The news cultures, productions and dissemination channels in the digital age are already different from the traditional times. The challenges which the reporters face also differ from the pasts. Taiwan media studies analyze the audience and media through the ways of qualification but neglects that they are also the audience, disseminators, gatekeepers and real constructional signs as the reporters in the meantime to go on the qualitative analysis. There are few studies about the press photographers and mostly the analyses of qualification and qualitative are based on the characters thinking. The study target is focused on newspaper photographers which basis is visual culture studies and uses it to the well-established Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET) from overseas. It uses the images as the media and brings out the deep thoughts and feelings of the interviewees to analyze the mental map of the press photographers and create a common map. Then, it carries out the pre-tests of the qualitative studies of the mental maps of the press photographers and builds up the role models from them in the digital age. Finally, it indicates the current media surroundings and the circumstances of the press photographers to seek the possibilities of media reformation. From the studies, we can know that there are six values of the press photographers through observing their mental and common maps: ¡§the values of existence,¡¨ ¡§news ethicalities,¡¨ ¡§respects,¡¨ ¡§the sense of achievements,¡¨ ¡§entertainment,¡¨ and ¡§arts.¡¨ Among which the press photographers cares about most is ¡§the values of existence.¡¨ However, the value of existence relies on the professional dimensions which lower the standard techniques of photo shooting due to the speed of the digital technology and the evolutions of the mechanical functions. Moreover, the images are rampant in the age of map reading and the publishers demand a big number of images, and therefore, the requests of the image contents only focus on the evidences but overlook the visual images. It not only leads the press photographers to have the insecurity of being replaced but also increases the stresses to them in the digital age of speed demanding and keen competitiveness. On the other hand, it is necessary to record dynamic images to put in e-papers, so the publishers ask the press photographers to do static photography and record dynamic images simultaneously which result in a working disaster from technology. Under this circumstance, the press photographers have to create their own values of existence beyond their photography technology to enhance their irreplaceability. They have to maintain their competitiveness in the working field to keep themselves from being eliminated. Also, the publishers shall promote the demands of the image contents instead of asking the press photographers to film many photos without visual effects. The publishers should establish new departments for the demands of static photos and recordings from e-papers to filter the adequate videos for broadcasting. Besides, send the professional DV photographers to interview and film by professional HDV in order to promote the professional dimension to reach the targets of operating diversified media.

The purpose of this essay is to investigate the working conditions of professional photographers at the start of the 20th century. The aim of this essay is to provide a glimpse into this specific time-period with the main question: How were the working conditions for professional photographers? More specifically, this essay will provide a detailed picture that focuses on the difficulties women encountered, when attempting to make photography a legitimate professional career and combined with the traditions as wife and woman.The essay is divided into three main parts. By looking at statistical databases such as Swedish National Archive’s and other recourses, the first part establishes what Swedish society was like after the reforms that had taken place by the end of the 19th Century. Once the working conditions, and life in-general for women, are set, the second section of the essay examines the lives of specific photographers through the analyses of different categories and relevant statistics. Finally, the third part discusses the reasons why there were, at times, similar working conditions for women, and at other times, the working conditions were not equal. The analysis of the material supports a conclusion that suggests that, although there was a great deal of progress toward equality, working conditions of women professional photographers differed because of the rights married and unmarried women had in 1900.

