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In today's society a beauty ideal exists in America, which attempts to define female beauty as fitting into a certain mold. Certain characteristics have been deemed the most attractive when it comes to female physical attractiveness, and an ideal image of beauty has been presented by the media. This research focuses on whether or not everyone buys into that beauty ideal, and examines the impact that a person's sex and race has on the physical characteristics which that individual defines as the most appealing. Surveys were administered to 300 UCF students age 18-35. Participants were asked about ten different physical characteristics relating to women, and were asked to choose the characteristic among each group that they found the most physically attractive or beautiful. The study showed that both sex and racial differences do exist, and that there are variations in what different people consider beautiful. Not everyone has the same opinion on what is attractive in regards to the physical appearance of women.

本研究以台北市、台南市之女性人口為研究對象，針對台灣地區女性探討外表吸引力、自我監控與瘦身美容消費行為間的關係，目的在：一、了解台灣地區女性使用瘦身美容方式及產品的消費行為及外表吸引力知覺的現況；二、探討台灣地區女性外表吸引力知覺、自我監控及人口統計變項與其使用瘦身美容方式及產品的消費行為關係；三、探討台灣地區女性人口統計變項、自我監控與其外表吸引知覺的關係；四、提供瘦身美容相關產業制定行銷策略的建議。 　　本研究所採用的研究工具包括「瘦身美容消費行為量表」、「外表知覺量表」、「身體滿意度量表」、「俊男美女自覺量表」及「自我監控量表」。研究中所使用的統計方法包括因素分析、皮爾森積差相關、單因子多變量變異數分析、典型相關及t考驗。 　　本研究結果如下： 　　一、瘦身美容消費行為現況： 　　消費者最常使用保養、色彩化粧品，且每月願意花費3335元購買這類產品，其次為利用運動來達到瘦身美容的目的，不過，消費者對於使用手術、吃藥的方式來達到瘦身美容目的，仍舊是使用機率不大，因此消費者依然是使用較為一般性的瘦身美容方式及產品來達瘦身美容效果的目的。 　　二、外表吸引力現況： 　　台灣地區女性認為外表長得好看，對人際交往及事業成功是有利的，而且對於重視外表方面，態度是傾向於大致上同意，認為自己擁有特色、氣質及魅力，但卻不認為自己長得好看，且覺得自己胖了些，並擔心自己變胖，並認為自己符合內在美及柔性外在美特質。 　　三、瘦身美容消費行為與外表吸引力之關係： 　　重度使用瘦身美容相關產品的女性對於自己外表吸引力知覺為：重視外表、在乎外表、體重意識高，即認為自己過重，也愈怕胖，認為自己較符合剛性外在美，外表對於事業或人際的發展，佔重要的地位。 　　四、瘦身美容消費行為與自我監控之關係： 　　高自我監控者，較不會使用瘦身美容相關產品，相對的，低自我監控者，較會使用瘦身美容產品。 　　五、瘦身美容消費行為與人口統計變項之關係： 　　重度使用瘦身美容相關產品之人口統計變項為：產品25~39歲，教育程度為大學，每月可支配金錢為100,000元以上，婚友狀況為有異性朋友但不固定，或已婚或曾結過婚，從事自由業或為自營企業負責人之女性，工作中，常須與人面對面接觸，接觸對象以男性為主，應工作需要，外表佔重要或非常重要的角色。 　　六、外表吸引力與人口統計變項之關係： 　　外表吸引力知覺在「外表知覺」、「身體滿意度」及「俊男美女自覺」呈現不同方向的相關係。 　　七、瘦身美容消費行為與外表吸引力、自我監控、人口統計變項有典型相關。

