A pancreatite aguda (PA), condição inflamatória do pâncreas caracterizada por dor abdominal e concentrações elevadas de enzimas pancreáticas e outras (ex.: amilase, fosfolipase A2, FLA2), representa a principal causa de hospitalização das doenças gastrointestinais. Entretanto, a patogênese da PA continua pouco compreendida e os tratamentos escassos. Nesse sentido, os objetivos deste estudo foram: i) avaliar comparativamente os efeitos inflamatórios e algogênicos das FLA2s secretória do veneno da serpente Crotalus durissus terrificus (Cdt) e de mamífero (bovino) e, ii) determinar mecanismos envolvidos (neurogênicos e dependentes do sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S), um recentemente descrito mediador endógeno). A PA foi induzida pela injeção da FLA2 (300 mg/kg) crotálica ou bovina no ducto biliopancreático de ratos anestesiados e pré-tratados com salina, antagonistas dos receptores NK1/NK2 (SR140333/SR48968, e.v., - 15 min) Na2S (doador de H2S, i.p., - 30 min) ou propargilglicina (PGly, inibidor da enzima CSE envolvida na síntese endógena de H2S, i.p., - 30 min). Após 4 horas, a FLA2 crotálica ou bovina promoveu edema pancreático, infiltração de neutrófilos, amilasemia sérica e hiperalgesia abdominal. A FLA2 crotálica também aumentou a geração de H2S pancreática, as concentrações séricas de GT-γ e AST e promoveu leucopenia. O SR140333, mas não o SR48968, inibiu a hiperalgesia induzida por ambas as FLA2s, mas não afetou a PA ou índices enzimáticos. Tratamento com a PGly reduziu a PA induzida por ambas as FLA2, mas inibiu somente a hiperalgesia evocada pela FLA2 bovina. O doador espontâneo de H2S (Na2S) reduziu a PA e hiperalgesia induzidas pela PLA2 crotálica, mas não a amilasemia. Conclui-se que ambas as FLA2s representam ferramentas farmacológicas importantes na indução da PA, pois conseguem mimetizar sinais clássicos da PA em humanos. Em termos mecanisticos, conclui-se que enquanto a ativação do receptor NK1 consiste num mecanismo comum de regulação da resposta sensitiva abdominal (hiperalgésica) frente as duas FLA2s, o papel (protetor ou deletério) do H2S neste modelo ainda não está estabelecido. / Acute pancreatitis (AP), an inflammatory condition of the pancreas characterized by severe abdominal pain and increased levels of pancreatic enzymes and others in the blood (e.g. amilase, phospholipase A2, PLA2), is the leading cause of gastrointestinal hospitalization worldwide. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of AP still not fully understood and treatments are scant. This study aimed: i) to evaluate comparatively the inflammatory and algesic effects of PLA2 obtained from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus (PLA2 Cdt) snake or mammalian (bovine) and, ii) to establish involved mechanisms focusing on neurogenic aspects and the recent gasomediator (hydrogen sulfide, H2S). AP was induced by the injection of bovine PLA2 or sPLA2 from Cdt venom (300 μg/kg) into the common bile duct of anaesthetized rats pretreated with the NK1 or Nk2 receptor antagonists (SR140333/SR48968, i.v., - 15 min), with the H2S donor (Na2S, i.p., - 30 min) or the inhibitor of CSE, an enzyme involved in the endogenous H2S synthesis (Propargylglycin, PGly i.p., - 30 min). After 4 hours, both mammalian and crotalic PLA2s caused pancreatic oedema, local neutrophil infiltration, serum hyperamylasemia and abdominal hyperalgesia. Increased pancreatic production of H2S, serum levels of γ-GT and AST and leukopenia were also observed in Cdt-induced AP. SR140333, but not SR48968, blocked the abdominal hyperalgesia induced by both PLAs but failed to significantly affect the inflammatory response and increased enzymes concentrations in this model. PGly attenuated both mammalian and crotalic PLA2s-induced AP, but inhibited only the abdominal hyperalgesia evoked by bovine PLA,sub>2. Spontaneous H2S donor (Na2S) reduced crotalic PLA2-induced AP and associated abdominal hyperalgesia but failed to affect hyperamylasemia. In conclusion, both mammalian and crotalic PLA2 act as an important pharmacological tool since they can mimic signs and symptoms of human AP. Whereas NK1 receptor (neurogenic mechanism) mediates abdominal hyperalgesia is likely to be the common mechanism involved in AP evoked by both PLA2s, this study still raising questions regarding the role (protective or deleterious) of H2S in the pathophysiology of AP and related pain process.

