Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2017-12-13T14:00:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Regis Kamimura - 2013.pdf: 3024185 bytes, checksum: d75f4278deb066540dc7434aef6cf446 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-12-14T10:15:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Regis Kamimura - 2013.pdf: 3024185 bytes, checksum: d75f4278deb066540dc7434aef6cf446 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-14T10:15:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Regis Kamimura - 2013.pdf: 3024185 bytes, checksum: d75f4278deb066540dc7434aef6cf446 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Gut microbiota is changed by various factors, being the diet which has the highest influence, as well as the modulating additives of the microbiome. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of growth promoting additives in the diet on the percentage of goblet cells with acid and neutral mucin in small intestine of pigs, the percent of gut cells in proliferation by the technique of immunohistochemistry by PCNA, to certify and quantify the presence of Paneth’s cells by specific staining and by immunohistochemistry, since that cell has a great importance in the immunity and in the gut microbiota. The experiment was conducted in a certified swine breeding farm (CSBF), applying the CRD (completely randomized design). Four hundred and eighty castrated male piglets were used, in five treatments, with ten piglets by cage, eight repetitions, and in the basal treatment 16 repetitions were used, being T1=basal diet, denominated negative control, T2=T1+antimicrobial agent, T3=T1+probiotic, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, T4=T1+prebiotic MOS, T5=T1+probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae + the prebiotic MOS. The diet was based on corn and soybean meal plus a supplement of minerals and vitamins. There were changes with higher increase in quantity of goblet cells, calculated by millimeter of gut mucosa with neutral mucus compared to those with acid mucus and to the negative control. There were no expressive changes for cells with acid mucus. The percentage of proliferating cells in small intestine by the immunehistochemistry technique for PCNA did not show significant changes and the presence of Paneth’s cells was confirmed by special staining and by immunehistochemistry. The quantity of Paneth’s cells of duodenum changed according to additives used, in comparison with the negative control which had a greater quantity. With the addition of antimicrobial agent there was a lesser quantity. With the prebiotics and synbiotics occurred milder reduction and this suggests that immunomodulation occurred. Besides promoting a better gut health due to a healthier and more appropriate microbiota to the rearing of piglets in the nursery phase, the addition of growth promoters in feeds favors significant gains and can be recommended, since the results are compensatory in productivity. / A microbiota intestinal é alterada por diversos fatores, sendo a dieta o que mais influência, assim como os aditivos moduladores do microbioma. Objetivou-se, neste estudo, avaliar os efeitos dos aditivos promotores de crescimento na dieta, sobre a porcentagem de células caliciformes com mucina ácida e neutra no intestino delgado de suínos, por modularem a microbiota e atuar na imunidade intestinal, avaliou a porcentagem de células intestinais em proliferação pela técnica de imunoistoquímica por PCNA, certificar e quantificar a presença de células de Paneth por coloração específica e por imunoistoquímica, relatos da literatura cita a ligação de probióticos com o epitélio intestinal via células de Paneth e caliciformes. O experimento foi conduzido em uma GRSC, aplicando o DIC. Utilizaram-se 480 leitões machos castrados, em cinco tratamentos, com dez leitões por gaiola, com oito repetições e no tratamento basal realizou-se 16 repetições. Sendo, T1=dieta basal, denominado de controle negativo, T2=T1+ antimicrobiano Avilamicina, T3=T1+probiótico Scchacaromyces cerevisae T4=T1+prebiótico MOS, T5=T1+probiótico Scchacaromyces cerevisae + o prebiótico MOS, foram abatidos com 65 dias de idade. A dieta foi à base de milho e farelo de soja mais um suplemento mineral e vitamínico. Ocorreram alterações com maior aumento na quantidade de células caliciformes com muco neutro comparativamente com aquelas de muco ácido e com o controle negativo. Não houve alterações expressivas para as células com muco ácido. A porcentagem de células no intestino delgado em proliferação pela técnica de imunoistoquímica para PCNA não apresentou alterações significativas, confirmou-se a presença de células de Paneth por colorações especiais e por imunoistoquímica. A quantidade de células de Paneth do duodeno alteraram-se em função dos aditivos utilizados, em comparação ao controle negativo que teve a maior quantidade, com a adição de antimicrobiano houve a menor quantidade, com prebiótico e simbiótico ocorreu redução mais branda, o que sugere ter ocorrido uma imunomodulação Os aditivos promotores de crescimento nas rações são tecnologias que favorecem ganhos significativos e podem ser recomendados, pois os resultados são compensatórios em produtividade. Além de promover uma melhor saúde intestinal em função de uma microbiota mais saudável e mais apta à criação de leitões na fase de creche