According to human nature of having a taste for beauty, advertisers heavily rely on physical attractive male and female models as the product spokespersons to enhance consumers¡¦ liking of the ad, and this is so-called ¡§What-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype.¡¨ Previous research focuses on the impact of physical attractiveness of models on consumer perceptions and advertising persuasion. However, service is different from products due to the high intangibility and interaction with consumers. Therefore, this research takes one step forward to examine how a service provider¡¦s physical attractiveness influences advertising persuasion. The present study uses experimental design to investigate the advertising effects of service provider¡¦s physical attractiveness (high vs. moderate), gender congruence between service provider and customer (congruent gender vs. incongruent gender), and type of service (search service vs. experience service). Thus, 2x2x2 factorial design is conducted. The ad effects are measured by attitudes toward the ad and purchase intention toward the ad to observe the responses under eight different and fictitious scenarios. The results indicate that, a highly attractive service provider is not necessarily more effective than a moderately attractive one. When promoting a service with search attributes, either gender congruence between service provider and consumer or service provider¡¦s physical attractiveness matters in advertising persuasion. When promoting a service with experience attributes, a moderately attractive service provider is more effective than a highly attractive one in the condition of the same gender between provider and consumer. The findings suggest that companies and marketers should take account of not only the match-up of service attributes and physical attractiveness but also the target customer gender to enhance their advertising persuasion.

目前，台灣整型、塑身的潮流已不分性別且日趨普遍化，觀察其原因除了吸引異性之外，美麗對就業、工作職位之升等似乎亦有直接關係。國外研究發現，外表與個人在職場上的表現息息相關，但台灣研究漂亮經濟的相關文獻少之又少，針對個人體型、相貌對其工作職位之影響的實證研究更是付之闕如，促使筆者意欲去驗證，台灣的勞動市場中，外表是否為影響個人事業的重要變數，以彌補現有文獻之不足。然而，由於研究資源不足，本文僅以太子汽車工業股份有限公司之員工為研究對象，以BMI值及相貌作為個人外表的衡量指標，進行外表與個人職位高低是否相關的初探性研究。 本文將男性非銷售人員、女性非銷售人員、及銷售單位人員區分為三種模型，並以最小平方法（OLS）對各解釋變數的影響方向加以估計。實證結果發現，男性非銷售人員之年齡、婚姻、教育、年資對其職位階級都有正向的助益；相貌方面也的確存在“貌醜懲罰”、“貌美獎勵”的傾向，即越英俊的男性非銷售人員，其職位便相對越高。至於國小以下子女數及BMI值過輕對工作職位則有負面影響。 在女性非銷售人員部分，已婚及教育程度越高者，其職位相對越高；國小以下子女數對女性職業地位則有不利之影響。至於年齡及年資都未如男性非銷售人員般與個人職位呈正相關，此估計結果可能代表，太子汽車工業股份有限公司存在「玻璃天花板」現象。最後，體型相貌變數皆與女性非銷售人員之職位高低無關。 在銷售單位方面，不區分性別一同估計的結果得出，婚姻、教育程度對銷售單位員工職位有正向效果；國小以下子女數及BMI值過輕則有負面影響。而BMI值過輕者可能是受消費者歧視所累，間接導致其難以獲致較高的職位。 / This study attempts to investigate the relationship between Body Mass Index, physical attractiveness and an employee’s position in Taiwan for the sake of being the supplement to the existing literatures related to this research field which primarily consider gender differences. The research object comes form the data bank of Prince Motor Corporation. The total number of sample used in this study is 754 and the empirical employed in this study is OLS Model. The findings suggest that age, marital status, education, experience, and physical attractiveness have a positive effect on men’s positions in non-sales department; number of children under age 12 and being underweight, a negative effect. For women in non-sales department, positions are significantly and positively affected by marital status and education, negatively affected by number of children under age 12. Finally, in sales department, the employees who are married and have higher education definitely are in higher position. Number of children under age 12 and being underweight have a negative effect on sales people’s position.

