No description available.

As the climate change affects the world, a huge number of people are expected to be displaced from their homes, either voluntarily or involuntarily. These events are expected to increase during the second half of the century in the current state. The unique geographical location of northern Europe provides favorable conditions for agriculture, energy production, and water resources. Furthermore, the politically stable situation contributes to the many pull factors and is likely to result in increased immigration to Sweden, both within EU borders as well as outside the EU. This requires that Sweden's communities are socially sustainable. However, municipalities generally lack developed planning for social sustainability, and there is significant disagreement on how social sustainability should be interpreted and then applied in Sweden's communities. Often, the municipalities turn to Agenda 2030, the UNDP Sustainable Development Goals, and their interpretation of social sustainability. According to researchers, the level of trust between people as well as the strengthening of social capital in the communities, both at the local level and nationwide, are of utmost importance to ensure a functioning democratic society. At the same time, trust and social capital are missing as Sustainable Development Goals and as goal targets, which means that Swedish municipalities tend not to discuss how to implement building interpersonal trust into their plans. Interpersonal trust is also on the decline in Sweden, which traditionally always had a high level of interpersonal trust. Therefore, a clearer definition of the concept of social sustainability is requested, as well as the inclusion of "Interpersonal Trust" as a goal target in Goal 11 of the Sustainable Development Goals.In addition to existing economic models, a model that focuses more on social sustainability is needed. Such an economic model is Doughnut Economics. The economic model must include interpersonal trust and social capital in the social foundation, which is not the case as of now. Therefore, an adjustment of that model is required. A shift from the classical growth goals to social and ecological goals is needed in order to make the shift. An implementation of an economic model that includes social sustainability and goals for interpersonal trust and social capital is requested. By doing this, Swedish municipalities are better prepared to meet the challenges with increasing migration in the second half of the century

Aeolian dust is an important but poorly understood component of the climate system, which both responds to and drives global climate. Recently, dust produced at the high latitudes is also gaining attention as a possible contributor to the atmospheric dust load. However, little is known about its past dynamics and well­ dated records close to the former ice margins at the higher latitudes are scarce. Loess in Brittany region, France, is, therefore a valuable archive of the past dustiness, climate and landscape dynamics close to the former margins of the British–Irish and Fennoscandian ice sheets. However, knowledge of the timing of its deposition and accumulation dynamics, based on a detailed and independent chronology, is mostly lacking. Here, loess stratigraphy at the newly established site Primel Trégastel (Brittany, France) is presented. Loess deposits are dated in detail by optically stimulated luminescence of quartz. Moreover, to account for a variable past dust activity, loess sedimentation and dust mass accumulation rates are derived from a continuous Bayesian age model. Furthermore, this thesis tests the hypothesis of whether the same wind and dust accumulation patterns from the north of the Channel system can also be traced south the English Channel. Luminescence ages and Bayesian age modelling results show a phase of enhanced dust accumulation between 22.5–25.5 ka, coinciding with the Heinrich event 2 and Greenlandstadial 3. Although the proposed model with two phases of the enhanced dust accumulation between 25–19 ka does not exactly match the record at Primel Trégastel, the hypothesis of the glacial dynamics, associate glacial lake drainage and linked atmospheric circulation reorganisation controlling the loess accumulation in western France cannot be rejected with certainty. / Eoliskt damm är en viktig, men illa förstådd komponent av klimatsystemet som både reagerar på, såväl som driver, det globala klimatet. Nyligen har damm som producerats vid höga latituder också fått uppmärksamhet som ett möjligt bidrag till den atmosfäriska dammbelastningen. Kunskapen är dock liten gällande dess föregående dynamik och väl daterade uppgifter om tidigare isgränser vid höga latituder är fortfarande undermåliga. Loess i regionen Bretagne i Frankrike är därför ett värdefullt arkiv av tidigare dammhalter, klimat och landskapets dynamik nära de tidigare gränserna av de Brittiskt­-Irländska och