L’industrie porcine met beaucoup d’efforts pour contrôler la contamination par Salmonella en fin de production. Malgré tout, d’après des données européennes de la European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), les produits de viande porcine pourraient être responsables de 10 à 20 % des cas rapportés de salmonellose chez l’Homme. Il semble donc qu’une approche incluant des actions en amont, c’est-à-dire à la ferme, pourrait permettre de réduire la pression de contamination au niveau de l’abattoir et donc la contamination de la viande. Le transfert de Salmonella entre les truies contaminées et les porcelets pourrait être une source importante de contamination dans la filière porcine. Cependant au Canada peu d’information est disponible sur cette voie d’introduction. Nous avons donc décrit le lien entre les souches retrouvées chez les truies et celles retrouvées chez leurs porcelets dans les étapes subséquentes d’un système de production commercial Québécois. De plus, l’établissement du microbiote intestinal chez le porc en production est directement influencé par le microbiote maternel et celui-ci influence l’excrétion de Salmonella chez les porcs en engraissement. Dans cette étude, nous avons donc tout d’abord décrit, dans ce même système, le microbiote des truies en lien avec leur excrétion de Salmonella. Nous avons ensuite décrit le microbiote des porcelets et des porcs en engraissement en relation avec ce microbiote maternel et avons tenté d’identifier des déterminants de l’excrétion qui peuvent être transférés de la truie à sa progéniture à l’intérieur de cette pyramide de production. Pour ce faire, nous avons tout d’abord échantillonné les matières fécales de truies à différents moments de la gestation dans une maternité. Une détection de Salmonella a été effectuée et les populations bactériennes retrouvées dans le microbiote fécal de ces truies ont été décrites par séquençage à haut débit de type MiSeq. Ceci nous a permis de mettre en évidence une réduction significative du niveau de Salmonella excrétées par ces truies entre le début et la fin de la gestation. Nous avons aussi pu mesurer des variations dans le microbiote fécal de celles-ci selon l’excrétion de Salmonella, mais aussi selon le moment de la gestation. Un séquençage a aussi été effectué sur les fèces des porcelets nés de ces truies avant leur sevrage. Ceci nous a permis de démontrer que le statut d’excrétion de la truie influence leur microbiote fécal. Cependant, aucun transfert direct de taxon spécifique de cette relation n’a pu être mesuré. De plus, indépendamment du statut d’excrétion de Salmonella des truies, nous avons démontré qu’à ce moment les porcelets d’une portée avaient des microbiotes fécaux plus semblables entre eux que comparativement à ceux de leurs contemporains, confirmant l’influence de la truie sur le microbiote des porcelets dans les fermes échantillonnées. Finalement, des échantillonnages de matière fécale de ces porcs ont aussi été effectués en engraissement. Leur statut d’excrétion de Salmonella et la composition de leur microbiote ont aussi été évalués à cette étape. Grâce à ces échantillons, nous avons démontré que, dans le système de production étudié, le statut d’excrétion de la truie n’avait pas d’impact sur le microbiote des animaux après l’étape du sevrage. Nous avons cependant démontré que dans les fermes faisant partie de l’étude, les porcs nés d’une même mère avaient toujours un microbiote fécal différenciable de celui de leurs congénères. Ceci suggère ainsi le potentiel d’actions visant à moduler le microbiote intestinal de la truie et qui pourrait être transféré au bénéfice de leurs porcelets. Nous avons aussi décrit par typage, à l’aide de courbes de fusion à haute résolution (HRM), la circulation et le transfert des Salmonella de la maternité vers les autres étapes de la production dans cette pyramide de production. Les résultats obtenus démontrent ici que, malgré une excrétion des truies dans la période périnatale, les souches retrouvées plus tard chez les porcelets en pouponnière et dans leur environnement ont des profils HRM différents de celles retrouvées en maternité. Les truies auraient donc, dans le système de production étudié, un effet marginal sur la contamination des porcelets et ceux-ci se contamineraient plutôt dans l’environnement de la pouponnière ou de l’engraissement. Cette étude a permis de mieux décrire la présence de Salmonella dans un système de production porcine commercial au Québec et ainsi de mieux comprendre l’impact de la transmission de Salmonella entre les truies et les porcelets. Ces nouvelles connaissances permettront de mieux cibler les étapes où des mesures efficaces pourraient être implantées pour réduire la contamination du produit fini. L’étude du microbiote a aussi permis de mettre en évidence une influence de la truie sur le microbiote fécal de ses porcelets et ce jusqu’en engraissement, sans pour autant avoir pu identifier de taxons directement transférés, ni avoir pu mesurer d’effet de cette influence sur l’excrétion de Salmonella. Néanmoins, au-delà de la problématique spécifique de Salmonella, cette étude ouvre des perspectives de modulation du microbiote intestinal de la truie au bénéfice de l’orientation du microbiote digestif du porc pendant toute la production, microbiote dont les effets sur la santé et le bien-être sont de mieux en mieux documentés. / The pork industry is putting a lot of effort into controlling Salmonella contamination at the end of production. However, according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) data, pig meat products may be responsible for 10-20% of reported cases of salmonellosis in humans. It therefore seems that an approach including actions upstream, on the farm, could make it possible to reduce the pressure of contamination at the slaughterhouse and therefore the contamination of the meat. The transfer of Salmonella between contaminated sows and piglets could be an important source of contamination in the pig sector. However, in Canada little information is available on this route of introduction. We have therefore described the link between the strains found in sows and those found in their piglets in the subsequent stages of production in a Quebec commercial production system. In addition, the establishment of this microbiota in pigs in production is directly influenced by the maternal microbiota and that the intestinal microbiota influences the excretion of Salmonella in fattening pigs. In this study, we therefore first described the microbiota of sows in relation to their excretion of Salmonella in this same production system. We then described the microbiota of piglets and fattening pigs in relation to this maternal microbiota and attempted to identify determinants of shedding that can be transferred from the sow to its offspring within this