Os venenos de serpentes contêm concentrações elevadas de fosfolipases A2 secretadas (sFLA2), que apresentam homologia com as FLA2s de mamíferos, cujos níveis estão aumentados em doenças inflamatórias. Neste estudo, investigou-se a ativação e a expressão de fatores envolvidos na formação de corpúsculos lipídicos (CLs) em células fagociticas e o papel desses fatores na resposta imune inata, induzida pela MT-III, uma sFLA2s de veneno. A MT-III induziu aumento dos níveis de triacilglicerol, colesterol e lisofosfolipideos e a ativação e expressão dos fatores PPAR-g, PPAR-d/b, SREBP2 e do CD36. Sob estimulo da MT-III, o receptor PPAR-b/d, as enzimas DGAT, ACAT e FAS foram relevantes para a formação de CLs e para a expressão da PLIN2. O CD36 participa da expressão da COX-2, sem modificar a liberação de PGE2. O TLR2 e a MyD88 foram essenciais para a formação de CLs e síntese da IL-1b e IL-10. Ainda, o TLR2 foi relevante para a liberação de PGE2, PGD2 e LTB4, enquanto MyD88 foi fundamental somente para a liberação de PGE2 e expressão da PLIN2, induzidas pela MT-III. / Snake venoms contain high concentrations of secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) with homology to mammalian PLA2s, whose levels are elevated in inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated activation and expression of factors involved in lipid droplets formation (LDs) and participation that factors in the innate immune response induced by MT-III, sPLA2s from snake venom, in phagocytic cells. MT-III induced increase of triacylglycerol, cholesterol and lysophospholipids levels and activation and expression of factors PPAR-g, PPAR-d/b, SREBP2 and CD36. PPAR-b/d receptor, DGAT, ACAT and FAS enzymes were relevant to LDs formation and critical to PLIN2 expression induced by MT-III. CD36 participates in COX-2 expression without modifying PGE2 release stimulated by MT-III. TLR2 and MyD88 were essential to LDs formation and IL-1b and IL-10 synthesis stimulated by MT-III. Moreover, TLR2 was relevant to PGE2, PGD2 and LTB4 biosynthesis, while MyD88 is essential only for PGE2 release and PLIN2 expression induced by MT-III.