Tyrimo objektas yra 1918–1940 m. Lietuvos provincijoje fotografijos verslą plėtojusių fotografų personalijos, jų darbo sąlygos, užfiksuoti vaizdai bei šių vaizdų sklaidos aplinkybės. Tai pirmasis mokslinis darbas, tiriantis Lietuvos provincijos fotografiją, žiūrint iš provincijos fotografų perspektyvos, kompleksiškai nagrinėjantis jų kilmę, išsilavinimą bei profesinę veiklą, jų savivoką, socialinį statusą bei materialinę padėtį, be ko neįmanoma atskleisti fotografavimo paskatų, o taip pat jų užfiksuotų vaizdų funkcionavimą tarpukariu, reikšmę sovietmečiu bei recepciją nepriklausomybės laikotarpiu. Nauja yra tai, kad į tiriamąjį objektą žiūrima iš muziejaus kuratoriaus pozicijų, tad nemažas dėmesys skiriamas fotografijų atribucijai bei fotografinių vaizdų reikšmei, tiriant lokalias istorijas. / The object of the research is personalities of photographers who were developing photography business in Lithuanian province in 1918–1940, their working conditions, captured photo images and the circumstances of these images dispersion. This is the first scientific study dealing with the Lithuanian province photography viewed from the perspective of photographers who lived and worked in Lithuanian province. This study researches professional activity of photographers in complex with their self-concept, their economic and social situation, and the functioning of their captured photo images in the interwar period, the importance of these photos in the Soviet period and their reception during the independence period. The novelty in this dissertation is the point of researcher view: the surveyed object is studied from the position of the museum-curator. Therefore much attention is paid to photo attribution and the significance of photographic images while researching the local histories.

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Each architectural exploration requires grounding. This body of work begins with an interest in that which made historical settlements authentic to a place. The thesis is focused first and foremost on the single most predictable, yet varying influence. The sun which acts as a clock, a calendar, and source of energy, has shaped architecture for thousands of years and should be considered with far greater attention in the future, both experientially but also thermally as source of energy. The proposal for an artist studio located on the Northumberland Straight in Nova Scotia will require an acute relation to the light and solar energy which the sun has to offer. The studio will attempt to function as a self sufficient working space in the landscape, using the resources locally available. As sole users, each artist will shape the habitable space based on specific needs, while continually keeping in mind that which drives the form, light, heat and energy. / How can the Solar Cycles of light and temperature inform a method of design, which allows the architecture to reflect the patterns of the sun?

<div>Human disturbance to birds is a subject of concern for bird conservation. Bird recreationalists, such as birders and bird photographers, who actively seek out birds, are identified as a broad group of people that contribute to bird disturbance. There are few studies on birders’ and bird photographers’ perceptions and behaviors related to bird disturbance, and these studies have conflicting results. Furthermore, little research identifies why bird recreationalists engage in behavior that disturbs birds. Understanding perceptions and behavior related to bird disturbance and the context behind engaging in this behavior is important for creating comprehensive solutions for preventing disturbance to birds. The purpose of this thesis is to create a typology of bird recreationalists, based on whether they engage in birding or bird photography as primary activities; identify the socio-demographic characteristics among bird recreationalists that are connected to an increased likelihood to engage in behavior that disturbs birds; assess perceptions of blame for disturbance to birds; and identify how motivations, barriers, challenges and trade-offs are associated with following ethical birding and bird photography guidelines. </div><div><br></div><div>The thesis used an online survey and in-person interviews of birders and bird photographers in two Midwestern states in the U.S., Illinois and Indiana, to achieve these objectives. Three sub-groups of bird recreationalists were identified through the online survey: individuals who only engage in birding; individuals who primarily engage in birding and secondarily, bird photography; and individuals who primarily engage in bird photography and secondarily, birding. Our findings indicate that individuals who 1) are male, 2) only engage in birding, 3) maintain life lists, 4) have more birds on their life lists, 5) can identify more birds by sight, 6) have more years of experience or 7) have a higher level of achievement-oriented motivation are more likely to engage in potentially harmful behaviors to birds. Additionally, quantitative findings suggest that birders and bird photographers may not perceive themselves as main contributors to bird disturbance. </div><div><br></div><div>The qualitative portion of the research identifies multiple ethical birding and bird photography guidelines that recreationalists found challenging to follow that had both ecological (e.g., maintaining distance) and social (e.g., respectfully educating others) implications. Recreationalists identified listing, photographing and seeing birds as key motivations to breaking ethical guidelines. Barriers to following guidelines included apathy, ignorance and improper technology. Finally, recreationalists identified bad photography and missed experiences as major trade-offs associated with following ethical guidelines. he concepts explored in this thesis research provide important management implications for natural resource managers and stakeholders in bird conservation and suggest a further need for examining bird recreationalists’ decision-making around bird disturbance.</div>