production pyramid. To do this, we first sampled the feces of sows at different times of gestation in a maternity unit. Salmonella was detected and the bacterial populations found in the fecal microbiota of these sows were described by high-throughput sequencing of the MiSeq type. This allowed us to highlight significant variations in the level of Salmonella excreted by these sows at different times of gestation. We were also able to measure variations in the fecal microbiota of these depending on the excretion of Salmonella, but also according to the time of gestation. Sequencing was also carried out on the feces of piglets born from these sows before weaning. This allowed us to demonstrate that the sow's shedding status influences their fecal microbiota. However, no direct taxon transfer specific to this relationship could be measured. In addition, up to the nursery, we have demonstrated that piglets from the same litter have more similar fecal microbiota than compared to other contemporary animals, confirming the influence of the sow on the piglet microbiota in the sampled farms. Finally, fecal samples from these pigs were also carried out for fattening. Their Salmonella excretion status and the composition of their microbiota were also assessed at this stage. Using these samples, we demonstrated, in the production system that was studied, that the impact of the sow’s status on the microbiota was not retained for fattening after the weaning stage and did not affect the risk of shedding during fattening. However, we have shown that on the farm included in our study that pigs born to the same mother always have a differentiated fecal microbiota from that of their counterparts. This thus demonstrates the potential for actions aimed at modulating the intestinal microbiota of the sow and which could be transferred to the benefit of their piglets. We have also described by High Resolution Melt typing (HRM) the circulation and transfer of Salmonella from the maternity to the other stages of production in this production pyramid. The results obtained demonstrate here that despite the excretion of sows in the perinatal period, the strains found later in the piglets at the nursery and their environment have different HRM profiles from those found in maternity. In the studied production system, sows would therefore have a marginal effect on the contamination of piglets in the production system studied, compared to the environment in the nursery among other things. This study made it possible to better describe the circulation of Salmonella in a commercial swine production system in Quebec and thus to better understand the impact of Salmonella transmission between sows and piglets. This new knowledge will allow us to better target the stages where effective measures could be implemented to reduce contamination of the finished product. The study of the microbiota also made it possible to highlight an influence of the sow on the fecal microbiota of its piglets and this until fattening, without being able to identify taxa directly transferred nor to have been able to measure the effect of this influence on the excretion of Salmonella. However, beyond the specific problem of Salmonella, this study opens up perspectives for modulating the intestinal microbiota of the sow for the benefit of the orientation of the digestive microbiota of pigs throughout production, a microbiota whose effects on health and well-being are getting increasingly well documented.

Orientador: Luiz Fernando de Oliveira e Silva Carvalho / Banca: Geraldo Camilo Alberton / Banca: Luís Antonio Mathias / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar infecção por Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica sorotipo Panama e a possibilidade de transmissão aérea de entre leitões desmamados. Seis leitões recém-desmamados e sadios foram igualmente distribuídos na formação dos três grupos experimentais - o grupocontrole, o grupo infectado e o grupo-sentinela. Os animais foram alojados dois a dois em três câmaras de isolamento especialmente projetadas para o estudo, que garantiam não apenas que os animais fossem mantidos completamente isentos de contacto com o ambiente externo mas que o fluxo de ar unidirecional, no sentido animais-controle - animais infectados - animais-sentinela, fosse a única maneira de disseminação do agente. Salmonella Panama com resistência induzida ao ácido nalidíxico (Salmonella PanamaNal+) foi utilizada na preparação do inóculo. Análises microbiológicas de suabes retais dos animais foram realizadas diariamente em todos os animais durante os 14 dias subseqüentes à inoculação, após o que os animais foram eutanasiados e necropsiados, visando análises microbiológicas de amostras de órgãos internos. As análises bacteriológicas iniciaram-se pelo pré-enriquecimento das amostras, em caldo GN-Hajna para as amostras de fezes e a água peptonada tamponada para os órgãos internos. Prosseguiram pelo enriquecimento em caldo Rappaport-Vassiliadis e em Tetrationato Müller Kaufmann para então serem semeadas nos ágares xilose lisina tergitol 4 (XLT4) e verde-brilhante modificado, ambos suplementados com ácido nalidíxico. Colônias características foram submetidas às provas bioquímicas, em ágar tríplice açúcar ferro (TSI) e ágar ferro lisina (LIA) e posteriormente a avaliação sorológica. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas de todos os animais e, submetidas ao teste ELISA... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the experimental infection wich Salmonella serotype Panama and the airborne transmission of among weaned piglets. Six weaned piglets were used and distributed in three groups of animals - group 1 (control), group 2 (infected) and group 3 (sentinels). All animals were housed in three stainless-steel glass isolation cabinets connected by unidirectional airflow air ducts. Animals didn't have contact with the external environment, guaranteeing that airflow was the unique way of the agent's spread. An induced nalidixic acid resistant strain of Salmonella Panama (Salmonella Panama Nal+) were used to induce infection in one of the groups. Bacteriological analyses of rectal swabs were implemented daily within 14 days after inoculation. For bacteriological exams of internal organs animals were euthanized and necropsied. A pre-enrichment in broth GN-Hajna for the fecal samples and in buffered peptone water for the internal organs samples were conducted. Subsequently, samples were transferred to Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Tetrationato Müller Kaufmann. The samples were transferred to the agar xylose-lysine-tergitol 4 (XLT4) and to a modified brilliant green media, both supplemented with nalidixic acid. Characteristic colonies were submitted to the biochemical tests triple sugar iron agar (TSI) and lysine iron agar (LIA) and later to the serological prove. Samples of blood were taken twice - before Salmonella inoculation and before euthanasia of the piglets. Sera was submitted to the ELISA test. Results showed a Salmonella systemic infection in the inoculated animals (infected group), but there were no evidence of Salmonella transmission to the sentinel group. / Mestre

Weaning is one of the most critical periods in pig production due to a high susceptibility to gut disorders and infections induced by psychological, social, environmental and dietary stresses interfering with gut development and adaptation. This period was managed for decades by incorporating antibiotics in the diet. However, the European Union implemented a full ban on in-feed antibiotics since 1 January 2006. In this context, many alternatives are studied. We chose to study bovine colostrum for its richness in essential nutrients but also in bioactive peptides known for their growth promoting and antimicrobial properties in the calf but also in other species (poultry, pig, human). It was also selected for its high disponibility (Banque de colostrum, CER, Marloie, Belgium). The objective of this thesis is to investigate the potential of the use of bovine colostrum in the newly-weaned piglet diet and its mechanism of action. This thesis is composed of two parts : In the first part, the effects of bovine colostrum on growth performances, feed intake and physiological parameters were studied in two experiments. In the first experiment, 24 newly weaned piglets were fed daily a diet supplemented with 0, 1 or 5 g of defatted bovine colostrum. Our measures on the immune system showed that bovine colostrum could influence the development of the IgA response by potentiating a Th2 response in the ileal Peyer patch. In the digestive tract, no effects were shown on the morphology of the intestinal wall but a local anti-colostral immunisation was observed. In a second experiment, we demonstrated the efficiency of a 2 % bovine colostrum whey supplementation in weaning piglet diet to reduce the post-weaning growth check and undernutrition. The blood parameters showed a systemic IgA response, confirming previous results, and a higher IGF-I level in the colostrum-fed piglets the first week post-weaning. No effects on the faecal E. coli population were recorded. In the second part of this thesis, different ways to make the use of bovine colostrum more cost-effective for pig production were studied. It was shown that it was possible to maintain the same efficiency while reducing the dose of supplementation from 2 to 1 % and the period of administration from 28 to 10 days and replacing bovine colostrum whey by defatted bovine colostrum, a product 50 % less expensive to produce. Le sevrage est une des périodes les plus critiques en production porcine à cause d'une plus forte sensibilité des animaux aux problèmes intestinaux et aux infections suite aux stress psychologique, social, environnemental et alimentaire interférant avec le développement du tube digestif. Cette période délicate a été maîtrisée durant des décennies par l'incorporation d'antibiotiques dans l'aliment. Cependant, depuis le 1er Janvier 2006, cette pratique est totalement interdite dans l'Union Européenne. Dans ce contexte, de nombreuses alternatives sont étudiées. Nous avons choisi le colostrum bovin pour sa richesse en éléments essentiels et surtout en peptides bioactifs connus pour leurs propriétés promotrices de croissance et antimicrobiennes chez le bovin mais également chez d'autres espèces (poulet, porc, homme). Il a également été retenu pour sa grande disponibilité (banque de colostrum, CER, Marloie, Belgique). L'objectif de cette thèse est d'évaluer l'intérêt d'utiliser du colostrum bovin dans l'alimentation du porcelet au sevrage et d'étudier son mécanisme d'action. La thèse se compose de deux parties : Dans la première partie, les effets d'une supplémentation en colostrum bovin sur les performances, l'ingestion et certains paramètres physiologiques ont été étudiés au cours de deux expériences. Au cours d'une première expérience, un aliment supplémenté quotidiennement avec 0, 1 ou 5 g de colostrum bovin dégraissé a été testé. Au niveau immunitaire, nos mesures ont montré une influence du colostrum bovin sur le développement de la réponse en IgA en induisant une réponse de type Th2 au niveau de la plaque de Peyer iléale. Dans le tube digestif, aucun effet n'a été observé sur la morphologie de la paroi intestinale, mais une immunisation locale anti-colostrale a été mise en évidence. Une seconde expérience a démontré l'efficacité d'une supplémentation de 2 % de sérum de colostrum dans l'aliment pour réduire la perte de poids et la sous-alimentation provoquées par le sevrage. Les paramètres sanguins ont montré une augmentation des IgA, confirmant nos résultats précédents, et un taux en IGF-I plus important chez les porcelets recevant le colostrum. Par contre, aucun effet n'a été observé sur la population d'E. Coli fécale. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, différents moyens de réduire le coût de la supplémentation en colostrum bovin ont été étudiés. Il a été démontré qu'il était possible de maintenir l'efficacité du colostrum tout en réduisant la dose (de 2 % à 1 %) et la durée de supplémentation (de 28 à 10 jours) et en remplaçant le sérum de colostrum par du colostrum dégraissé, un produit 50 % moins cher.