Os mastócitos participam do sistema imunológico liberando mediadores farmacologicamente ativos. A principal via de ativação dos mastócitos é através do receptor de alta afinidade para a imunoglobulina E (FcRI). A ativação dos mastócitos via FcRI culmina com a liberação de mediadores. A enzima PLD atua sobre fosfolipídios hidrolisando a fosfatidilcolina em ácido fosfatídico e colina. A PLD é ativada após o estímulo via FcRI e possui um papel importante na transdução do sinal em mastócitos. Existem duas isoformas da enzima PLD, a PLD1 e a PLD2 que são expressas, diferentemente, de acordo com o tipo celular. Ambas as isoformas podem estar expressas numa mesma célula, apenas uma ou nenhuma. Neste estudo foram utilizadas células RBL-2H3 transfectadas para a super expressão PLD2 nas formas catalítica ativa (CA) e inativa (CI). O papel da PLD2 foi examinado nestas células com o objetivo de elucidar sua atuação no processo de secreção incluindo o aparelho de Golgi e os grânulos secretores. As células CA e CI possuem maior atividavidade de -hexosaminidase total, porém quando estimuladas mostram uma deficiência na liberação desta enzima, quando comparadas com as células selvagens. A PLD2 nas células CA, CI, VET e RBL-2H3 está localizada no citosol, sendo abundante na região justanuclear, principalmente nas células CI, sugerindo uma associação com o aparelho de Golgi. A dupla marcação com o mAb AA4, que imunomarca gangliosídeos derivados do GD1b da membrana plasmática e com anti-PLD2, mostrou que esta enzima não se localiza na membrana plasmática. A dupla marcação com anti-PLD2 e anti-GM130 mostrou que as áreas de maior concentração da PLD2 se co-localizam com o aparelho de Golgi, especialmente nas células CI. A marcação com anti-GM130 e os experimentos com microscopia eletrônica de transmissão mostraram que o aparelho de Golgi está organizado nas células CA e desorganizado nas células CI, onde se encontra disperso no citoplasma. Ainda, as células CI expressam menos GM130 em comparação com as demais linhagens celulares. Quando a produção de PA pela PLD está inibida pelo 1-Butanol, as células CA apresentam as mesmas características fenotípicas das células CI. A incubação das CI com PA resulta na reestruturação do aparelho de Golgi. A manutenção estrutural do aparelho de Golgi, também está relacionada com os microtúbulos. Nas células CI o centro organizador de microtúbulos é dificilmente identificado. Os microtúbulos nas células CI são desordenados em comparação com as demais linhagens celulares. Estes resultados mostram que a produção de PA pela PLD2 é importante na organização de microtúbulos e na manutenção da estrutura do aparelho de Golgi. As alterações celulares relacionadas com os microtúbulos e o aparelho de Golgi afetam o processo secretor nestas células e, provavelmente, em outros tipos de células secretoras. Estes achados poderão levar a novas estratégias terapêuticas para controlar a liberação de mediadores durante processos alérgicos e inflamatórios. / Mast cells are components of the immune system that liberate a wide variety of pharmacologically active mediators. The principle method of activating mast cells is through the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcRI). This activation then culminates with the release of mediators. Phospholipase D (PLD) acts on phospholipids, hydrolyzing phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline. PLD is activated following stimulation via FcRI and plays an important role in signal transduction in mast cells. PLD has two isoforms, PLD1 and PLD2, which are differentially expressed depending on the cell type where none, one or both may be expressed. RBL-2H3 cells, a mast cell line, transfected to super express catalytically active (CA) and inactive (CI) forms of PLD2 were used in the present study. The role of PLD2 was examined in these cells in order to clarify the action of PLD2 in the secretory process. Although the CA and CI cells posses a greater total -hexosaminidase activity, when stimulated these cells release less -hexosaminidase than cells transfected with empty vector or wild type RBL-2H3 cells. In all cell lines, PLD2 was dispersed throughout the cytoplasm with a concentration in the juxtanuclear region suggesting an association of PLD2 with the Golgi apparatus. Double labeling with anti-PLD2 and mAb AA4, which recognizes gangliosides derived from GD1b on the plasma membrane, showed that PLD2 was not associated with the plasma membrane. When the cells were double labeled with anti-PLD2 and anti-GM130, which labels the cis-Golgi saccules, PLD2 does colocalize with the Golgi apparatus, especially in CI cells. Labeling with anti-GM130 alone as well as experiments employing transmission electron microscopy revealed that the Golgi apparatus is well organized in the CA cells, but is disorganized and dispersed in the cytoplasm in the CI cells. By Western Blotting, the CI cells also expressed less GM130 than the other cell lines. When the production of PA by PLD2 was inhibited by 1-Butanol, the Golgi apparatus of the CA cells presented the same phenotypic characteristics as that of the CI cells. Conversely, incubation of the CI cells with PA resulted in the reorganization of the Golgi apparatus. The structural maintenance of the Golgi apparatus is also related to microtubules. In the CI cells, the microtubule organizing center was difficult to identify and the microtubules were disorganized in the cytoplasm as compared to the other cell lines. These results show that the production of PA by PLD2 is important in the arrangement of the microtubules and in maintaining the structure of the Golgi apparatus. Alterations in the distribution of the microtubules and the structure of the Golgi apparatus in the CI cells affect the secretory process in these cells, and such alterations may affect the secretory process in other cell types as well. The findings presented here may lead to new therapeutic strategies to control the production and release of mediators during allergic and inflammatory processes.

