<p>Sa&nbsp; jedne&nbsp; strane&nbsp; se&nbsp; eksploatacija&nbsp; &scaron;ljunka&nbsp; navodi kao&nbsp; značajan&nbsp; ugrožavajući&nbsp; faktor&nbsp; sa&nbsp; velikim negativnim&nbsp; uticajem&nbsp; na&nbsp; vodena&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; i biodiverzitet,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; same&nbsp; &scaron;ljunkare&nbsp; mogu predstavljati&nbsp; vredne&nbsp; refugijume&nbsp; akavtičnog&nbsp; biodiverziteta.&nbsp; Osnovni&nbsp; cilj&nbsp; disertacije&nbsp; je određivanje&nbsp; najznačajnijih&nbsp; i&nbsp; relevantnih hidromorfolo&scaron;kih&nbsp; parametara&nbsp; koji&nbsp; utiču&nbsp; na strukturiranje&nbsp; makrofitskih&nbsp; zajednica&nbsp; u &scaron;ljunkarama&nbsp; duž&nbsp; plavnog&nbsp; područja&nbsp; reke&nbsp; Drine&nbsp; i određivanje&nbsp; korelacije&nbsp; između&nbsp; izdvojenih parametara&nbsp; i&nbsp; kvantitativnih&nbsp; indeksa&nbsp; makrofita.Istraživanje&nbsp; je&nbsp; vr&scaron;eno&nbsp; u&nbsp; toku&nbsp; letnjih&nbsp; meseci 2015, 2016, 2017 i 2018. godine na 18 &scaron;ljunkara (60 istraživačkih vegetacijskih sektora) u okviru tri&nbsp;&nbsp; eksploataciona&nbsp; polja&nbsp; u&nbsp; Crnoj&nbsp; Bari, Badovincima&nbsp; i&nbsp; Lipničkom&nbsp; &Scaron;oru&nbsp; i&nbsp; na&nbsp; četiri prirodna&nbsp; fluvijalna&nbsp; jezera&nbsp; (13&nbsp; istraživačkih vegetacijskih&nbsp; sektora)&nbsp; u&nbsp; plavnom&nbsp; području&nbsp; reke Drine.&nbsp; Makrofitska&nbsp; vegetacija&nbsp; je&nbsp; konstatovana na svih 18 istraţivanih &scaron;ljunkara, prikupljenih na tri eksploataciona polja (Badovinci, Crna Bara&nbsp; i<br />Lipniĉki &Scaron;or). Zabeležena je 31 biljna vrsta. Kao najučestalije,&nbsp; sa&nbsp; najvećom&nbsp; apsolutnom pokrovno&scaron;ću izdvojile su se vrste:&nbsp;<em> Potamogeton nodosus</em>&nbsp; Poiret,&nbsp; <em>Ceratophyllum&nbsp; demersum&nbsp; L subsp.&nbsp; demersum,&nbsp; Myriophyllum&nbsp; spicatum&nbsp; L,Najas&nbsp; marina&nbsp; L&nbsp; i&nbsp;&nbsp; Chara&nbsp; globularis&nbsp; Thuill&nbsp;</em> Na četiri prirodna fluvijalna jezera zabeleženo je 13 vrsta.&nbsp; Vrste&nbsp; <em>Vallisneria&nbsp; spiralis&nbsp; L,&nbsp; Elodea canadensis&nbsp; Michx,&nbsp; Callitriche&nbsp; palustris&nbsp; L, Potamogeton&nbsp; natans&nbsp; L&nbsp; i&nbsp; Nuphar&nbsp; lutea&nbsp; (L)&nbsp;</em> Sm izdvojile&nbsp; su&nbsp; se&nbsp; kao&nbsp; konstantne&nbsp; i&nbsp; dominantne. Vrednosti svih kvantitativnih indeksa makrofita,<br />značajno&nbsp; su&nbsp; veće&nbsp; za&nbsp; &scaron;ljunkare&nbsp; u&nbsp; poređenju&nbsp; sa prirodnim&nbsp; fluvijalnim&nbsp; jezerima&nbsp; na&nbsp; nivouLEAFPACS&nbsp; sektora.&nbsp; Na&nbsp; istraživanim &scaron;ljunkarama,&nbsp; analizom&nbsp; klasterovanja&nbsp; je<br />izdvojeno&nbsp; 13&nbsp; vegetacijskih&nbsp; grupa&nbsp; (VG):&nbsp; VG1<em> Ceratophyllum&nbsp; demersum</em>,&nbsp; VG2&nbsp; <em>Ceratophyllum demersum&nbsp; -&nbsp; Valisneria&nbsp; spiralis</em>,&nbsp; VG3&nbsp; <em>Chara contraria,</em>&nbsp; VG4&nbsp; <em>Chara</em>&nbsp; <em>globularis,</em>&nbsp; VG5&nbsp; <em>Elodea canadensis,</em>&nbsp; VG6&nbsp; <em>Elodea&nbsp; nuttallii</em>,&nbsp; VG7&nbsp; <em>Najas marina</em>,&nbsp; VG8&nbsp; <em>Najas&nbsp; minor,</em>&nbsp; VG9&nbsp; <em>Nitellopsis obtusa</em>,&nbsp; VG10&nbsp;<em> Nuphar&nbsp; lutea</em>,&nbsp; VG11 <em>Potamogeton&nbsp; nodosus</em>,&nbsp; VG12&nbsp;<em> Potamogeton natans&nbsp;</em> i&nbsp;&nbsp; VG13&nbsp; <em>Potamogeton&nbsp; pectinatus</em>.&nbsp; Na prirodnim&nbsp; fluvijalnim&nbsp; jezerima&nbsp; konstatovane&nbsp; su četiri&nbsp; vegetacijske&nbsp; grupe:&nbsp; VG5&nbsp;<em> Elodea canadensis</em>,&nbsp; VG10&nbsp; <em>Nuphar&nbsp; lutea,</em>&nbsp; VG12<em> Potamogeton natans&nbsp;</em> i&nbsp; VG14&nbsp; <em>Typha latifolia</em>.&nbsp; Na osnovu izmerenih fizičko-hemijskih parametara,kvalitet vode u većini &scaron;ljunkara odgovara II klasi kvaliteta, na osnovu čega se mogu okarakterisati kao&nbsp; vodna&nbsp; tela&nbsp; sa&nbsp; dobrim&nbsp; i&nbsp; boljim&nbsp; ekolo&scaron;kim potencijalom. Sve &scaron;ljunkare i fluvijalna jezera se klasifikuju&nbsp; kao&nbsp; visoko&nbsp; alkalna.&nbsp; Kvalitet&nbsp; vode&nbsp; u prirodnim&nbsp; fluvijalnim&nbsp; jezerima&nbsp; odgovara&nbsp; III&nbsp; &ndash; IV&nbsp; klasi&nbsp; kvaliteta&nbsp; voda,&nbsp; pri&nbsp; čemu&nbsp; se&nbsp; mogu okarakterisati&nbsp; kao&nbsp; vodna&nbsp; tela&nbsp; sa&nbsp; slabim&nbsp; do umerenim&nbsp; ekolo&scaron;kim&nbsp; statusom.&nbsp; Značajno&nbsp; veće<br />vrednosti&nbsp; ukupnih&nbsp; suspendovanih&nbsp; materija, hemijske&nbsp; i&nbsp; biolo&scaron;ke&nbsp; potro&scaron;nje&nbsp; kiseonika, ukupnog&nbsp; organskog&nbsp; kiseonika&nbsp; i&nbsp; nitrata zabeležene su na prirodnim fluvijalnim jezerima u poređenju sa &scaron;ljunkarama. Izmerene vrednosti fizičko-hemijskih&nbsp; parametara&nbsp; ukazuju&nbsp; na mezotrofni&nbsp; karakter&nbsp; lokaliteta&nbsp; u&nbsp; Badovincima&nbsp; i mezo-eutrofni&nbsp; karakter&nbsp; lokaliteta&nbsp; u&nbsp; Lipničkom &Scaron;oru,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; se&nbsp; &scaron;ljunkare&nbsp; na&nbsp; teritoriji&nbsp; Crne&nbsp; Bare mogu&nbsp; okarakterisati&nbsp; kao&nbsp; eutrofna&nbsp; jezera.Vrednosti&nbsp; LHMS&nbsp; (modifikacionog)&nbsp; skora&nbsp; za &scaron;ljunkare kretale su se u rasponu od 9&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; 15, dok su vrednosti LHQA skora (stani&scaron;nog diverziteta) bile u rasponu izmeĊu 33&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; 44. Sliĉne vrednosti za&nbsp; LHQA&nbsp; skor&nbsp; su&nbsp; izraĉunate&nbsp; i&nbsp; za&nbsp; prirodna fluvijalna&nbsp; jezera&nbsp; (36&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; 49).&nbsp; MeĊutim,&nbsp; vrednosti<br />LHMS&nbsp; skora&nbsp; za&nbsp; prirodna&nbsp; fluvijalna&nbsp; jezera&nbsp; su znaĉajno&nbsp; veće&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu&nbsp; na&nbsp; vrednosti&nbsp; LHMS skora za &scaron;ljunkare. Ovi podaci ukazuju na manje prisustvo&nbsp; antropogenog&nbsp; pritiska&nbsp; na&nbsp; &scaron;ljunkarama u poređenju sa prirodnim fluvijalnim jezerima uistraţivanom&nbsp; podruĉju.&nbsp; Fizičko -hemijski&nbsp; i hidromorfolo&scaron;ki&nbsp; parametri&nbsp; zajedno&nbsp; su&nbsp; objasnili 57.07&nbsp; %&nbsp; od&nbsp; ukupne&nbsp; varijanse&nbsp; vegetacijskih podataka,&nbsp; sa&nbsp; 16.57&nbsp; %&nbsp; deljenog&nbsp; efekta.&nbsp; Fizičkohemijski&nbsp; parametri&nbsp; kvaliteta&nbsp; vode&nbsp; objasnili&nbsp; su 17.02&nbsp; %&nbsp; varijabilnosti&nbsp; u&nbsp; strukturi&nbsp; makrofitske vegetacije.&nbsp; Kao&nbsp; najsignifikantniji&nbsp; parametri<br />izdvojili&nbsp; su&nbsp; se:&nbsp; saturacija&nbsp; vode&nbsp; kiseonikom,ukupni&nbsp; organski&nbsp; ugljenik,&nbsp; povr&scaron;inski&nbsp; aktivne materije, temperatura, elektroprovodljivost, pH i ukpni&nbsp; alkalitet.&nbsp; Hidromorfolo&scaron;ki&nbsp; parametri&nbsp; su objasnili&nbsp; 23.48&nbsp; %&nbsp; varijabilnosti&nbsp; u&nbsp; strukturi makrofitske&nbsp; vegetacije.&nbsp; Kao&nbsp; najsignifikantnije varijable,&nbsp; izdvojile&nbsp; su&nbsp; se:&nbsp; struktura&nbsp; vegetacije&nbsp; u priobalnoj&nbsp; zoni,&nbsp; diverzitet&nbsp; prirodnih&nbsp; tipova stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; priobalne&nbsp; zone,&nbsp; prirodnost&nbsp; obale, diverzitet&nbsp; prirodnog&nbsp; supstrata&nbsp; litorala,masimalna dubina &scaron;ljunkara, povr&scaron;ina &scaron;ljunkara,indeks relativne dubine, udaljenost &scaron;ljunkara od glavnog&nbsp; reĉnog&nbsp; toka&nbsp; i&nbsp; starost&nbsp; &scaron;ljunkara. Hidrolo&scaron;ki&nbsp; parametri&nbsp; su&nbsp; objasnili&nbsp; 8.38&nbsp; % varijabilnosti u strukturi&nbsp; makrofitske vegetacije. Kao&nbsp; najsignifikantnije&nbsp; varijable,&nbsp; izdvojile&nbsp; su&nbsp; se broj plavnih talasa u vegetacionoj sezoni tokom godine u kojoj je vr&scaron;eno uzorkovanje vegetacije i broj plavnih talasa u prolećnom periodu za sve četiri&nbsp; godine.