet book accuracy correlated with subsequent reading, and the relative indirect effects of kindergarten phonemic awareness and letter sound knowledge on Grade 1 reading through kindergarten alphabet book reading were significant. Findings supported the conceptualization of how well a child identifies words in an alphabet book as a representation of early skill integration. Study 2 built upon these findings by examining self-reported reading strategies. Siegler’s (1996) overlapping waves model was used as a framework, which emphasizes variability, adaptive choice, and gradual change in children’s problem solving. Ninety-one kindergarteners completed tests of phonemic awareness, letter knowledge, and vocabulary, and read an experimentally designed alphabet book having pages of varying difficulty with a researcher twice over several months. Findings supported the three main features of the overlapping waves model. Children reported a variety of strategies across the book and on individual pages within it. They worked most quickly on the easiest pages, reported more strategies on the most difficult pages, and chose adaptively among their strategy repertoire. The number of strategies reported and the number of accurately labeled pages increased over time. The relative indirect effects of phonemic awareness and letter sound knowledge on alphabet book accuracy through the use of graphophonemic strategies were significant. Findings support the application of the overlapping waves model to the domain of reading. Overall, these studies highlight the potential for using typical literacy activities to deepen our understanding of the process of learning to read.

The Double Deficit Hypothesis of dyslexia posits that students can be grouped into four distinct groups: (a) average readers, (b) students with phonological deficits, (c) students with naming speed deficits, and (d) students with double deficits: those having both (b) and (c). The present study examines the stability of the Double Deficit groups from Kindergarten to Grade 2. 214 children were assessed in Kindergarten and subsequently tested in early Grade 1, late Grade 1, and Grade 2. Tests administered at each time included measures of naming speed, phonological awareness, and a variety of reading measures. Discriminant analyses indicated that approximately 70% of Grade 2 children were successfully classified by Kindergarten measures. Contingency analyses indicated moderate stability from Kindergarten to Grade 2 and more movement between groups between Kindergarten and Grade 1. The Double Deficit groups differed in reading achievement at each testing time, with the Double Deficit group obtaining the lowest scores. Implications for early assessment and intervention are discussed. / Thesis (Master, Education) -- Queen's University, 2010-01-06 12:54:02.063