Essa tese teve como objetivo avaliar todos os casos de candidose sistêmica por Candida albicans identificadas através de kit comercial ID 32C® (bioMérieux), diagnosticados no Laboratório de Micologia da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre/RS, durante o período de 1999 a 2009, buscando identificar a prevalência de C. dubliniensis, bem como avaliar os fatores de virulência e diferença de perfil de suscetibilidade antifúngica entre os isolados clínicos. Foi realizado um levantamento clínico-epidemiológico dos casos incluídos no estudo, avaliando sexo, idade, manifestações clínicas, evolução, região proveniente do paciente, doença de base, condições predisponentes, utilização de corticóides e antibióticos e resposta ao tratamento recebido. Para a diferenciação das duas espécies utilizou-se testes fenotípicos (arranjo dos clamidosporos, teste de termotolerância, formação do tubo germinativo, crescimento em meio hipertônico e niger), molecular (espectrometria de massa) e genotípico (reação em cadeia da polimerase - PCR). Em adição, foi avaliada a eficácia do método de conservação das leveduras estocadas a -20ºC e comparamos quatro substratos (soro fresco, soro congelado, ágar e caldo Mueller-Hinton) para a prova do tubo germinativo. Determinou-se a produção da fosfolipase e proteinase em isolados incluídos no estudo. A atividade in vitro dos antifúngicos fluconazol, anfotericina B e anidulafungina frente aos isolados estudados foi determinada através da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), a concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) e ponto de corte epidemiológico (ECV). Os casos de candidemia por C. albicans diagnosticados durante 10 anos ocorreram com maior frequência em pacientes adultos com presença de cateteres. Observamos que houve maior chance de ocorrência desta em pacientes oncológicos. O percentual de alta nos pacientes foi baixo. O método utilizado para a conservação de leveduras nesse estudo apresentou taxa de 70% de viabilidade. O ágar e o caldo Mueller-Hinton demonstraram sensibilidade de 90% e especificidade de 100%. Os isolados de C. albicans provenientes de hemocultivos apresentaram produção de fosfolipase em 78% e proteinase em 97% dos isolados. A espécie C. dubliniensis não foi identificada em isolados de hemocultivos, sendo todos os casos de candidemia por C. albicans. Os testes microcultivo em ágar fubá, espectrometria de massa, caldo niger e caldo hipertônico concordaram com o teste genotípico. Os isolados de C. albicans apresentaram maior suscetibilidade a anidulafungina, entretanto, os menores valores obtidos em 90% dos isolados (CIM90) foi pela anfotericina B. E através do ECV, os isolados poderiam ser resistentes ao fluconazol, demonstrando a importância da associação desses dois parâmetros. / The aim this tesis was to evaluate systemic candidiasis cases by Candida albicans through ID 32C® (bioMérieux), at Mycology Laboratory of the Santa Casa de Porto Alegre/RS, during 1999 to 2009, seeking to identify the C. dubliniensis prevalence, as well as evaluating the virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility profile difference of among isolates. The clinical and epidemiological survey was made through gender, age, clinical manifestations, evolution, patient's region, underlying disease, predisposing conditions, steroids and antibiotics use, and response to treatment. The phenotypic tests (tthermotolerance, germ tube, hypertonic and Niger medium), molecular (mass spectrometry) and genotypic (polymerase chain reaction – PCR) was used for two species identification. We also assessed if the mantainance of C. albicans stored at - 20ºC in a freezer with sterile distilled water was usefull.The four substrate (fresh and frozen serum, agar and broth Mueller-Hinton®) were used for germ tube formation and the phospholipase and proteinase activity were evaluated. The in vitro activity of fluconazole, amphotericin B and anidulafungin were compared through the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and epidemiological cutoff value (ECV). The candidemia cases by C. albicans for ten years occurred more frequently in adult and catheters use. We observed the more chance this occurrence