&nbsp; Ovi&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; potvrđuju&nbsp; direktni destruktivni&nbsp; uticaj&nbsp; plavnih&nbsp; talasa&nbsp; na&nbsp; vodenu vegetaciju u vegetacionoj sezoni, kao i indirektni uticaj prolećnih poplava, usled uticaja na trofički status&nbsp; vode.&nbsp; Sumarno,&nbsp; &scaron;ljunkare&nbsp; u&nbsp; plavnom području&nbsp; reke&nbsp; Drine&nbsp; predstavljaju&nbsp; optimalno stani&scaron;te&nbsp; za&nbsp; razvoj&nbsp; retke&nbsp; i&nbsp; ugroţene&nbsp; makrofitske flore.&nbsp; Od&nbsp; ukupnog&nbsp; broja&nbsp; zabeleženih&nbsp; vrsta makrofita,&nbsp; 30&nbsp; %&nbsp; se&nbsp; kategori&scaron;e&nbsp; kao&nbsp; za&scaron;tićeno&nbsp; ili ugroženo na nacionalnom nivou.&nbsp; Značajno veće vrednosti&nbsp; konzervacionih&nbsp; indeksa&nbsp; ustanovljene su&nbsp; za&nbsp; &scaron;ljunkare&nbsp; u&nbsp; poređenju&nbsp; sa&nbsp; prirodnim fluvijalnim jezerima, &scaron;to ukazuje na njihov visok ekolo&scaron;ki&nbsp; potencijal.&nbsp; Ustanovljen&nbsp; je&nbsp; visok diverzitet&nbsp; prioritetnih&nbsp; tipova&nbsp; akvatiĉnih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta prema&nbsp; Pravilniku&nbsp; o&nbsp; kriterijumima&nbsp; za&nbsp; izdvajanje tipova&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta,&nbsp; o&nbsp; tipovima&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta,&nbsp; osetljivim, ugroženim,&nbsp; retkim&nbsp; i&nbsp; za&nbsp; za&scaron;titu&nbsp; prioritetnim tipovima&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; i&nbsp; o&nbsp; merama&nbsp; za&scaron;tite&nbsp; za&nbsp; njihovo očuvanje, Aneksu I, Direktive Evropske unije oza&scaron;titi&nbsp; prirodnih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; i&nbsp; divlje&nbsp; flore&nbsp; i&nbsp; faune (Natura&nbsp; 2000),&nbsp; Rezoluciji&nbsp; br.&nbsp; 4&nbsp; Konvencije&nbsp; o očuvanju&nbsp; evropske&nbsp; divlje&nbsp; flore&nbsp; i&nbsp; faune&nbsp; i prirodnih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta (EMERALD)&nbsp; i&nbsp; Evropskoj crvenoj&nbsp; listi&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta.&nbsp; Vrednosti&nbsp; izdvojenih atributa&nbsp; &scaron;ljunkara&nbsp; mogli&nbsp; bi&nbsp; se&nbsp; iskoristiti&nbsp; u procesu&nbsp; ranog&nbsp; planiranja&nbsp; i&nbsp; projektovanja eksploatacionih&nbsp; polja&nbsp; u&nbsp; plavnom&nbsp; području&nbsp; reke Drine&nbsp; i&nbsp; na&nbsp; drugim,&nbsp; sličnim&nbsp; lokalitetima. Generalna preporuka je da se dva tipa &scaron;ljunkara kreiraju&nbsp; u&nbsp; okviru&nbsp; jednog&nbsp; eksploatacionog&nbsp; polja. Prvi&nbsp; tip,&nbsp; odnosno&nbsp; &scaron;ljunkare&nbsp; koje&nbsp; bi&nbsp; podržavale pionirsku&nbsp; vegetaciju&nbsp; pr&scaron;ljenčica&nbsp; trebale&nbsp; bi&nbsp; da budu locirane na razdaljini do 100 m od glavnog rečnog&nbsp; toka,&nbsp; povr&scaron;ine&nbsp; do&nbsp; 1000&nbsp; m 2 i&nbsp; da&nbsp; imaju vrednost indeksa relativne dubine &gt; 5 %. Drugi tip&nbsp; &scaron;ljunkara&nbsp; koje&nbsp; bi&nbsp; podržavale&nbsp; vegetaciju karakterističnu&nbsp; za&nbsp; nizijska&nbsp; fluvijalna&nbsp; jezera trebale bi da budu locirane na razdaljani od oko 300 m od glavnog rečnog toka, dubine 3&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; 4&nbsp; m (najmanje 2 m), povr&scaron;ine između 10000 i 20000 m ²(najmanje&nbsp; 4000&nbsp; m² ),&nbsp; različitih&nbsp; vrednosti indeksa relativne dubine, ali&nbsp; ne preko 5 %. Sva eksploataciona&nbsp; polja&nbsp; bi&nbsp; trebalo&nbsp; isplanirati&nbsp; i isprojektovati&nbsp; kako&nbsp; bi&nbsp; se&nbsp; minimizirao&nbsp; uticaj&nbsp; na priobalnu&nbsp; i&nbsp; obalnu&nbsp; zonu.&nbsp; Pridržavanjem&nbsp; datih smernica&nbsp; povećao&nbsp; bi&nbsp; se&nbsp; diverzitet&nbsp; i&nbsp; kvalitet stani&scaron;ta,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; konzervacioni&nbsp; potencijal &scaron;ljunkara. Kreiranjem &scaron;ljunkara na naĉin kao &scaron;to je predloženo u ovoj disertaciji omogućila bi se spontana&nbsp; rekultivacija&nbsp; eksploatacionih polja,odnosno&nbsp; remedijacija&nbsp; u&nbsp; cilju&nbsp; pobolj&scaron;anja kvaliteta vode i renaturalizacija stani&scaron;ta, čime bi se&nbsp; znatno&nbsp; smanjili,&nbsp; ili&nbsp; u&nbsp; potpunosti&nbsp; eliminisali, tro&scaron;kovi tehničke rekultivacije terena.</p> / <p>Gravel pit lakes in the river floodplains represent a kind of ecological paradox. Gravel exploitation was recognised&nbsp; as&nbsp; important&nbsp; factor&nbsp; significantlyaffecting&nbsp; aquatic&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; and&nbsp; biodiversity.&nbsp; On the&nbsp; other&nbsp; hand,&nbsp; gravel&nbsp; pit&nbsp; lakes&nbsp; are&nbsp; valuable biodiversity&nbsp; refugiums,&nbsp; potentially&nbsp; supporting rarae&nbsp; species&nbsp; and&nbsp; habitats.&nbsp; The&nbsp; aim&nbsp; of&nbsp; this dissertation&nbsp; was&nbsp; to&nbsp; determine&nbsp; the&nbsp; most significant&nbsp; and&nbsp; relevant&nbsp; hydromorphological parameters&nbsp; in&nbsp; structuring&nbsp; macrophyte assemblages&nbsp; in gravel pit&nbsp; lakes along the Drina River floodplain and to determine the correlation between&nbsp; selected&nbsp; parameters&nbsp; and&nbsp; macrophyte quantitative&nbsp; indices.&nbsp; The&nbsp; research&nbsp; was&nbsp; carried out at the 18 gravel pit lakes (60 survey sectors) in&nbsp; Crna&nbsp; Bara,&nbsp; Badovinci&nbsp; and&nbsp; Lipnicki&nbsp; Sor&nbsp; and four natural fluvial lakes (13 survey sectors), in the&nbsp; Drina&nbsp; River&nbsp; floodplain&nbsp; during&nbsp; the&nbsp; summer months&nbsp; of&nbsp; 2015,&nbsp; 2016,&nbsp; 2017&nbsp; and&nbsp; 2018.Macrophyte&nbsp; vegetation&nbsp; was&nbsp; recorded&nbsp; in&nbsp; all&nbsp; 18 gravel pit lakes, in total supporting 31 taxa.&nbsp; The most&nbsp; abundant&nbsp; species,&nbsp; with&nbsp; highest&nbsp; tot al&nbsp; cover value&nbsp; were <em>Potamogeton</em>&nbsp; <em>nodosus,Ceratophyllum&nbsp;</em> demersum&nbsp; subsp.&nbsp; demersum,<em> Myriophyllum&nbsp; spicatum,&nbsp;</em> <em>Najas&nbsp; marina&nbsp;</em> and<em> Chara&nbsp; globularis</em>.&nbsp; Fluvial&nbsp; lakes&nbsp; supported&nbsp; 13 macrophyte&nbsp; taxa&nbsp; with&nbsp;<em> Vallisneria&nbsp; spiralis, Elodea&nbsp; canadensis,&nbsp; Callitriche&nbsp; palustris,Potamogeton&nbsp;</em> <em>natans&nbsp;</em> and&nbsp;<em> Nuphar&nbsp; lutea</em>&nbsp; as constant and dominant&nbsp; species.&nbsp; The values of all macrophyte&nbsp; quantitative&nbsp; indices&nbsp; found&nbsp; to&nbsp; be significantly&nbsp; higher&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; gravel&nbsp; pit&nbsp; lakes compared&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; fluvial&nbsp; ones.&nbsp; The&nbsp; cluster analysis&nbsp; revealed&nbsp; 14&nbsp; aquatic&nbsp; vegetation&nbsp; groups (VG).&nbsp; At&nbsp; 16&nbsp; out&nbsp; of&nbsp; 18&nbsp; gravel&nbsp; pit&nbsp; lakes&nbsp; 13 vegetation&nbsp; groups&nbsp; were&nbsp; revealed:&nbsp; VG1<em>Ceratophyllum&nbsp; demersum</em>,&nbsp; VG2&nbsp; <em>Ceratophyllum demersum- Valisneria&nbsp; spiralis</em>,&nbsp; VG3&nbsp;<em> Chara contraria</em>,&nbsp; VG4&nbsp; <em>Chara&nbsp; globularis</em>,&nbsp; VG5&nbsp;<em> Elodea&nbsp; canadensis,</em>&nbsp; VG6&nbsp;<em> Elodea&nbsp; nuttallii,</em>&nbsp; VG7&nbsp; <em>Najas marina,&nbsp;</em> VG8&nbsp;<em> Najas&nbsp; minor,</em>&nbsp; VG9&nbsp; <em>Nitellopsis obtusa</em>,&nbsp; VG10&nbsp; <em>Nuphar&nbsp; lutea,</em>&nbsp; VG11 <em>Potamogeton&nbsp; nodosus</em>,&nbsp; VG12&nbsp; <em>Potamogeton natans,</em> VG13&nbsp;<em> Potamogeton pectinatus</em>), Natural fluvial&nbsp; lakes&nbsp; supported&nbsp; 4&nbsp; vegetation&nbsp; groups: VG5&nbsp; <em>Elodea&nbsp; canadensis</em>,&nbsp; VG10&nbsp; <em>Nuphar&nbsp; lutea</em>, VG12&nbsp; <em>Potamogeton&nbsp; natans&nbsp;</em> and&nbsp; VG14&nbsp;<em> Typha latifolia</em>.