In dieser Dissertation wurden am Ferkelmodell (8-15 kg, drei Gruppen: „Kontrolle“ n=7, „Herz-Lungen-Maschine (HLM)“ n=10, „(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallat (EGCG)“ n=6, die Kontrollgruppe wurde thorakotomiert, die HLM- und die EGCG-Gruppe wurden thorakotomiert und für 90 Minuten an eine HLM angeschlossen, die EGCG-Gruppe erhielt vor und nach der HLM-Zeit EGCG) drei Fragestellungen behandelt: Erstens wurde untersucht, ob die Verwendung einer HLM während eines kardiochirurgischen Eingriffes unter hypothermen Bedingungen mit nicht-pulsatilem Blutfluss und Kardioplegie die Niere schädigte. Dafür wurden Paraffinschnitte der Niere aus der Kontroll- und der HLM-Gruppe mit Hämatoxylin-Eosin (HE) angefärbt und unterschiedliche Strukturen betrachtet, wobei histopathologische Veränderungen in der HLM-Gruppe auffielen. Paraklinisch fanden sich erhöhte nierenspezifische Blutwerte (Serumkreatinin und -harnstoff) in der HLM-Gruppe. Diese Ergebnisse waren hinweisend für eine funktionell relevante Schädigung der Niere durch die HLM. Unterstützend kam ein Absinken des Gesamteiweißes im Serum der HLM-Gruppe hinzu, was auf eine generelle Schädigung des Organismus durch die HLM hindeutete. Zweitens wurde betrachtet, ob die gesetzten Schäden die Merkmale eines Ischämie-Reperfusionsschadens aufwiesen. Hierzu wurden Paraffinschnitte der Niere aus der Kontroll- und der HLM-Gruppe immunhistochemisch (Hypoxie-induzierter-Faktor-1-alpha-Tyramide- Signal-Amplification (HIF-1-alpha-TSA)-, Nitrotyrosin-3-Amino-9-Ethylcarbazol (Nitrotyrosin-AEC)- und Apoptose-induzierender-Faktor-Tyramide-Signal-Amplification (AIF-TSA)-Färbung) angefärbt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass sich die HLM-Gruppe in einer hypoxischen Situation befand (HIF-1-alpha Akkumulation in den Zellkernen), nitrosativem Stress ausgesetzt war (Nitrotyrosin in den Tubuli) und dass sie teilweise so stark geschädigt wurde, dass Apoptose induziert wurde (AIF in Zellkernen) – alle drei Färbungsergebnisse waren hinweisend für einen ischämischen Zustand, in dem sich die HLM-Gruppe befunden hat. Auch die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten renalen Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) deuteten auf ebendies hin. Unterstützend wirkten die Ergebnisse des arteriellen Laktats – die HLM-Gruppe zeigte eine Hyperlaktämie – und die Tatsache, dass einige der histologischen Merkmale für eine frühe Schockniere (welche ischämischen Ursprungs sein kann) in der HLM-Gruppe gefunden wurden. Dies alles zeigte, dass der HLM-assoziierte Nierenschaden vorrangig die Natur eines Ischämie-Reperfusionsschadens aufwies. Drittens wurde untersucht, ob EGCG diese HLM-assoziierte Schädigung abmildern konnte. Dafür wurden bei der EGCG-Gruppe alle oben genannten Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass EGCG in der Dosierung 10 mg/kg eine renoprotektive Wirkung gegen die HLM-assoziierten Schäden hatte, und diese abmildern bzw. ihnen entgegenwirken konnte. Diese Ergebnisse sind für die pädiatrische Kardiochirurgie interessant, welche zum Beispiel bei der Korrektur angeborener Herzdefekte auf die Verwendung der HLM angewiesen ist. Komplikationen wie eine Nierenschädigung post operationem sind nicht selten und verkomplizieren den Verlauf. Die vorliegende Dissertation zeigt das renoprotektive Potential des in grünem Tee vorkommenden Katechins EGCG im Umfeld eines kardiochirurgischen Eingriffes mit Verwendung einer HLM. Die Wirksamkeit dieser Substanz ist wahrscheinlich darin begründet, dass sie mehr als ein Antioxidans ist. Neben seiner Radikalfänger- und Stickstoffmonoxidscavenger-Fähigkeiten ist EGCG außerdem antiapoptotisch wirksam. Derzeit wird die Kardiochirurgie mit Verwendung einer HLM in der Veterinärmedizin nur in wenigen Zentren angewendet. Es besteht für die Zukunft jedoch die Hoffnung, dass gerade für Kleintierbesitzer, die ihre Tiere als Familienmitglied betrachten, und auch für zoologische Einrichtungen bei der Diagnose eines Herzfehlers die Kardiochirurgie mit Verwendung einer HLM als Therapiemöglichkeit eine interessante und realistische Alternative zur bislang angewandten palliativen medikamentösen Therapie darstellen kann. / In this dissertation a piglet model (8-15 kg, three groups: “control” n=7, “extracorporeal circulation (EC)” n=10, “EGCG” n=6, the control-group was thoracotomized, the EC- and the EGCG-group were thoracotomized and underwent cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for 90 minutes, and the EGCG-group received EGCG before and after the CPB) is presented. Three questions were raised and answered: Firstly, it was investigated if the use of a CPB during cardiac surgery with hypothermia, non-pulsatile blood flow and cardioplegia caused damage to the kidney. In order to answer this question, paraffin slices of the kidney of the control- and the EC-group were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE), and different structures were evaluated – this staining showed histopathological changes in the EC-group. Paraclinical, the EC-group showed elevated kidney-specific blood parameters (serumcreatinine and -urea). These findings indicated a functionally relevant impairment of the kidney caused by the CPB. Supporting this, the EC-group also showed a decline of the total amount of proteins in the