in cancer patients. The survival percentage was low. The used method in the study for yeast stored had 70% of viability. The agar and broth Mueller-Hinton were 90% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The boodstream isolates of C. albicans produce virulence factors, such the germ tube production and hydrolytic enzymes (78% of phospholipase and 97% of protease) production. The C. dubliniensis was not identified in bloodstream isolates, thus all candidemia cases were by C. albicans. The mass spectrometry, cornmeal agar, Niger and hypertonic broth agreed with genotypic test. The isolates exhibited more susceptibility to anidulafungin, and 90% of them (MIC90) exhibited the lowest values against amphotericin B. Based on ECV and Pfaller classification, isolates could be resistant to fluconazole, demonstrating the importance of the combination of these parameters.

N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) including anandamide are lipid derivative molecules, which play vital roles in physiological and developmental processes in plants and animals and mediate stress responses. In mammals, NAEs are synthesized from hydrolysis of their precursor molecule N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) by NAPE-specific phospholipaseD (NAPE-PLD). All NAEs including anandamide (NAE20:4) are hydrolyzed by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) into free fatty acid and ethanolamine. To date, different NAEs including anandamide have been identified in Physcomitrella patens but its metabolic pathway remains undiscovered. It is hypothesized that NAE metabolic pathway in P. patens is conserved and is similar to that of other eukaryotic systems. To this extent, putative PpNAPE-PLD and PpFAAH were identified and cloned for heterologous expression and characterization. Expression of PpFAAH was further verified by Western blot analysis. Future studies will involve biochemical characterization of putative PpNAPE-PLD and PpFAAH, to establish the evolutionarily conserved nature of NAE functions in early land plants.

Pseudomonas fluorescens est un bacille à Gram négatif ubiquitaire qui possède un fort potentiel adaptatif. En milieu hospitalier, cette bactérie est fréquemment retrouvée dans les solutions injectables, qu'elle contamine, mais émerge également comme agent pathogène responsable d'infections nosocomiales. Cependant, actuellement peu d'études permettent de déterminer le réel potentiel de virulence de cette bactérie, qui présente pourtant de nombreux traits relatifs à un pathogène opportuniste. <br />Afin d'appréhender le pouvoir pathogène de cette espèce, nous avons caractérisé et étudié une souche clinique, P. fluorescens MFN1032, isolée d'un patient atteint d'une infection pulmonaire. Cette souche est capable de pousser à 37°C et produits des facteurs de virulence. <br />Dans un premier temps, notre intérêt s'est particulièrement porté sur l'activité hémolytique de la souche, l'objectif étant de déterminer le ou les facteurs impliqués dans cette activité. Nous avons caractérisé une phospholipase C, PlcC, qui appartient à une classe de phospholipase C distincte de celles actuellement répertoriées. PlcC est impliquée dans l'activité hémolytique de MFN1032. Les résultats montrent que PlcC est étroitement liée à la production de biosurfactants, qui participent à l'activité hémolytique, via le régulateur transcriptionnel GntR.<br />D'autre part, le potentiel d'adaptation et de virulence de la souche est favorisé par des mécanismes de variations de phénotypes. Ainsi, différents variants phénotypiques ayant émergé de la souche MFN1032 ont été étudiés et comparés à la souche « sauvage », et les résultats montrent que l'activité hémolytique est directement concernée par cette variation. <br />D'un point de vue moléculaire, le phénotype d'une partie des variants est restauré par une complémentation en trans des gènes gacA ou gacS. La surexpression d'un des gènes gac diminue l'émergence des autres variants non complémentables par les gènes gac et présentant un phénotype « hyperadhérent ».<br />Le regroupement des différents résultats suggère que PlcC et GntR pourraient participer au processus d'émergence des variants hyperadhérents.