&nbsp; All&nbsp; gravel&nbsp; pit&nbsp; lakes&nbsp; can&nbsp; be characterized&nbsp; as&nbsp; water&nbsp; bodies&nbsp; with&nbsp; good&nbsp; to maximal&nbsp; ecological&nbsp; potential,&nbsp; while&nbsp; all&nbsp; the fluvial ones can be characterized as water bidies with&nbsp; poor&nbsp; to&nbsp; moderate&nbsp; ecological&nbsp; status.&nbsp; The values&nbsp; of&nbsp; total&nbsp; suspended&nbsp; supstances,&nbsp; chemical and&nbsp; biological&nbsp; oxygen&nbsp; demand,&nbsp; total&nbsp; organic carbon&nbsp; and&nbsp; nitrates&nbsp; were&nbsp; significantly&nbsp; higher&nbsp; in the natural&nbsp; fluvial&nbsp; lakes compared to the gravel pit&nbsp; ones.&nbsp; Measured&nbsp; level&nbsp; of&nbsp; physico-chemical parameters&nbsp; indicating&nbsp; mesotrophic&nbsp; character&nbsp; of gravel&nbsp; pit&nbsp; lakes&nbsp; in&nbsp; Badovinci&nbsp; and&nbsp; mesoeutrophic&nbsp; in&nbsp; Lipnicki&nbsp; Sor,&nbsp; while&nbsp; all&nbsp; the&nbsp; gravel pits&nbsp; in&nbsp; Crna&nbsp; Bara&nbsp; could&nbsp; be&nbsp; characterized&nbsp; as eutrophic.&nbsp; Similar&nbsp; range&nbsp; values&nbsp; were&nbsp; calculated for&nbsp; LHQA&nbsp; for&nbsp; gravel&nbsp; pit&nbsp; and&nbsp; fluvial&nbsp; lakes&nbsp; (36 &ndash; 49). However, natural lakes&nbsp; showed significantly higher&nbsp; values&nbsp; for&nbsp; LHMS&nbsp; score.&nbsp; The&nbsp; above mentioned,&nbsp; indicates&nbsp; higher&nbsp; anthropogenic pressures&nbsp; on&nbsp; natural&nbsp; fluvial&nbsp; lakes&nbsp; compared&nbsp; to gravel&nbsp; pit&nbsp; ones.&nbsp; Physico-chemical&nbsp; and hydromorphological&nbsp; parameters&nbsp; together explained&nbsp; about&nbsp; 57&nbsp; %&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; total&nbsp; variance&nbsp; of macrophyte&nbsp; assemblages&nbsp; with&nbsp; 16.57&nbsp; %&nbsp; of&nbsp; the shared effect. After accounting for the effects of physico-chemical&nbsp; parameters&nbsp; (17.02&nbsp; %), hydromorphological&nbsp; variables&nbsp; explained&nbsp; around 23 % of the total variance.&nbsp; The most significant water&nbsp; quality variables&nbsp; were: oxygen saturation, total&nbsp; organic&nbsp; carbon,&nbsp; surfactants, ,electroconductivity,&nbsp; pH&nbsp; and total alkalinity. The The most significant hydromorphology&nbsp; variables for&nbsp; structuring&nbsp; macrophyte&nbsp; assemblages&nbsp; were: riparian&nbsp; vegetation&nbsp; structural&nbsp; complexity, diversity&nbsp; of&nbsp; natural&nbsp; landcover&nbsp; types&nbsp; in&nbsp; riparianzone, shore structural habitat&nbsp; diversity, diversity of&nbsp; natural littoral zone, maximal&nbsp; lake depth, lake surface&nbsp; area,&nbsp; relative&nbsp; depth&nbsp; ratio,&nbsp; lake&nbsp; distance from&nbsp; r iver&nbsp; main&nbsp; channel&nbsp; and&nbsp; lake&nbsp;&nbsp; age.Hydrologycal parameters were explained 8.38 % of&nbsp; variance&nbsp; in&nbsp; structuring&nbsp; macrophyte assemblages.&nbsp; The&nbsp; most&nbsp; significant&nbsp; hydrology variables&nbsp; were&nbsp; the&nbsp; number&nbsp; of&nbsp; floods&nbsp; in vegetation&nbsp; season&nbsp; in&nbsp; first&nbsp; year&nbsp; when&nbsp; vegetation was sampled, and the number of spring floods in all four research years. These results&nbsp;&nbsp; confirm the direct destructive influence of summer floods&nbsp; on aquatic vegetation, as&nbsp;&nbsp; well as the indirect impact of&nbsp; spring&nbsp; floods,&nbsp; due&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; impact&nbsp; on&nbsp; trophic status&nbsp; of&nbsp; water.&nbsp; Gravel&nbsp; pit&nbsp; lakes&nbsp; in&nbsp; te&nbsp; Drina River floodplain&nbsp; represent an optimal habitat&nbsp;&nbsp; for rare&nbsp; and&nbsp; threatened&nbsp; macrophyte&nbsp; flora.&nbsp; Of&nbsp; the total&nbsp; macrophyte&nbsp; species&nbsp; recorded,&nbsp; 30&nbsp; %&nbsp; were categorized&nbsp; as&nbsp; protected&nbsp; or threatened.&nbsp; At&nbsp; least one&nbsp; strictly&nbsp; protected,&nbsp; protected&nbsp; or&nbsp; threatened species&nbsp; was&nbsp; recorded&nbsp; in&nbsp; each&nbsp; gravel&nbsp; pit&nbsp; lake. Significantly&nbsp; higher&nbsp; values&nbsp; of&nbsp; conservation indices&nbsp; (C&nbsp; and&nbsp; Csp&nbsp; score)&nbsp; found&nbsp; to&nbsp; be significantly&nbsp; higher&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; gravel&nbsp; pit&nbsp; lakes compared&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; fluvial&nbsp; ones.&nbsp; High&nbsp; habitat diversity&nbsp; and&nbsp; conservation&nbsp; value&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; sites have&nbsp; been&nbsp; recorded&nbsp; according&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; National Rulebook,&nbsp; Annex&nbsp; I&nbsp; of&nbsp; Habitats&nbsp; Directive (NATURA 2000), Resolution&nbsp; no. 4 of the Bern Convention (EMERALD) and the European Red List&nbsp; of&nbsp; Habitats.&nbsp; Values&nbsp; of&nbsp; selected&nbsp; lake attributes can be used for early-design phases of future&nbsp; gravel&nbsp; extraction&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; Drina&nbsp; River floodplain&nbsp; area,&nbsp; and&nbsp; in&nbsp; other&nbsp; similar&nbsp; sites. Therefore,&nbsp; general&nbsp; recommendations&nbsp; are&nbsp; that two gravel pit types should be excavated within the&nbsp; single&nbsp; extraction&nbsp; area&nbsp; in&nbsp; order&nbsp; to&nbsp; support pioneering charophyte vegetation and vegetation of typical eutrophic lowland floodplain lakes as well.&nbsp; The&nbsp; first&nbsp; hydromorphological&nbsp; lake&nbsp; type, suitable&nbsp; for&nbsp; stonewort&nbsp; species,&nbsp; should&nbsp; be excavated up to 100 m from river main channel, saving&nbsp; a&nbsp; surface&nbsp; area&nbsp; up&nbsp; to&nbsp; 1000&nbsp; m 2 and&nbsp; a relative depth ratio &gt; 5 %. The second gravel pit type&nbsp; should&nbsp; be&nbsp; located&nbsp; about&nbsp; 300&nbsp; m&nbsp; from&nbsp; river main channel, with preferable maximal depth inrange&nbsp; 3&ndash;4&nbsp; m&nbsp; (at&nbsp; least&nbsp; 2&nbsp; m&nbsp; depth),&nbsp; and&nbsp; a&nbsp; lake surface area between 10000 m 2 and 20000 m 2 (at least&nbsp; 4000&nbsp; m 2 ).&nbsp; Relative&nbsp; depth&nbsp; ratio&nbsp; may&nbsp; vary, but should be less than 5 %. Generally, all sites should&nbsp; be&nbsp; designed&nbsp; with&nbsp; the&nbsp; minimal&nbsp; impact to the&nbsp; riparian&nbsp; and&nbsp; shore&nbsp; zones.&nbsp; These&nbsp; proposed measures&nbsp; would&nbsp; considerably&nbsp; increase&nbsp; lake habitat diversity and their conservation potential. Creating&nbsp; gravel&nbsp; pit&nbsp; lakes&nbsp; as&nbsp; proposed&nbsp; in&nbsp; this dissertation&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; would&nbsp; allow&nbsp; spontaneous recultivation&nbsp; of&nbsp; exploitation&nbsp; fields,&nbsp; remediation in&nbsp; order&nbsp; to&nbsp; improve&nbsp; water&nbsp; quality&nbsp; and renaturalization&nbsp; of&nbsp; habitats,&nbsp; which&nbsp; will significantly reduce, or completely eliminate, the costs of terrain technical recultivation.</p>

Tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus L) are recognized as a high potential, alternative source of food nutrients. However, there is limited scientific literature on the technological possibilities for developing value-added foods, such as fermented products from tiger nut milk. Therefore, strategies for producing and improving the properties of fermented tiger nut milk were investigated for generating lactose-free, nutritious yogurt-like products with acceptable sensory properties and a prolonged shelf life quality. A wet-milling procedure was standardized for extracting tiger nut milk from tiger nuts, and the effects of the extraction process on nutrient distribution, colour properties and colloidal stability of the milk were analyzed. Next, tiger nut milk was enriched with proteins and/or hydrocolloids and the impact of the additives on the physical properties of the milk were determined. Enriched tiger nut milk was fermented by using classical yogurt cultures and the obtained products were analyzed for the microbiological, physico-chemical and sensory characteristics. Additionally, effects of enriching tiger nut milk with microbial transglutaminase cross-linked proteins on the microbiological and physico-chemical properties were evaluated. Higher wet-milling intensity improved the nutrient composition, colloidal stability and colour of the milk. Enrichment of tiger nut milk with milk proteins and xanthan gum enhanced the viscosity and stability, and after fermentation, led to homogenous gel-like products with superior microbiological, physico-chemical and different sensory properties compared to the fermented plain tiger nut milk. Microbial transglutaminase cross-linked proteins improved the physical characteristics of the fermented product, especially during storage. This product would be relevant in many developing countries with high prevalence of lactose intolerance, limited access to nutritious food but show a high distribution of tiger nut vegetation.:1. Introduction and aim 1 2. Literature review 4 2.1 Tiger nut, origin, nutritional value and food use 4 2.2 Tiger nut milk, preparation and nutrient composition 7 2.3 Colloidal characteristics of tiger nut milk 9 2.4 Factors accounting for the dispersion stability of tiger nut milk 10 2.5 Enhancing tiger nut milk stability 12 2.6 Properties of fermented tiger nut milk 17 2.7 Microbial transglutaminase and properties of fermented tiger nut milk 18 3. Methodology 21 3.1 Extraction and characterisation of tiger nut milk 21 3.1.1 Sample collection and preparation 21 3.1.2 Tiger nut milk extraction 21 3.1.3 Nutrient analysis of tiger nuts 22 3.1.4 Analysis of tiger nut products 23 3.1.5 Particle size distribution 24 3.1.6 Colloidal stability 25 3.1.7 Colour measurement 25 3.2 Stabilisation of tiger nut milk dispersion 26 3.2.1 Tiger nut milk preparation 26 3.2.2 Preparation of tiger nut milk enrichments 26 3.2.3 Gravitational stability of enriched tiger nut milk 27 3.2.4 Accelerated gravitational stability of enriched tiger nut milk 28 3.2.5 Viscosity of TNM mixtures 29 3.3 Extraction and characterisation of globular tiger nut proteins 29 3.3.1 Protein extraction and fractionation 29 3.3.2 Molecular mass of globular tiger nut proteins 31 3.3.3 Denaturation temperature of globular tiger nut proteins 32 3.3.4 Isoelectric point of globular tiger nut protein 33 3.4 Properties of fermented tiger nut milk enriched with proteins 34 3.4.1 Materials and Reagents 34 3.4.2 Preparation of plain and enriched tiger nut milk 34 3.4.3 Fermentation of plain and enriched tiger nut milk 35 3.4.4 Viable counts of starter cultures in fermented tiger nut milk systems 36 3.4.5 Chemical analysis of unfermented and fermented tiger nut milk 36 3.4.6 Physical analysis of fermented tiger nut milk products 37 3.4.7 Sensory analysis of fermented tiger nut milk products 38 3.5 Microbial transglutaminase and fermented tiger nut milk property 38 3.5.1 Preparation of plain and enriched tiger nut milk 38 3.5.2 Fermentation of plain and enriched tiger nut milk 39 3.5.3 Analysis of the enzymatically cross-linked proteins 39 3.5.4 Viable counts 40 3.5.5 pH and titratable acidity 40 3.5.6 Syneresis and viscosity 41 3.5.7 Colour of fermented tiger nut products 41 3.6 Statistical analysis 41 4. Results and discussion 43 4.1 Extraction and characteristics of tiger nut milk 43 4.1.1 Material recovery, mass transfer and yield of tiger nut solids 43 4.1.2 Nutrient composition of tiger nut products 45 4.1.3 Physical properties of tiger nut milk 48 4.1.3.1 Particle size distribution of extracted tiger nut milk 48 4.1.3.2 Colloidal stability of tiger nut milk 49 4.1.3.3 Colour stability of tiger nut milk 51 4.2 Stabilisation of tiger nut milk 53 4.2.1 Effects of enrichments on the stability of tiger nut milk 53 4.2.2 Effects of pH and temperature on the stability of enriched TNM 56 4.2.3 Effects of enrichments on the rheology of tiger nut milk 58 4.3 Tiger nut protein extraction and characterisation 60 4.3.1 Protein extraction and fractionation 60 4.3.2 Molecular mass of tiger nut protein 62 4.3.3 Thermal denaturation of tiger nut protein 63 4.3.4 Isoelectric point of tiger nut proteins 66 4.4 Properties of fermented tiger nut milk enriched with proteins 67 4.4.1 Acidification and gel formation during fermentation 67 4.4.2 Microbiological properties of fermented enriched tiger nut milk 70 4.4.3 Physico-chemical properties of fermented enriched tiger nut milk 71 4.4.4 Sensory properties of fermented tiger nut milk products 76 4.5 Microbial transglutaminase and fermented tiger nut milk property 77 4.5.1 Effects on tiger nut milk fermentation 77 4.5.2 Microbiological properties during storage of fermented product 81 4.5.3 Physico-chemical properties during storage of fermented product 83 4.5.4 Effects on colour of fermented tiger nut product 86 5. Conclusions and outlook 88 Bibliography 90 List of figures 111 List of tables 115 List of Publications 116 Poster and presentations 116 / Erdmandeln (Cyperus esculentus L) haben ein hohes Potential als alternative Quelle Lebensmittelinhaltsstoffen. Allerdings gibt es nur in begrenztem Ausmaß Literatur über technologische Möglichkeiten zur Entwicklung von Mehrwert-Lebensmitteln wie fermentierter Erdmandelmilch. Daher wurden Strategien zur Herstellung und Verbesserung der Eigenschaften von fermentierter Erdmandelmilch zur Erzeugung laktosefreier joghurtähnlicher Produkte mit akzeptablen sensorischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Für die Extraktion der Erdmandelmilch wurde ein Nassmahlverfahren standardisiert und der Einfluss des Verfahrens auf die Nährstoffverteilung, die Farbeigenschaften und die kolloidale Stabilität der Milch analysiert. Als nächstes wurde Erdmandelmilch mit Proteinen und/oder Hydrokolloiden angereichert, und der Einfluss der Additive auf die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Extrakts bestimmt. Angereicherte Erdmandelmilch wurde mit klassischen Joghurtkulturen fermentiert, und die mikrobiologischen, physikalisch-chemischen und sensorischen Eigenschaften der Produkte wurden untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden Effekte der Anreicherung von Erdmandelmilch mit enzymatisch vernetzten Proteinen auf die mikrobiologischen und physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften bewertet. Eine höhere Nassmahlintensität verbesserte die Nährstoffzusammensetzung, die kolloidale Stabilität und die Farbe der Milch. Die Anreicherung erhöhte die Viskosität und Stabilität und führte nach der Fermentation zu homogenen gelartigen Produkten mit verbesserten mikrobiologischen, physikalisch-chemischen und sensorischen Eigenschaften im Vergleich zur fermentierten Erdmandelmilch. Mikrobielle Transglutaminase-vernetzte Proteine verbesserten die physikalischen Eigenschaften des fermentierten Produkts, insbesondere während der Lagerung. Dieses Produkt wäre in vielen Entwicklungsländern mit hoher Prävalenz von Laktoseintoleranz und begrenztem Zugang zu nahrhaften Lebensmitteln als Alternative von Interesse.:1. Introduction and aim 1 2. Literature review 4 2.1 Tiger nut, origin, nutritional value and food use 4 2.2 Tiger nut milk, preparation and nutrient composition 7 2.3 Colloidal characteristics of tiger nut milk 9 2.4 Factors accounting for the dispersion stability of tiger nut milk 10 2.5 Enhancing tiger nut milk stability 12 2.6 Properties