Research on mate preferences suggests that men value physical attractiveness and youthfulness most in potential partners, whereas women value status and resources most in a potential partner (Buss, 1989). These differences in mate preferences have implications for the value men and women place on these characteristics (e.g. attractiveness and resources) in potential mates. A man’s attractiveness and financial resources both contribute positively to his mate-value, (Sprecher, 1989; Townsend & Levy, 1990). A woman’s attractiveness also contributes to her mate-value (Sprecher, 1989; Townsend & Levy, 1990), but the value of her resources is less clear. I expected that men’s evaluation of a woman’s financial resources would be dependent on her level of attractiveness. I hypothesized that a woman’s financial resources would add to her mate-value when she was highly attractive, but detract from her mate-value when she was typically attractive. In Study 1, a woman of varying attractiveness (typical vs. high) approached men on campus and delivered a speech that conveyed her future income (low vs. high). Men’s reported desire to join her focus group was used as measure of their impressions of her mate-value. Study 2 directly assesses participant’s romantic interest in targets of varying income (low vs. high) and attractiveness (typical vs. high) using a controlled laboratory method where both men and women evaluated a profile of a potential romantic partner. The results of both studies supported my hypotheses. This research provides insight into the complicated nature of a woman’s financial resources as part of her overall mate-value. / Graduate / 2019-06-30

Cette thèse étudie l’effet de quatre facteurs psychosociaux (attractivité physique, émotion, préférence et similitude morphologique) sur la coordination motrice interpersonnelle. A l’aide de la théorie des systèmes dynamiques, nous avons montré que la façon dont nous nous coordonnons avec autrui dépend de ces quatre facteurs. Plus précisément, nous avons étudié la façon dont ces facteurs pouvaient être considérées comme des affordances sociales permettant d’expliquer l’influence des comportements selon les stimuli psychosociaux. D’autre part nous avons également révélé les mécanismes attentionnels et perceptifs (direction du regard) permettant d’expliquer la nature de la relation entre les propriétés psychosociales et les coordinations motrices interpersonnelles. Nos résultats sont en faveur du concept d’embodiment, d'une manière telle que notre comportement exprime nos processus cognitifs internes. Pour conclure, nous pouvons soutenir que la coordination motrice interpersonnelle pourrait être utilisé comme marqueur comportemental pour évaluer les processus psychosociaux au cours d'interactions sociales. / My thesis investigated the effect of four psychosocial factors (physical attractiveness, emotion, likability, and morphological similarity) on interpersonal motor coordination. By adopting the dynamical system approach, we have found that how we behaviorally coordinate with other people was influenced by these four factors. Underlying mechanisms were also explored in the experiments to see whether attention or eye tracking mediated the relation between these psychosocial properties and interpersonal motor coordination. We discussed how these four factors could be viewed as social affordances that afford different coordinated behaviors depending on psychosocial stimuli. Our results are supportive of the embodied concept that cognition is embodied in such a way that our overt behavior manifests inner cognitive processes. In this vein, it is argued that interpersonal motor coordination could be used as behavioral markers to assess psychosocial processes during social interaction.

The method of physiological measurement of sexual arousal to erotic stimuli is often used in sexological research. However, there is no concept of form of these stimuli to induce maximum possible sexual response from a person. It seems that female static physical attractiveness is an important factor in perception of the female, but it could be also female nonverbal behavior, dynamic attractiveness, which could influence perception and which could either enhance of reduce the overall attractiveness of a female. In the whole concept of attractiveness, there could be two components: "physical attractiveness" and "sexual desirability". In this diploma thesis, we address this problem and we compared static and dynamic stimuli with focus on specific behavior. The study had two parts. We used photographs of clothed and naked women and videos of castings of potential actresses in erotic movies; materials are available online for free. In the study I we used 90 photographs of faces and clothed bodies and found that there is a difference between physical attractiveness and sexual desirability. Moreover, face was a predictor of physical attractiveness and body was a predictor of sexual desirability. In study II we used sexually explicit videos and found that nonverbal behavior has just a minor influence on...

According to previous research physical attractiveness plays an important role in our everyday life. People are treated differently on the basis of their physical appearance and from an evolutionary point of view physical attractiveness is a key factor in mate selection, being a cue of an individual's mate value and genetic qualities. Research shows that the highest attractiveness ratings tend to be given to physiques with a higher level of development of lean muscle mass and a V shaped upper body. Such a physique body constitution could indicates how a high level of physical fitness and a man's health of man and be a cue of the man's qualities as a mating partner. However, results of the previous studies are inconclusive due to the methods and stimuli employed. To address the shortcomings exhibited by the previous studies investigations, we ran two online studies. In the first study, women rated the attractiveness of a new and more extensive set of black and gray silhouettes derived from photos of the somatotypes. In the second study, we tested whether physical attractiveness of men can be increased by a voluntary change of their upper body shape. In both studies we were testing how interindividual differences of the female raters modulate the ratings of attractiveness. Results of the first study...