Fennoskandiska istäckena. Men kunskap om timingen mellan dess deposition och ackumuleringsdynamik, baserad på en detaljerad och självständig kronologi, saknas till stor del. Här kan loess stratigrafi, vid den nyligen etablerade utgrävningsplatsen Primel Trégastel (Bretagne, Frankrike), presenteras. Loess avlagringar är daterade i detalj genom optiskt stimulerad luminescens av kvarts. Ytterligare, för att tamed variationen av dammets aktivitet i beräkningarna, är loess sedimentering och ackumuleringstakt av dammets massa härledda från en kontinuerlig Bayesiansk åldersmodell. Vidare så testar detta arbete hypotesen om huruvida samma vindar och ackumuleringsmönster av damm, som ses norr on kanalsystemet, även kan ses söder om den engelska kanalen. Resultat från luminescensåldrar och Bayesiansk åldersmodellering visar en fas av ökad dammackumulering mellan 22.5–25.5 ka, något som sammanfaller med Heinrich händelse 2 och Grönland stadial 3. Även om den föreslagna modellen med två faser av den ökade dammackumuleringen mellan 25–19 ka inte exakt överensstämmer med uppgifterna från Primel Trégastel, så kan inte hypotesen rörande den glaciala dynamiken med tillhörande dränering av glaciärsjöar och den sammankopplade atmosfäriska cirkulativa omorganisationen som kontrollerar loess ackumulering i västra Frankrike avvisas med säkerhet.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

This thesis investigates the impact of Green Infrastructure (GI) and Local Climate Zones (LCZs) on air temperature at 2 meters above the ground (T2m) in Norrköping and Linköping, Sweden, with a focus on urban planning and climate resilience strategies. Two concepts of LCZ and the newly developed “3-30-300” GI rule are applied. Two concepts are evaluated under summer 2018 strong heatwave conditions and project future scenarios with a 3°C rise in global temperatures during extreme heatwaves. The results show an increase in mean temperature of about 2.9 °C and an extended duration of heatwaves in 17 days from the summer of 2018 to the possible future. Findings indicate that urban areas adhering to 30% tree canopy coverage and within 300 meters or less of a park show a 0.7°C reduction in median T2m during heatwaves. LCZs with more natural environments and less paved surfaces, such as open low-rise, sparsely built, and open midrise, exhibit lower air temperatures, while densely built areas (compact high-rise) show higher temperatures at night, and wide-open paved areas (large low-rise, heavy industry) show higher temperatures during days. The study underscores the necessity of increasing GI coverage and parks in both cities, highlighting the challenges of equitable GI distribution. Recommendations for future research include selecting cooling-effective indigenous tree species and expanding the scope to additional climate variables. This work provides crucial insights for urban areas in Nordic countries and similar climates, contributing to sustainable urban planning and enhanced climate resilience.

From the moment a snowflake touches down on the surface of a glacier, it begins a process of transformation. Fresh snow, made up of single-grained snowflakes is compacted into glacial ice by the weight of subsequent snowfall and by sintering, grain boundary sliding and diffusion. At first, snow grains accommodate the stress through mechanical failure and by changing their shapes and positions. Fragile, dendritic structures on the edges of snowflakes break off, and grains round into lower free energy configurations. Rounded grains slip into air pockets. As time passes, increasing overburden of a load to bear, and it is, for a single snowflake. But it is precisely this stress that creates a glacier. Stress, in this case, is a catalyst for transformation. But don't worry. I am not going to make an overly forced metaphor for what happens during a doctorate program.} Pressure causes the grains to merge, large grains absorbing small ones. As ice grains squeeze and grow into all the available pore space, grains trap air bubbles and cut them off from the atmosphere, preserving records of climate conditions. Eventually, these processes densify the snow so thoroughly that it metamorphoses into glacial ice, and from a crumbly collection of snowflakes emerges a cohesive crystalline matrix. This process, firn densification, is the subject of my first chapter. From measurements of englacial strain rates by repeat phase-sensitive radar deployments, we show it is possible to extract densification rates that match modeled predictions. The formation of ice is just the beginning of the story of a glacier. As and after ice forms, gravity pulls on the body of the glacier; ice flows under its own weight, becoming a viscous river that meanders from high elevations toward the sea level. Along the way, various other forces act on the ice (e.g., friction at the ice-bed causes ice to shear, narrowing valley walls create compressive stresses, etc.). This