of fermented tiger nut milk 17 2.7 Microbial transglutaminase and properties of fermented tiger nut milk 18 3. Methodology 21 3.1 Extraction and characterisation of tiger nut milk 21 3.1.1 Sample collection and preparation 21 3.1.2 Tiger nut milk extraction 21 3.1.3 Nutrient analysis of tiger nuts 22 3.1.4 Analysis of tiger nut products 23 3.1.5 Particle size distribution 24 3.1.6 Colloidal stability 25 3.1.7 Colour measurement 25 3.2 Stabilisation of tiger nut milk dispersion 26 3.2.1 Tiger nut milk preparation 26 3.2.2 Preparation of tiger nut milk enrichments 26 3.2.3 Gravitational stability of enriched tiger nut milk 27 3.2.4 Accelerated gravitational stability of enriched tiger nut milk 28 3.2.5 Viscosity of TNM mixtures 29 3.3 Extraction and characterisation of globular tiger nut proteins 29 3.3.1 Protein extraction and fractionation 29 3.3.2 Molecular mass of globular tiger nut proteins 31 3.3.3 Denaturation temperature of globular tiger nut proteins 32 3.3.4 Isoelectric point of globular tiger nut protein 33 3.4 Properties of fermented tiger nut milk enriched with proteins 34 3.4.1 Materials and Reagents 34 3.4.2 Preparation of plain and enriched tiger nut milk 34 3.4.3 Fermentation of plain and enriched tiger nut milk 35 3.4.4 Viable counts of starter cultures in fermented tiger nut milk systems 36 3.4.5 Chemical analysis of unfermented and fermented tiger nut milk 36 3.4.6 Physical analysis of fermented tiger nut milk products 37 3.4.7 Sensory analysis of fermented tiger nut milk products 38 3.5 Microbial transglutaminase and fermented tiger nut milk property 38 3.5.1 Preparation of plain and enriched tiger nut milk 38 3.5.2 Fermentation of plain and enriched tiger nut milk 39 3.5.3 Analysis of the enzymatically cross-linked proteins 39 3.5.4 Viable counts 40 3.5.5 pH and titratable acidity 40 3.5.6 Syneresis and viscosity 41 3.5.7 Colour of fermented tiger nut products 41 3.6 Statistical analysis 41 4. Results and discussion 43 4.1 Extraction and characteristics of tiger nut milk 43 4.1.1 Material recovery, mass transfer and yield of tiger nut solids 43 4.1.2 Nutrient composition of tiger nut products 45 4.1.3 Physical properties of tiger nut milk 48 4.1.3.1 Particle size distribution of extracted tiger nut milk 48 4.1.3.2 Colloidal stability of tiger nut milk 49 4.1.3.3 Colour stability of tiger nut milk 51 4.2 Stabilisation of tiger nut milk 53 4.2.1 Effects of enrichments on the stability of tiger nut milk 53 4.2.2 Effects of pH and temperature on the stability of enriched TNM 56 4.2.3 Effects of enrichments on the rheology of tiger nut milk 58 4.3 Tiger nut protein extraction and characterisation 60 4.3.1 Protein extraction and fractionation 60 4.3.2 Molecular mass of tiger nut protein 62 4.3.3 Thermal denaturation of tiger nut protein 63 4.3.4 Isoelectric point of tiger nut proteins 66 4.4 Properties of fermented tiger nut milk enriched with proteins 67 4.4.1 Acidification and gel formation during fermentation 67 4.4.2 Microbiological properties of fermented enriched tiger nut milk 70 4.4.3 Physico-chemical properties of fermented enriched tiger nut milk 71 4.4.4 Sensory properties of fermented tiger nut milk products 76 4.5 Microbial transglutaminase and fermented tiger nut milk property 77 4.5.1 Effects on tiger nut milk fermentation 77 4.5.2 Microbiological properties during storage of fermented product 81 4.5.3 Physico-chemical properties during storage of fermented product 83 4.5.4 Effects on colour of fermented tiger nut product 86 5. Conclusions and outlook 88 Bibliography 90 List of figures 111 List of tables 115 List of Publications 116 Poster and presentations 116

La pyrogazéification est un procédé de conversion thermochimique prometteur pour la valorisation énergétique des biomasses et des déchets. Ce procédé conduit à la production d’un vecteur énergétique gazeux appelé « syngas » composé principalement de CO et d’H2 mais contenant également de nombreux polluants issus des déchets entrants et/ou générés au cours de la conversion. En fonction de sa pureté, le syngas peut être valorisé dans de nombreuses applications. Cependant, la formation simultanée de résidus solides (chars) sans voie de valorisation, ainsi que le coût élevé de l'étape de purification du syngas freinent le développement industriel de cette filière. Cette thèse s'intéresse à ces deux problématiques en étudiant la valorisation des chars de pyrolyse, avec ou sans adjonction de fonctions chimiques, comme adsorbants et catalyseurs pour la purification du syngas. Dans cette étude, les chars ont été produits par pyrolyse de déchets générés sur des navires de croisière et générés en quantités importantes par les sociétés modernes : Bois de Palettes Usagées, Boues de Coagulation-Floculation et Déchets Alimentaires. Une séquence de caractérisations multi-échelle a été mise en place afin de relier les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des chars aux conditions de production ainsi qu’à la nature des déchets entrants. Les chars résultants du mélange BF/DA montrent une composition chimique riche en espèces minérales tandis que les chars produits à partir de BPU sont des matériaux très majoritairement composés de carbone. L’activation à la vapeur ne modifie pas significativement la composition des chars, mais permet de développer efficacement leur porosité. L’étude s’est ensuite intéressée aux relations existant entre les propriétés physico-chimiques des chars et leur efficacité épuratoire. La capacité d’épuration d’H2S des matériaux s’est trouvée significativement améliorée par des surfaces spécifiques élevées, de hautes teneurs en espèces minérales et un pH de surface basique. Les propriétés les plus influentes pour l’activité catalytique des chars pour le craquage des goudrons (l’éthylbenzène et le benzène sont pris comme références) en gaz légers sont : la présence d’espèces minérales, la porosité et la présence de structures carbonées désordonnées dans la matrice du char. / The pyrogasification is a thermochemical process that consists in converting biomass and/or waste into a gaseous energy carrier named syngas. This syngas is mainly composed of H2 and CO but also contains many pollutants (such as tars, H2S, HCl, particles…) that must be removed before further utilization of the syngas (electricity and heat production, synthesis of biofuel or chemicals…). The production of solid residues (chars) and the cost of the syngas purification process jeopardize the industrial development of this process. This thesis aims at studying the in-situ valorisation of the pyrolysis chars, functionalized or not, as sorbent or catalyst for the syngas cleaning. In this study, pyrolysis chars have been produced by the pyrolysis of wastes generated on cruise-ships: Used Wood Pallets (UWP), Coagulation-Flocculation Sludge (CFS) and Food Waste (FW). A set of multi-scale characterizations has been performed in order to identify relationships between the physico-chemical properties of the chars, the production conditions and the nature of the initial biomass. Chars from the mixture of FW/CFS have high mineral contents while chars from UWP are mainly carbonaceous materials. The steam activation only slightly modifies the chemical composition of the chars but significantly increases their porosity. Then, the study focused on the relationships between the physico-chemical properties of the chars and their purification efficiency. The H2S sorption capacity was strongly improved by high surface areas, large mineral contents and alkaline pH surfaces. The most important properties for the catalytic activity of the chars for tar cracking reactions were: high mineral contents, large surface areas and the presence of disorganized carbon structures in the char.