Les phospholipases A2 constituent une superfamille de protéines comprenant au moins onze phospholipases A2 sécrétées (sPLA2) et douze phospholipases A2 intracellulaires. Ces protéines catalysent l'hydrolyse des phospholipides en position sn-2, libérant un acide gras et un lysophospholipide. Elles contrôlent ainsi la production d'une variété de médiateurs lipidiques qui sont importants pour de multiples fonctions cellulaires dans différents contextes physiologiques ou physiopathologiques (maladies inflammatoires et cancer). La sPLA2 de groupe X a été clonée au laboratoire en 1997 et possède des propriétés moléculaires uniques. Son ARN messager est présent dans différents tissus, mais semble peu régulé par des stimuli proinflammatoires. L'enzyme est unique dans sa capacité à libérer des médiateurs lipidiques à partir des phospholipides cellulaires ou des lipoprotéines et possède aussi des propriétés antimicrobiennes variées. Un élément clé de la régulation fonctionnelle de la sPLA2 de groupe X est vraisemblablement lié à la présence d'un propeptide dans sa partie N-terminale. Le lieu de la maturation protéolytique de la sPLA2 de groupe X (dans la cellule avant sécrétion ou à l'extérieur après sécrétion du proenzyme), les protéases impliquées et la régulation de cette maturation dans des conditions physiologiques ou physiopathologiques sont inconnus. Le travail de cette thèse a permis de mieux comprendre comment peut s'effectuer la maturation de la sPLA2 de groupe X et quels sont ses rôles physiologiques et physiopathologiques. Concernant la maturation, nos études in vitro sur protéines purifiées et en cellules transfectées (HEK293) ont permis de montrer qu'une protéase de type furine contribue de façon majeure à l'activation de l'enzyme, vraisemblablement au cours de sa sécrétion. Nos travaux suggèrent aussi qu'une maturation est possible par d'autres protéases et dans le milieu extracellulaire comme par exemple dans les cellules LOVO. Nous avons aussi tenté de mettre en évidence cette maturation dans des tissus murins dans certaines conditions physiologiques et physiopathologiques. Nous avons notamment trouvé que la sPLA2-X était la sPLA2 majeure présente dans l'acrosome des spermatozoïdes. Enfin nous avons observé un polymorphisme présent dans le propeptide de la sPLA2 humaine qui conduit à la formation d'une protéine inactive et rapidement dégradée. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous avons montré que la forme active de la sPLA2 de groupe X, mais pas son proenzyme était capable i) de stimuler la prolifération cellulaire dans un contexte de cancer colorectal, ii) d'exercer une action toxique contre le parasite de la malaria P.falciparum lors de l'infection de globules rouges humains, et iii) de contrôler la réaction acrosomique des spermatozoïdes de souris, avec un impact important sur le taux de fécondité dans des tests de fécondation in vitro.