history can be written into the ice in the orientation and configuration of its molecular structure. Ice is made of a regular crystal matrix of water molecules. Covalently bonded oxygen and hydrogen molecules assemble into sheets of hexagons, held to each other by hydrogen bonds. The relative orientation of these hexagonal sheets is called the "ice fabric”, and its importance lies in the fact that ice’s asymmetric molecular structure gives rise to asymmetric properties. For example, ice is softer—more deformable—when stress is applied parallel to the hexagonal planes, like playing cards sliding over one another. Over hundreds or thousands of years, this asymmetric response to stress causes the hexagonal planes to rotate so that they lie perpendicular to the direction of compressive stress. This, in turn, changes which relative direction a glacier is the “softest”. In short, the history of the glacier is written into its fabric. Ice remembers the stress it has undergone, and that memory changes its resistance to (or accommodation of) stress in the present and future. In chapter two, I use an autonomous phase-sensitive radar to measure the ice fabric along a central transect of Thwaites Glacier. Thwaites drains ice from West Antarctica and is one of the fastest changing glaciers on the continent. Locked up in Thwaites is at least half a meter of sea level rise, as well as much of the buttressing that holds back WAIS. Measurements of the fabric of Thwaites tell us about the history of stress undergone by the glacier, as well as any change in relative direction of the "softest" ice. As a glaciologist, I have dedicated my life to studying how glaciers form, flow, and disappear. As an artist and writer, I am interested in material memory, with a particular orientation toward ice itself and in the way the language and mathematics used to describe ice mimic processes that happen in body, mind, and society. My fourth chapter is centered on the creative research and art produced during my dissertation, particularly focused on a visual autoethnography of my body I created during my first field season in Antarctica in 2022-2023. In it, I try to grapple with whether/how, even as positivist science demands I remove as much of myself as possible from my scientific research, my body/myself show up in small ways in my data. I consider how ice's response to stress—to soften or harden, to flow or crack—is in many ways, a mirror for how we as humans respond to stress. Other work in Chapter 4 was created in direct response to the beauty of glaciated landscapes and the grief I struggle to manage in response to their rapid change. Biome I is a short zine that uses faux-color satellite imagery overlain with text and meshes of glaciers from Grand Teton National Park (GRTE). In 2021, I spent six months as a Scientists-in-Parks fellow through AmeriCorps, joining the park's physical science team in Wyoming to expand their glacier monitoring program. From this work emerged Chapter 3 a history of glacial change in the park over the last 70 years from in situ and remotely sensed observations. This work, while quite different from my previous scientific output, allowed me to learn and explore other glaciological techniques as well as template methodologies and provide information that is immediately useful for education and action in GRTE and other rapidly deglaciating landscapes. Much of the way I have come to understand glacial geophysics is by considering the ways they connect more broadly to our lived experiences. In the Tetons, this involved understanding how deglaciation affects the park's ecological systems and the evolving safety for visitors given the changing ice conditions. In pursuit of both expanding my own understanding and hoping to share with others the joy and beauty of the study of ice, I have developed numerous education efforts to make the study of glaciers, climate, and the earth physical, tangible, less abstract, emotional, joyful, and intuitive. Chapter 5 concludes the thesis by taking a step back to look at education and teaching, the thread that has carried through my doctorate, from prior to starting graduate school and, I hope, that will continue long after. I discuss the influences of teacher-philosophers like Shannon Mattern, Lynda Barry, and bell hooks, who have all, in their own way, striven to reshape the (idea of the) classroom into forms that better serve the learner. This work has taken place on the seat of a bicycle riding across the country, on an icefield in Juneau, Alaska, and in my own backyard, in classrooms across New York City. To conclude, I hope this thesis is not only a scientific effort, but one that draws the curtain back on the broader work we do as glaciologists. We are also artists and educators, caretakers, archivists, and public figures. Our work can be physically, mentally, and emotionally demanding, and it is as often full of grief as it is of awe.