El propósito de esta tesis doctoral fue evaluar la influencia de los diferentes procesos de gestión de residuos, tales como la valorización material, energética y biológica de dos poliésteres clave de la industria del embalaje: el actual no-renovable poli (tereftalato de etileno) (PET) y el potencial candidato para sustituirlo en un futuro próximo, la polilactida (PLA) de base renovable. Se utilizaron diversas plantas piloto para simular las condiciones de la degradación sufrida por PET y PLA en el reciclado mecánico, la pirólisis, la combustión y el enterramiento en suelo. Los cambios fueron monitorizados por calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC), análisis dinámico-mecánico-térmico (DMTA), análisis termogravimétrico (TGA), espectrometría infrarroja con transformada de Fourier (FTIR), espectroscopia de correlación 2D-IR para el análisis de gases (EGA), espectrometría de masas MALDI-TOF, microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM), índice de fluidez de masa fundida (MFR), ensayos de tracción e impacto Charpy y viscosimetría. Se han propuesto, desarrollado y aplicado diversas estrategias y procedimientos analíticos para establecer parámetros fiables para ser utilizados como indicadores de la degradación y por tanto controlar la influencia de cada proceso de valorización en la calidad del material. El comportamiento de PET y PLA reciclados mecánicamente se evaluó en base a sus propiedades químicas, microestructurales, mecánicas y térmicas. Se observó una pérdida general de prestaciones de PET y PLA reprocesado una vez y dos veces, respectivamente. Además, las propiedades de los materiales reciclados de PLA fueron mejores en términos relativos a los productos reciclados de PET. Las descomposiciones térmica y termo-oxidativa causadas por los procesos de pirolisis y combustión se evaluaron sobre la estabilidad térmica, gases emitidos y cinéticas de descomposición. Se destaca el uso de la combustión controlada para ambos polímeros, ya que se necesita menos energía para iniciar la descomposición, y la mezcla de gases que se desprenden es más homogénea. / Badía Valiente, JD. (2011). Strategies and analytical procedures for a sustainable plastic waste management. An application to poly (ethylene terephthalate) and polylactide in the packaging sector [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/12890 / Palancia

La pollution de l'environnement, et particulièrement la pollution atmosphérique et son possible impact sur la santé humaine, suscite un intérêt grandissant dans les pays en voie de développement. Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans cette thématique et constitue une étude pionnière en Afrique, et au Bénin plus particulièrement. Nos résultats ont montré que l'essence utilisée à Cotonou était de piètre qualité, caractérisée par l'absence d'additifs et par une forte concentration en benzène, et pouvait être à l'origine de la dégradation de la qualité de l'air de la ville. De même, l'analyse d'échantillons de particules (PM₂․₅ et PM>₂․₅) prélevés dans le quartier de St Michel à Cotonou, a mis en exergue un taux anormalement élevé de particules en suspension dans l'air. La caractérisation physicochimique de ces particules a montré la présence d'un cocktail de composés chimiques (ions, métaux, COVs, paraffines, HAPs, etc.), en proportion plus élevées dans les particules fines PM₂․₅. L'appareil respiratoire constituant la principale voie d'exposition de l'Homme à ces particules atmosphériques, leur potentiel toxique a été évalué au travers d'une étude in vitro menée sur des cellules épithéliales bronchiques humaines (BEAS-2B). Il a été ainsi démontré les propriétés cytotoxiques des deux échantillons de particules ainsi que leur capacité à induire l'expression génique des enzymes de métabolisation des composés organiques et à générer un stress oxydatif. Le déclenchement du processus inflammatoire via l'induction de l'expression génique et la sécrétion protéique de cytokines et l'apparition de modifications dans la voie de l'acide arachidonique (leucotriènes, prostaglandine, thromboxane) ont été notés. Enfin l'approche comparative des PM₂․₅ prélevées au niveau de trois villes d'Afrique de l'Ouest a permis de mettre en évidence des caractéristiques proches au Bénin, en Côte d'Ivoire et au Sénégal et la contribution des émissions du trafic routier dans la pollution de l'air. / Air pollution and its adverse health effects have shown a growing interest in developing countries. This study deals with this subject and is one of the first conducted in African countries, particularly in Benin. Our results showed that the quality of gasoline used in cotonou was poor, characterized by the absence of additive and a high concentration of benzene. Thus, it could be responsible for the degradation of the city air quality. Therefore, particulate matter samples (PM₂․₅ and PM>₂․₅) were collected in St Michel neighborhood at Cotonou and results showed very high levels of particles in the ambient air. Physicochemical characterization of these particles revealed a presence of various chemicals compounds (ions, metals, VOCs, paraffins, PAHs, ect.) in higher proportion in PM₂․₅ than PM>₂․₅. The respiratory system, the main way of exposure to these airborne particles, was investigated through an in vitro study assessing the toxic potential of PM on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). It has been demonstrated that the two types of particules have cytotoxic properties and ability to induce gene expression of organic compounds metabolizing enzymes and to generate oxidative stress. These particles have triggered the inflammatory process through the induction of gene expression and protein secretion of cytokines, and changes in the arachidonic acid pathway (leukotrienes, prostaglandin, and thromboxane). Finally, comparative approach for PM₂․₅ sampled in three West African cities highlighted the closeness of particles characteristics in Benin, Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal, and a significant contribution of road traffic emissions in the air pollution.

Pour cette étude, dans un premier temps, une caractérisation physico-chimique et rhéologique des amidons natifs de deux cultivars locaux de pomme de terre (Sipiera et Tselefou) et de trois de manioc (2425, 4115 et Seedling) a été faite avant leur incorporation dans du pâté de bœuf à 20, 30, 40 et 50g/kg de mêlée. L’influence du type d’amidon et de leur taux d’incorporation sur les propriétés physico-chimiques et texturales des pâtés a été évaluée. Les résultats ont montré que les propriétés physiques, fonctionnelles et rhéologiques des amidons sont étroitement liées à leur origine botanique. L’Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP) laisse paraître que de tous les amidons natifs, celui du cultivar de pomme de terre Sipiera se rapproche le plus du témoin. Une fois incorporé dans les pâtés ; l’ACP de tous les paramètres texturaux des pâtés aux amidons natifs indique que le pâté à l’amidon du cultivar de manioc Seedling à de 40g/kg de mêlée (PS40), est celui qui se rapproche le plus du pâté témoin. Dans un deuxième temps, les amidons de pomme de terre (Sipiera) et de manioc (2425) ont été sélectionnés pour la modification (acétylation). Ces amidons acétylés ont par la suite fait l’objet des mêmes analyses que les amidons natifs et incorporés dans les pâtés aux mêmes taux que les amidons natifs. Des résultats, il ressort que les propriétés fonctionnelles des amidons natifs sont fortement influencées par l’acétylation et le temps d’acétylation. Les essais d’incorporation des amidons acétylés dans les pâtés montrent que l’amidon Sipiera/20 à un taux d’incorporation de 40g/kg de mêlée ne se distingue pas significativement (p>0,05) du pâté témoin / The first part of this work deals with the physico-chemical and rheological characterisation of native starches of two local cultivars of Irish potatoes (Sipiera and Tselefou) and three cultivars of cassava (2425, 4115 and Seedling) before they are incorporated into beef patty at 20, 30, 40 and 50g/kg ground meat. The influence of the type of starch and the amount of incorporation on the physico-chemical and textural properties of patties was evaluated. Results show that the physical, functional and rheological properties of starches are closely related to their botanical origin. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that Irish potato cultivar Sipiera had properties that were close to reference. The PCA of all the textural properties of patties with native starches show that patty from starch of cassava cultivar Seedling at 40g/kg (PS40) was closest to the reference. In the second part of the work, the starch Sipiera and 2425 were selected for modification. These two starches were then acetylated for 10 and 20min. and this permitted us to have Sipiera/10, Sipiera/20, 2425/10 and 2425/20. The functional properties of the native starches were however strongly influenced by acetylation and the time of acetylation. Incorporation trials of this acetylated starches at different amounts in patty showed that Sipiera/20 starch at an incorporation rate of 40g/kg ground meat is not significantly different from the reference patty