本研究主要目的在探討外表、聲音與性別角色對異性吸引之影響，因此以呈現目標人物之照片、錄音帶及性別角色特質描述來操弄目標人物的外表吸引力（高、低）、聲音吸引力（高、低）及性別角色傾向（符合性別角色刻板印象、不符合性別角色刻板印象）三個獨變項，並以人際判斷量表為依變項，採用受試者間設計，請受試者對所呈現之目標人物作印象判斷，最後再將趼究結果進行統計分析，以了解受試者對異性吸引在此三項特徵上受影響的情形。 　　本研究之有效受試者為２８８位大專學生（包括政大與中國工商大專生，其男女生各１４４名），研究程序乃是請他們在看了目標人物的照片、聽了目標人物的聲音及看完同班同學對目標人物看法的描述後，以所發給的「人際判斷量表」對目標人物做一些印象判斷（實際目的則是測量其異性吸引程度）。 　　研究結果發現：（一）高外表吸引力或高聲音吸引力者較低外表吸引力或低聲音吸引力者顯著的引起男女生受試者較愉快的情緒經驗及較高的喜歡與交往的動機，亦即異性吸引程度較高。（二）「外表吸引力」與「聲音吸引力」有交互作用存在，且發現就男生受試者而言，「聲音吸引力」與「性別角色」二變項也有交互作用存在。（三）目標人物之不同性別角色特質描述對男女生受試者之情緒及異性吸引有不同的影響。就男生受試者而言，目標人物之性別角色特質描述符合性別角色刻板印象者較不符合性別角色刻板印象者引起受試者較愉快的情緒經驗及較高的喜歡與交往的動機；就女生受試者而言，則結果與男生正好相反，即目標人物之性別角色特質描述不符合性別角色刻板印象者較符合性別角色刻板印象者引起受試者較愉快的情緒經驗及較高的喜歡與交往的動機。（四）受試者的外表吸引力自評、聲音吸引力自評、性別角色刻板印象高低、是否已有男（女）朋友等干擾變項均不會影響目標人物之外表吸引力高低、聲音吸引力高低及性別角色傾向對異性吸引之影響效果。 　　本研究最後乃針對不符合假設之結之結果提出討論，並提出本研究之建議，以供未來研究、兩性關係的調適及教育輔導上之參考。 / This study examined the effects of physical attractive-ness,vocal attractiveness and sex-roles orientation on opposite-sex attraction. 288 subjects(144 male and144 female)were shown an opposite-sex target's photograph of high or low physical attractiveness,a tape of high or low vocal attractiveness,and a description of the target who appeared to be sex-role-congruent or incon-gruent in his(her) trait. Then subjects judged the target's attraction on the Interpersonal Judgment Scale. Result indicated that(1)high physically or vocally attractive evoked significantly more pleasant mood and greater attraction than low physically or vocally attractive target. (2)the interaction between physical attractiveness and vocal attractiveness was significant, and also found that the interaction between vocal attractiveness and sex-roles was significant for male subjects. (3)the target's different description of sex-roles evoked different effects for male and female subjects. For male subjects, the target's sex-role was congruous with sex-role stereotypes that evoked more pleasant mood and greater attraction than sex-role was not congruous with sex-role stereotypes. For female subjects, the target's sex-role was not congruous with sex-role stereotypes that evoked more pleasant mood and greater attraction than sex-role was congruous with sex-role ster-eotypes. (4)analysis did not reveal the impacts of self rating of subjects' own physical and vocal attractiveness, sex-role stereotypes, and whether had or not boyfriends (girlfriends) on opposite-sex attraction. The suggestions for further studies and implications of this study for our understanding of the effects of physical and vocal attrac-tiveness, and sex-roles on opposite-sex attraction are discussed.