Det nya medielandskapet har medfört att fotografer behöver anpassa sig. Sociala medier har orsakat att pressorganisationerna enklare kan få tillgång till allmänhetens bilder, till följd av det minskar andelen heltidsanställda fotografer. Många fotografer använder Instagram, en populär social applikation som används av 500 miljoner aktiva användare dagligen. Applikationen används av fotografer för att de vill dela med sig av sitt arbete och expandera kontaktnätet, för att det eventuellt bidrar till nya jobb. På Instagram kan hashtags användas för att placera bilder i kategorier, vilket gör det enkelt för användarna att hitta vad de söker. Användningen av hashtags skiljer sig mellan fotografer och övriga användare på två sätt, det första är att fotograferna visade en trend i att specificera hashtags utifrån bildens innehåll, den andra är att de i genomsnitt använder färre hashtags än den övriga användaren. Att övriga användare inte anpassar hashtags utefter bildens innehåll kan göra att hashtagens funktion som kategoriserings-verktyg försämras, vilket för fotografer innebär att möjligheten att marknadsföra sig minskar. / The new media landscape has meant that photographers need to adapt. Social media has made it easier for press organizations to access public images, as a result of which the proportion of full-time photographers is reduced. Many photographers use Instagram, a popular social application used by 500 million active users daily. The application is used by photographers because they want to share their work and expand the contact network, so that it may contribute to new jobs. On Instagram, hashtags can be used to place images in categories, which makes it easy for users to find what they are looking for. The use of hashtags differs between photographers and other users in two ways, the first being that the photographers showed a trend in specifying hashtags based on the image content, the other being that they on average use less hashtags than the common user. The fact that other users do not customize the hashtags along the images content may cause the hashtags function as a categorization tool to deteriorate, which for photographers means that the possibility of marketing themselves decreases.

The paper focuses the career of photographer Stanislav Tereba, the only Czech winner of the main World Press Photo Prize. He succeeded with the photography of Miroslav Čtvrtníček, the soccer goalkeeper, played in Prague, Letna stadium. The paper deals mainly with Tereba's work in evening paper Vecerni Praha where the winning photography was paid a great attention there. As well as a lot of journalists since the 1990's Tereba have faced the problems after the Velvet Revolution when his career nearly stopped as the media went to private ownership. Tereba's career is explored in the context of the development of sports photography in the Czech Republic. Tereba's photographic style is studied by using semiotic analysis and the method of compositional interpretation there. In addition, the work consists of a case study of Tereba's success in World Press Photo. Tereba's photography is compared to the other winning photographs as well as to the competition in 1959 when he was honored with the main prize at the expense of war photographs usually awarded. Attention is also paid to the creation of Tereba's winning photography from participation in the stadium to subsequent photo editing.

This diploma thesis deals with the proposals of the communication plan for the wedding season 2021. The theoretical part explains the basic concepts related to the field of marketing communication, the analytical part introduces the characteristics of my business and activities in the field of communication with customers. Based on the results of the analytical part of the work, a draft communication plan for the upcoming wedding season is compiled.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse methods of capturing and presenting women applied by selected Czech male and female photographers on the social network of Instagram. The first subchapter addresses the topic of digital photography, the transition from the analogue age to the digital one, and the manipulation of the photographic image. The second and third subchapters study social networks along with their impact on the contemporary society, focusing in detail on Instagram and its visual communication. The following part of the thesis addresses gender issues, gender stereotypes, and social inequalities, focusing apart from others on gender stereotypes in visual media and on social networks. The practical part is based on two approaches - a quantitative content analysis of visual communications, i.e. research into selected Instagram content by eight male and female photographers, and qualitative interviews with some of these authors. The main research question is: "What are the manifestations of deep-rooted gender stereotypes in depictions of women in photographs by selected Czech male/female photographers on Instagram?" Replies to this question were collected using six specific sub questions. The quantitative content analysis provided replies to sub questions dealing in particular with the...