Il est aujourd'hui avéré que la composition chimique de l'atmosphère des régions enneigées – et notamment des régions polaires – est sensiblement affectée par les échanges d'espèces chimiques réactives entre l'air et la neige. En effet, le manteau neigeux constitue un véritable réacteur photochimique multiphasique, mais les mécanismes physico-chimiques à l'œuvre en son sein sont encore mal connus. Une compréhension détaillée des processus s'y déroulant est indispensable pour modéliser correctement la composition et la réactivité de l'atmosphère au-dessus des régions enneigées. De plus, la reconstitution de l'évolution post-dépôt des composés chimiques stables de la neige est également un préalable indispensable pour permettre l'interprétation paléoclimatique de leurs profils de concentration enregistrés dans les carottes de glace.Le nitrate (NO3-) présent dans la neige joue un rôle fondamental, car sa photolyse induit notamment l'émission d'oxydes d'azote (NOx = NO + NO2) par le manteau neigeux, qui modifient la capacité oxydante de l'atmosphère via la production d'ozone. L'objet de cette thèse a donc été d'étudier par modélisations les processus physico-chimiques intervenants dans l'évolution de la concentration du nitrate dans la neige.Une première approche, prolongeant des études préexistantes, a visé à identifier un mécanisme réactionnel pour la photochimie du nitrate dans la neige, en postulant notamment l'existence d'une couche quasi-liquide à la surface des grains de neige. Néanmoins, les propriétés exactes de l'interface air – glace sont, à l'heure actuelle, encore mal caractérisées, et il est apparu que cette démarche présentait de trop larges incertitudes pour être poursuivie.Une discussion approfondie a alors été menée afin d'évaluer les tentatives actuelles de modélisation de la chimie de la neige, et dans le but de proposer une nouvelle approche plus réaliste au regard du niveau de connaissance actuel.Ainsi, dans une seconde partie, l'ensemble des processus d'échange physico-chimiques du nitrate entre l'air et la neige ont été étudiés puis modélisés : adsorption à la surface, diffusion en phase solide et co-condensation. Parmi les résultats obtenus, il est apparu que les paramétrisations actuelles de la couverture surfacique en nitrate étaient incapables de reproduire les concentrations mesurées, dans le cas de la neige de surface à Dome C, et révèlent d'importantes surestimations. A contratio, la prise en compte conjointe de la diffusion en phase solide ainsi que d'un processus de co-condensation permet de bien reproduire qualitativement les séries temporelles de plus d'un an, couvrant donc à la fois l'été et l'hiver austral, qui présentent chacun des caractéristiques distinctes en terme de concentration mesurées.Cette étude révèle ainsi l'importance de ces processus physico-chimiques d'échange dans la modélisation de la chimie de la neige, et pose les bases des mécanismes à prendre en compte dans le cadre de développements futurs. / It is increasingly recognized that the atmosphere composition of snow covered regions – especially polar regions – is noticeably affected by air-snow interactions. Indeed, the snowpack is a multiphase reactor, but physico-chemical processes which take place inside are still poorly understood. A detailled understanding of snow-atmosphere interactions is essential for understanding and modeling properly the composition and reactivity of the atmosphere above snow covered regions. Reconstructions of past trends in atmospheric composition using ice cores also require to understand snowpack processes that affected the composition of interstitial air and burried snow after its deposition.Nitrate (NO3-) present in the snowpack plays an important role as it photochemically produces nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2), which affect the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere through ozone production.This thesis thus aimed at studying physico-chemical processes which take place inside the snowpack and modify nitrate concentration.In a first part, a reaction mechanism to reproduce nitrate photochemistry in snow were developed, based on previous studies. The main hypothesis was that chemical reactions take place in a quasi-liquid layer located on the surface of snow cristals. However, the properties of this ice-air interface are poorly known, and it appeared that this approach had too many uncertainties to be continued.Then, a thorough discussion were carried out to assess current attempts in snow chemistry modeling, and to propose another approach which could prevail given current knowledge on this topic.In a second part, physico-chemical exchange processes between air and snow were studied and modeled. This concerned adsorption, solid phase diffusion and co-condensation. Among the results that arise, it appeared that current parameterizations of nitrate surface coverage are unable to reproduce measured concentrations, in the studied case of Dome C surface snow, and further reveal sizeable overestimations. On the contrary, simultaneous modeling of solid phase diffusion and co-condensation allows a qualitatively good reproduction of measurements, which cover more than a year, thus including both austral summer and winter with their specific features.This study reveals the importance of exchange processes for snow chemistry modeling, and give basis for future work on this topic.

A elaboração e caracterização de sistemas tão complexos quanto alimentos não são temas que se esgotem ao longo de um único trabalho. Assim, tomando como ponto de partida o desenvolvimento de formulações para sorvetes, são apresentados os princípios gerais da criação e estabilização de um dos gêneros alimentícios mais apreciados n.o mundo todo. O primeiro capítulo aborda interações que ocorrem entre componentes de uso comum na maioria dos alimentos processados e, de modo específico, o papel desempenhado por cada um deles em formulações para sorvetes. São apresentadas características das matérias-primas especiais empregadas no desenvolvimento das formulações propostas, bem como fundamentos de reologia. Tratam-se os princípios gerais do fenômeno speckle, ferramenta bastante útil em caracterizações estruturais, porém ainda pouco explorada na área alimentícia. O segundo capítulo apresenta as formulações para sorvetes que foram elaboradas para este trabalho e os resultados de caracterizações físico-químicas tomadas sobre alguns dos ingredientes utilizados, bem como sobre os produtos finais desenvolvidos. O terceiro capítulo exibe os resultados das avaliações reológicas feitas em ingredientes e misturas formuladas para este estudo. A partir do perfil demonstrado pelos reogramas, interações microscópicas puderam ser cogitadas. Mostram-se também, imagens tomadas por um sistema de videomicroscopia acoplado ao reômetro (módulo Rheoscope), onde puderam ser observadas deformações estruturais em tempo real ocorridas com as amostras durante as avaliações. O quarto capítulo propõe uma nova metodologia de investigação estrutural na qual a análíse dos resultados gerados a partir de um fenômeno de interferência possibilita mapear a evolução da microestrutura de sorvetes ao longo do tempo, quando submetidos a diferentes condições de temperatura. / Elaboration and characterization of systems with high leveI of complexity as foods cannot discussed in an only study. In this work, from development of special ice cream formulations are presenteei the general principIes of creation and stabílízation of one of the most appreciated foodstuffs. In first chapter the interactions that occur among components of current/y use in processed foods and, in a specific manner, the role of each one in ice cream formulations. Characteristics of the special raw materiais employed in development of the proposed formulatíons are presenteei, as well fundamental concepts of rheological behavior. Also, general principies of speckle phenomenon are presented, a very useful tool to structural investigations in several systems, but few explored in food science and technology. In second chapter are presented the ice cream formulations that were elaborated by this research and the results of analysis of both composition and chemical properties taken on some ingredients as well in developed products. In third chapter are exhibited the results from rheological assessments performed in ingredients and formulated ice cream mixes. From rheological curves, microscopic interactions could be cogitated. Images taken by a system of microscopy connected to rheometer shown structural deformatíons in real time occurred with the samples during the evaluations. In fourth chapter is showed a new methodology of structural investigation in which the analysis of results obtained from interference phenomenon allow to generate a map of temporal evolution of ice creams along the time, at different temperature conditions.