<p>Communication between neuronal and non-neuronal is called volume transmission when the released neurotransmitter (NT) acts via diffusion and affects several target cells. Both the neurosecretory and postsynaptic cell responses are linked to [Ca²⁺]_i elevations. </p><p>In the present thesis the role of pre-and postsynaptic Ca²⁺ elevations has been investigated in the reconstituted "synapse" model comprised of NGF-differentiated PC12 and HEL cells as well as in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. In PC12 cells, both 70mM K⁺ and nicotine triggered NT release, which could be detected as a secondary [Ca²⁺]_i increase in surrounding HEL cells. Both secretagogues shared the same voltage-dependent Ca²⁺ influx pathway as judged from the pharmacological profile blockers of voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels. The coupling of electrical responses to the activation of Ca²⁺ signaling via muscarinic receptors in SH-SY5Y cells was also studied. These data revealed that depolarization caused a considerable potentiation of the muscarinic Ca²⁺ response. The potentiated Ca²⁺ increase was mainly dependent on the enhanced Ca²⁺ influx and to a lesser extent on [Ca²⁺]_i release from intracellular stores. A phospholipase C (PLC) activator, m-3M3FBS was used to further study the role of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-coupled Ca²⁺ signaling. However, it was found that m-3M3FBS instead triggered [Ca²⁺]_i elevations independently of PLC activation. </p><p>In conclusion, the results indicate that the magnitude of NT release from PC12 cells is sufficient to cause a robust activation of neighboring target cells. Postsynaptic muscarinic signaling is amplified due to integration of electrical excitation and GPCR signaling. The PLC activator, m-3M3FBS is not suitable for studies of PLC-mediated signals in intact cells.</p>

Communication between neuronal and non-neuronal is called volume transmission when the released neurotransmitter (NT) acts via diffusion and affects several target cells. Both the neurosecretory and postsynaptic cell responses are linked to [Ca2+]i elevations. In the present thesis the role of pre-and postsynaptic Ca2+ elevations has been investigated in the reconstituted "synapse" model comprised of NGF-differentiated PC12 and HEL cells as well as in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. In PC12 cells, both 70mM K+ and nicotine triggered NT release, which could be detected as a secondary [Ca2+]i increase in surrounding HEL cells. Both secretagogues shared the same voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx pathway as judged from the pharmacological profile blockers of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The coupling of electrical responses to the activation of Ca2+ signaling via muscarinic receptors in SH-SY5Y cells was also studied. These data revealed that depolarization caused a considerable potentiation of the muscarinic Ca2+ response. The potentiated Ca2+ increase was mainly dependent on the enhanced Ca2+ influx and to a lesser extent on [Ca2+]i release from intracellular stores. A phospholipase C (PLC) activator, m-3M3FBS was used to further study the role of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-coupled Ca2+ signaling. However, it was found that m-3M3FBS instead triggered [Ca2+]i elevations independently of PLC activation. In conclusion, the results indicate that the magnitude of NT release from PC12 cells is sufficient to cause a robust activation of neighboring target cells. Postsynaptic muscarinic signaling is amplified due to integration of electrical excitation and GPCR signaling. The PLC activator, m-3M3FBS is not suitable for studies of PLC-mediated signals in intact cells.

Chez les plantes, l'acide salicylique (SA) a un rôle central dans la réponse à de nombreuses contraintes environnementales et lors du développement. Cependant les événements de signalisation précoces qu'il déclenche sont peu connus. Nous montrons, par marquage métabolique au 33Pi sur une suspension cellulaire d'Arabidopsis thaliana, que le SA induit une diminution rapide et précoce d'un pool de phosphatidylinositol (PI). Celle-ci est accompagnée d'une accumulation de PI 4-phosphate et PI 4,5-bisphosphate. Ces changements sont inhibés par de la wortmannine à 30 μM mais pas à 1 μM, ce qui implique une activation de PI 4-kinase de type III. C'est pourquoi une étude des effets de la wortmannine sur les modifications de transcriptome par le SA a été menée à l'aide de la puce " Complete Arabidopsis Transcriptome MicroArray " (CATMA). Sur 773 gènes régulés par le SA, 112 sont sensibles à 30 μM de wortmannine. En parallèle, nous voyons que l'acide phosphatidique issu de la phospholipase D (PLD) est important pour la réponse génique précoce au SA. Une expérience de puces menée pour identifier les gènes régulés par la PLD en réponse au SA a révélé que parmi 1327 gènes régulés par le SA, 97 gènes sont régulés positivement, et 117 gènes négativement, par la PLD. Les régulons de la voie sensible à la wortmannine et de la voie PLD se chevauchent fortement, ce qui suggère que les deux activités agissent en synergie dans la même voie de signalisation en réponse au SA.