A caracterização dos méis monoflorais tomou-se uma tendência mundial. Sendo assim, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e otimização de metodologias para as análises de carboidratos por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE), para o tipo de montagem da lâmina para a realização do espectro polínico e para a determinação do conteúdo de umidade, com o intuito de caracterizar as amostras de méis monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja de algumas regiões do Estado de São Paulo. Na análise polínica foi empregado o método modificado de Iwama e Melhem (1979) para limpeza dos grãos de pólen, e para a montagem da lâmina foi realizado um estudo de comparação entre o método de Iwama e Melhem (1979) e o método proposto (Louveaux modificado, 1978), através de um teste de duas proporções. No conteúdo de umidade foi realizada a comparação de dois métodos oficiais (AOAC e EHC) através de um planejamento fatorial e um estudo da variabilidade empregando-se um planejamento hierárquico. Para a análise do conteúdo de carboidratos realizou-se a otimização das condições de análise por CLAE, empregando-se um planejamento de misturas e uma análise de regressão linear para curvas de calibração, um teste-t para estudo da recuperação e uma análise de variância (ANOVA) para comparar os conteúdos de carboidratos das duas floradas. Na análise polínica pode se observar que o método proposto (Louveaux modificado) era o mais adequado visto que este apresentava uma maior distribuição das famílias de menor freqüência. Com os espectro polínicos (pólen dominante) das amostras de méis coletadas pode-se classificar os méis como monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja. Através da análise do espectro polínico completo pode-se observar que os méis monoflorais de laranja possuem uma diversificação maior de famílias em relação aos méis monoflorais de eucalipto, sugerindo que estes méis possuem uma maior variação de néctares e grãos de pólen na sua formação, sendo que este fato pode estar relacionado às regiões de cultivo. O planejamento fatorial 22 no conteúdo de umidade sugeriu que as amostras cristalizadas interferem na medida do índice de refração. O emprego do pré-tratamento da amostra (EHC) permitiu uma diminuição nos conteúdos de umidade das amostras cristalizadas. Quando este pré-tratamento foi usado para amostras líquidas não se observaram diferenças significativas no teor de umidade. Pode-se então sugerir que o método refratométrico da Comunidade Européia de Mel (EHC) seria os mais adequados para ser usada nas amostras líquidas e cristalizada. O estudo da variabilidade dos conteúdos de umidade realizado através de um planejamento hierárquico e análise de variância (ANOVA) indicaram que existem diferenças significativas entre as fontes florais e entre as amostras de méis. Foram escolhidas como melhores condições experimentais para a determinação dos carboidratos no mel por CLAE, o uso de coluna de aminopropil de tamanho menor (15,0cm x 4,5cm), e uma temperatura de 32&#176;C na coluna e de 35,5&#176;C para o detector de índice de refração e uma vazão de fluxo de 1,2 mL/min. Para a fase móvel o planejamento em misturas realizado, indicou como melhor fase móvel a mistura 50:10:40(acetonitrila; água; acetato de etila). Ao realizar as curvas de calibração dos carboidratos (glicose, frutose, sacarose, turanose e maltose) pode-se observar que estas eram lineares, com R2ajust altos e precisão aceitáveis para a quantificação dos carboidratos. Foi determinada a capacidade de detecção (0,2 - 0,4%) e capacidade de quantificação (0,7 - 1,3%) para a sacarose, turanose e maltose. O estudo de recuperação média dos carboidratos sugeriu que curvas de calibração poderiam ser utilizadas com confiança para determinar os conteúdos de carboidratos. A avaliação entre as concentrações médias dos carboidratos individuais pela ANOVA e pelo teste-t ao nível de 95% de confiança dos méis monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja, sugeriu que existem diferenças significativas nas concentrações de glicose, sacarose e turanose nas amostras de méis. Desta forma pode-se classificar os méis monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja através do espectro polínico. Conclui-se que as determinações do conteúdo de umidade e carboidratos (glicose, sacarose e turanose) podem se empregados para caracterizar a origem botânica dos méis monoflorais de eucalipto e laranja. / Considering the characterization of monofloral honeys as a worldwide tendency, this study presents the development and optimization of methodologies for carbohydrate analysis by HPLC, the kind of standardization for lamina preparations for pollen analysis and the determination of moisture content in order to characterize eucalyptus and orange monofloral honey samples from some regions in São Paulo State. The modified method of Iwama and Melhem (1979) was employed for pollen analysis pollen cleaning. For lamina preparation it a comparison study was made between the Iwana and Melhem (1979) method and the proposed method (Louveaux modified) through two proportion tests. A comparison for moisture content was made between two official methods (AOAC and EHC) through a factorial desing and a study of variability through hierarchical desings. For the carbohydrate content analysis an optimization of analysis conditions for HPLC was made using mixture desing and a linear regression analysis for calibration curves, a t-test for a recovery study and a variance analysis (ANOVA) to compare the carbohydrate contents of both floral origins. In pollen analysis one can observe that the proposed Louveaux modified method was the most adequate since it showed a bigger distribution of less frequently occcoring families. With the pollen spectrum (dominant pollen) from honey samples, the monoflorals of eucalyptus and orange, can be classified. And by complete pollen spectrum analysis one can observe that orange monofloral honeys contain more diversified families relative to eucalyptus monofloral honeys, suggesting these honeys have a bigger variation of nectars and pollen grains in their formation. This fact can be related to regions of plantation. The factorial desing 22 in moisture content suggests that the crystallized samples interfere in refractive index measurements. The (EHC) sample pre-treatment led to lower moisture contents of crystallized samples. When this pre-treatment was used for liquid samples no significant differences were observed concerning moisture content. Therefore it can be suggested that the EHC refractrometric method is more appropriate to use for liquid and crystallized samples. The study of moisture content variability through hierarchical desing and variance analysis indicates significant differences among floral sources and moisture content of honey samples. The use of a aminopropil column of smaller size (15,0 cm x 4,5 cm) and a temperature of 32 &#176; C in the column and 35,5 &#176; C for the refractive index detector and a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min were the best experimental conditions chosen to determine the carbohydrates in honey by HPLC. For the mobile phase the mixture desing indicated that the best combination was 50: 10: 40( acetonitrile, water, ethyl acetate). The calibration curves of the carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, turanose, maltose) were linear, with high R2 and had acceptable accuracy for carbohydrate quantification. 80th the detection capacity and quantification capacities were determined the former being (0.2 - 0.4%) and the latter (0.7 - 1.3 %) for sucrose, turanose and maltose. The mean recovery study of carbohydrates suggested that the calibration curves are reliable to determine carbohydrate contents. The evaluation among the mean concentrations of individual carbohydrates by ANOVA and t-test at the 95% confidence level of eucalyptus and orange monofloral honeys suggested that there are significant differences in glucose, sucrose and turanose concentration in these honey samples. In this way eucalyptus and orange monofloral honeys can be classified by the pollen spectrum. Therefore, it was concluded that the eucalyptus and orange monofloral honeys can be classified by moisture content determination and/or carbohydrate (glucose, sucrose and turanose) determination.

O presente trabalho visou o desenvolvimento de uma sobremesa aerada simbiótica tipo musse, com baixo teor de gordura, processada com a adição da cultura probiótica de Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, dos ingredientes prebióticos oligofrutose e inulina e de concentrado protéico de soro de leite (WPC), para ser armazenada sob refrigeração e congelamento, e a comparação do efeito desses ingredientes sobre as características do produto e a resistência in vitro do probiótico adicionado. Utilizando o delineamento experimental para misturas de três fatores e um ponto central, 7 formulações de musses de goiaba foram estudadas durante o armazenamento a 4°C, durante 28 dias, e a -18°C, durante 112 dias. As maiores populações de L. acidophilus foram alcançadas nas musses congeladas, com valores sempre superiores a 7 log UFC/g por até 12 semanas de armazenamento a -18°C. A viabilidade de L. acidophilus se mostrou satisfatória até o 28º dia nas musses refrigeradas adicionadas de WPC, com populações variando entre 7,7 e 6,2 log UFC/g. Para as demais musses, a população do probiótico chegou a reduzir, em média, até 2 log após 28 dias. L. acidophilus apresentou grande redução da viabilidade, tanto para as musses refrigeradas como para as congeladas, nos ensaios de sobrevivência às condições gastrintestinais simuladas in vitro. Nas musses refrigeradas, a substituição total ou parcial da gordura láctea por inulina resultou em melhor sobrevivência do probiótico durante o ensaio in vitro na primeira semana. Ao considerar o período completo de armazenamento, a menor redução da viabilidade de L. acidophilus ao longo dos ensaios in vitro foi observada para as musses congeladas. A substituição da gordura láctea por inulina e WPC e o congelamento resultaram em diferenças significativas nos parâmetros de textura das musses (p<0,05), não interferindo, porém, na sua aceitabilidade sensorial. Considerando as populações máximas do probiótico ao longo do armazenamento e a sua sobrevivência às condições gastrintestinais simuladas in vitro, observou-se os melhores resultados com a substituição parcial da gordura láctea adicionada no produto refrigerado por WPC, na proporção de 2 a 3% da formulação. A adição simultânea de WPC e inulina para musses armazenadas sob refrigeração e congelamento é recomendada desde que a proporção conjunta desses ingredientes não ultrapasse 2,6%, no sentido de não prejudicar a textura e as características sensoriais do produto. De modo especial para as musses congeladas, também é aconselhada a proporção de 2% de gordura láctea e 2% de inulina, para a qual foram obtidos os melhores resultados nos ensaios de sobrevivência in vitro do probiótico. / The aim of the present study was to develop a mousse-type synbiotic aerated dessert with low fat content, supplemented with the Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 probiotic culture, the prebiotic ingredients oligofructose and inulin and whey protein concentrate (WPC), to be stored refrigerated and frozen, and to compare the effect of these ingredients on the product characteristics and the in vitro resistance of the added probiotic microorganism. Using a simplex centroid design, seven guava mousse-making trials were studied during storage at 4°C for 28 days and at -18°C for 112 days. The highest populations of L. acidophilus were achieved in frozen products, always above 7 log CFU/g at up to 12 weeks of storage at -18°C. L. acidophilus viability was satisfactory up to 28 days in the refrigerated mousses supplemented with WPC, with populations between 6.2 and 7.7 log CFU/g. For the other mousses, the populations decreased around 2 log cycles afier 28 days of refrigerated storage. Reductions in L. acidophilus survival during the in vitro assays were high both for refrigerated and frozen mousses. For the refrigerated mousses, the total or partial substitution of milk fat by inulin increased the probiotic survival during the in vitro assays in the first week. In terms of the whole storage, L. acidophilus survival decreased less during the in vitro assays for the frozen mousses. The substitution of milk fat by inulin and WPC and the frozen storage lead to significant differences in the texture of mousses (p<0.05), without affecting their sensory acceptability. Considering the maximum probiotic populations during storage and the survival under the in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions, the best results for the refrigerated product were obtained with the partial substitution of milk fat by WPC at 2 to 3%. The simultaneous addition of inulin and WPC is recommended. However, the total proportion of both ingredients together should not exceed 2.6%, so as to obtain a texture profile and a sensory acceptance similar to the traditional product. Particularly for frozen mousses, the mixture of 2% milk fat and 2% inulin in the formulation is also suggested, for which the best results on probiotic survival in the in vitro assays were observed.