serum, which was suggestive of a generalized injury of the body by the CPB. Secondly, it was investigated whether the injury of the kidney might have been caused by an ischemia/reperfusion injury. Therefore, paraffin slices of the kidney of the control- and the EC-group were immunhistochemically stained (hypoxia-induced-factor-1-alpha-tyramidesignal-amplification (HIF-1-alpha-TSA)-, nitrotyrosine-3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (nitrotyrosine-AEC)- and apoptosis-inducing-factor-tyramide-signal-amplification (AIF-TSA)-staining). These stainings revealed, that the EC-group had suffered from a hypoxemic situation (accumulation of HIF-1-alpha in the nuclei), from nitrosative stress (presence of nitrotyrosine in the tubuli), and that the kidney was partly damaged to the point of an induction of apoptosis (presence of AIF in the nuclei) – all three of these findings indicated, that the kidneys of the EC-group were put into an ischemic situation. The findings of the renal reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) indicated the same thing. This was also supported by the blood parameter of lactate – the EC-group showed a hyperlactemia – and by some histological findings in the EC-group, which were characteristical for an early shock-kidney (which may be caused by ischemia). Taken together, these findings showed that the CPB-associated kidney injury was primarily caused by an ischemia/reperfusion injury. Thirdly, it was investigated, whether EGCG might attenuate the CPB-associated kidney injury. For that purpose, all of the investigation methods mentioned above were carried out with the samples of the EGCG-group. The findings showed that EGCG (dose: 10 mg/kg) had a protective effect on the kidney, protecting it against the damage caused by the CPB, and was able to partly attenuate this damage and partly even fully counteract it. These findings are of interest for pediatric cardiac surgery, which for example for the correction of innate heart defects depends on the use of CPB. Complications – like acute renal injury post operationem – occur frequently and complicate the recovery. This dissertation demonstrates the renoprotective potential of the natural compound EGCG in the setting of cardiac surgery with the use of CPB. The reason for the effectiveness of EGCG in this situation probably is that EGCG is more than an antioxidant. EGCG not only works as a radical- and nitric-oxide-scavenger, but also is antiapoptotic. In veterinary medicine cardiac surgery with CPB is done by few centers only. However for the future there is hope that people – especially pet owners who view their companion animals as family members, and zoos – become more and more willing to and interested in having an animal diagnosed with a heart defect treated with cardiac surgery including the use of an CPB, instead of – like its usually done nowadays – only giving palliative medication to the animal.

No description available.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do peso ao nascer e ingestão de colostro na mortalidade e desempenho dos leitões levando em conta a ordem de parto das mães biológicas e adotivas. A ingestão de colostro do nascimento até as 24 horas de vida foi estimada em 300 leitões de primíparas e 300 leitões de multíparas através de pesagem ao nascimento e as 24 h de vida. Estes leitões foram uniformizados em 25 primíparas e 25 multíparas com 25,9 ± 0,09 h após o nascimento. A concentração de imunoglobulina G (IgG) no soro foi determinada nas fêmeas após o final do parto e nos leitões antes da uniformização (24 h após o parto), aos 10 e 20 dias de vida. Leitões de primíparas consumiram menos colostro (P= 0,0027) que leitões de multíparas, mas a concentração de IgG no soro dos leitões as 24 h de vida foi semelhante (P> 0,05). O risco de mortalidade até 42 dias de vida não foi afetado pela ordem de parto das mães biológicas ou adotivas (P> 0,05). Maior chance de mortalidade foi observada em leitões de baixo (LW - 1.10–1.2 kg) e intermediário (IW - >1.2–1.3 kg) peso ao nascer que consumiram ≤150 g de colostro comparados a leitões pesados (HW - >1.3 kg) que consumiram >250 g de colostro. Leitões HW tiveram maior peso aos 20, 28 e 42 dias de vida (P< 0,05) que leitões LW, mesmo quando consumiram a mesma quantidade de colostro. A ordem de parto da mãe biológica não teve efeito no desempenho dos leitões até 42 dias de vida (P>0,05). Leitões amamentados por multíparas tiveram maior peso que aqueles amamentados por primíparas. Leitões que morreram até 42 dias de vida tinham menor (P< 0,05) peso ao nascer, ingestão de colostro e IgG no soro as 24 h de vida comparados com leitões que sobreviveram, e estes menores valores foram também observados em leitões com baixo desempenho (<9.5 kg) comparados com leitões de alto desempenho (>9.5 kg). Não houve diferença entre IgG no soro aos 10 e 20 dias de vida (P= 0,3461) entre leitões com baixo e alto desempenho. Em conclusão, leitões LW são mais dependentes da ingestão de colostro que leitões HW para assegurar a sua sobrevivência e melhor desempenho até os 42 dias de vida. A sobrevivência e o crescimento não são afetados pela ordem de parto das mães biológicas, enquanto que leitões amamentados por fêmeas multíparas possuem melhor desenvolvimento que aqueles amamentados por fêmeas primíparas. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the birth weight and colostrum intake on mortality and growth performance of piglets until 42 days of age, also taking into account the parity order of the biological and foster dams. Colostrum intake from birth to 24 h after birth was estimated in 300 piglets each from primiparous and multiparous dams by weighing at birth and 24 h of age. These piglets were then cross-fostered in 25 primiparous and 25 multiparous sows at 25.9 ± 0.09 h after farrowing. The concentration of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) was determined in the sows after the end of farrowing and in the piglets before cross-fostering (24 h after farrowing), at 10 and 20 days of age. Piglets from primiparous consumed less colostrum (P< 0.003) than piglets from multiparous dams, but their serum IgG concentrations at 24 h after birth were similar (P> 0.05). The risk of mortality until 42 days of age was not affected by the parity order of biological or foster dams (P> 0.05). Higher odds of mortality were observed in piglets of low (LW - 1.10–1.2 kg) and intermediate (IW - >1.2–1.3 kg) birth weight that consumed ≤150 g of colostrum compared to heavy piglets (HW - >1.3 kg) that consumed >250 g colostrum. HW piglets at birth had higher weight at 20, 28 and 42 days of age (P< 0.05) than LW piglets at birth, even when consuming the same amount of colostrum. The parity order of the biological dam had no effect on the performance of piglets until 42 days of age (P> 0.05). Piglets suckled by multiparous foster dams showed higher weight than those suckled by primiparous sows. Piglets that died before 42 days of age had lower (P< 0.05) birth weight, colostrum intake and serum IgG at 24 h after birth compared to surviving piglets, and these lower values were also observed in piglets with low (<9.5 kg) performance compared to high (>9.5 kg) performance piglets. There were no differences in serum IgG concentrations at 10 and 20 days of age (P= 0.346) between high and low performance piglets. In conclusion, LW piglets are more dependent on colostrum intake than HW piglets to assure higher survival and better development up to 42 days of age. Survival and growth are not affected by the parity order of the biological dam, whereas piglets suckled by multiparous sows have better development than those suckled by primiparous sows.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do peso ao nascer e ingestão de colostro na mortalidade e desempenho dos leitões levando em conta a ordem de parto das mães biológicas e adotivas. A ingestão de colostro do nascimento até as 24 horas de vida foi estimada em 300 leitões de primíparas e 300 leitões de multíparas através de pesagem ao nascimento e as 24 h de vida. Estes leitões foram uniformizados em 25 primíparas e 25 multíparas com 25,9 ± 0,09 h após o nascimento. A concentração de imunoglobulina G (IgG) no soro foi determinada nas fêmeas após o final do parto e nos leitões antes da uniformização (24 h após o parto), aos 10 e 20 dias de vida. Leitões de primíparas consumiram menos colostro (P= 0,0027) que leitões de multíparas, mas a concentração de IgG no soro dos leitões as 24 h de vida foi semelhante (P> 0,05). O risco de mortalidade até 42 dias de vida não foi afetado pela ordem de parto das mães biológicas ou adotivas (P> 0,05). Maior chance de mortalidade foi observada em leitões de baixo (LW - 1.10–1.2 kg) e intermediário (IW - >1.2–1.3 kg) peso ao nascer que consumiram ≤150 g de colostro comparados a leitões pesados (HW - >1.3 kg) que consumiram >250 g de colostro. Leitões HW tiveram maior peso aos 20, 28 e 42 dias de vida (P< 0,05) que leitões LW, mesmo quando consumiram a mesma quantidade de colostro. A ordem de parto da mãe biológica não teve efeito no desempenho dos leitões até 42 dias de vida (P>0,05). Leitões amamentados por multíparas tiveram maior peso que aqueles amamentados por primíparas. Leitões que morreram até 42 dias de vida tinham menor (P< 0,05) peso ao nascer, ingestão de colostro e IgG no soro as 24 h de vida comparados com leitões que sobreviveram, e estes menores valores foram também observados em leitões com baixo desempenho (<9.5 kg) comparados com leitões de alto desempenho (>9.5 kg). Não houve diferença entre IgG no soro aos 10 e 20 dias de vida (P= 0,3461) entre leitões com baixo e alto desempenho. Em conclusão, leitões LW são mais dependentes da ingestão de colostro que leitões HW para assegurar a sua sobrevivência e melhor desempenho até os 42 dias de vida. A sobrevivência e o crescimento não são afetados pela ordem de parto das mães biológicas, enquanto que leitões amamentados por fêmeas multíparas possuem melhor desenvolvimento que aqueles amamentados por fêmeas primíparas. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the birth weight and colostrum intake on mortality and growth performance of piglets until 42 days of age, also taking into account the parity order of the biological and foster dams. Colostrum intake from birth to 24 h after birth was estimated in 300 piglets each from primiparous and multiparous dams by weighing at birth and 24 h of age. These piglets were then cross-fostered in 25 primiparous and 25 multiparous sows at 25.9 ± 0.09 h after farrowing. The concentration of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) was determined in the sows after the end of farrowing and in the piglets before cross-fostering (24 h after farrowing), at 10 and 20 days of age. Piglets from primiparous consumed less colostrum (P< 0.003) than piglets from multiparous dams, but their serum IgG concentrations at 24 h after birth were similar (P> 0.05). The risk of mortality until 42 days of age was not affected by the parity order of biological or foster dams (P> 0.05). Higher odds of mortality were observed in piglets of low (LW - 1.10–1.2 kg) and intermediate (IW - >1.2–1.3 kg) birth weight that consumed ≤150 g of colostrum compared to heavy piglets (HW - >1.3 kg) that consumed >250 g colostrum. HW piglets at birth had higher weight at 20, 28 and 42 days of age (P< 0.05) than LW piglets at birth, even when consuming the same amount of colostrum. The parity order of the biological dam had no effect on the performance of piglets until 42 days of age (P> 0.05). Piglets suckled by multiparous foster dams showed higher weight than those suckled by primiparous sows. Piglets that died before 42 days of age had lower (P< 0.05) birth weight, colostrum intake and serum IgG at 24 h after birth compared to surviving piglets, and these lower values were also observed in piglets with low (<9.5 kg) performance compared to high (>9.5 kg) performance piglets. There were no differences in serum IgG concentrations at 10 and 20 days of age (P= 0.346) between high and low performance piglets. In conclusion, LW piglets are more dependent on colostrum intake than HW piglets to assure higher survival and better development up to 42 days of age. Survival and growth are not affected by the parity order of the biological dam, whereas piglets suckled by multiparous sows have better development than those suckled by primiparous sows.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do peso ao nascer e ingestão de colostro na mortalidade e desempenho dos leitões levando em conta a ordem de parto das mães biológicas e adotivas. A ingestão de colostro do nascimento até as 24 horas de vida foi estimada em 300 leitões de primíparas e 300 leitões de multíparas através de pesagem ao nascimento e as 24 h de vida. Estes leitões foram uniformizados em 25 primíparas e 25 multíparas com 25,9 ± 0,09 h após o nascimento. A concentração de imunoglobulina G (IgG) no soro foi determinada nas fêmeas após o final do parto e nos leitões antes da uniformização (24 h após o parto), aos 10 e 20 dias de vida. Leitões de primíparas consumiram menos colostro (P= 0,0027) que leitões de multíparas, mas a concentração de IgG no soro dos leitões as 24 h de vida foi semelhante (P> 0,05). O risco de mortalidade até 42 dias de vida não foi afetado pela ordem de parto das mães biológicas ou adotivas (P> 0,05). Maior chance de mortalidade foi observada em leitões de baixo (LW - 1.10–1.2 kg) e intermediário (IW - >1.2–1.3 kg) peso ao nascer que consumiram ≤150 g de colostro comparados a leitões pesados (HW - >1.3 kg) que consumiram >250 g de colostro. Leitões HW tiveram maior peso aos 20, 28 e 42 dias de vida (P< 0,05) que leitões LW, mesmo quando consumiram a mesma quantidade de colostro. A ordem de parto da mãe biológica não teve efeito no desempenho dos leitões até 42 dias de vida (P>0,05). Leitões amamentados por multíparas tiveram maior peso que aqueles amamentados por primíparas. Leitões que morreram até 42 dias de vida tinham menor (P< 0,05) peso ao nascer, ingestão de colostro e IgG no soro as 24 h de vida comparados com leitões que sobreviveram, e estes menores valores foram também observados em leitões com baixo desempenho (<9.5 kg) comparados com leitões de alto desempenho (>9.5 kg). Não houve diferença entre IgG no soro aos 10 e 20 dias de vida (P= 0,3461) entre leitões com baixo e alto desempenho. Em conclusão, leitões LW são mais dependentes da ingestão de colostro que leitões HW para assegurar a sua sobrevivência e melhor desempenho até os 42 dias de vida. A sobrevivência e o crescimento não são afetados pela ordem de parto das mães biológicas, enquanto que leitões amamentados por fêmeas multíparas possuem melhor desenvolvimento que aqueles amamentados por fêmeas primíparas. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the birth weight and colostrum intake on mortality and growth performance of piglets until 42 days of age, also taking into account the parity order of the biological and foster dams. Colostrum intake from birth to 24 h after birth was estimated in 300 piglets each from primiparous and multiparous dams by weighing at birth and 24 h of age. These piglets were then cross-fostered in 25 primiparous and 25 multiparous sows at 25.9 ± 0.09 h after farrowing. The concentration of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) was determined in the sows after the end of farrowing and in the piglets before cross-fostering (24 h after farrowing), at 10 and 20 days of age. Piglets from primiparous consumed less colostrum (P< 0.003) than piglets from multiparous dams, but their serum IgG concentrations at 24 h after birth were similar (P> 0.05). The risk of mortality until 42 days of age was not affected by the parity order of biological or foster dams (P> 0.05). Higher odds of mortality were observed in piglets of low (LW - 1.10–1.2 kg) and intermediate (IW - >1.2–1.3 kg) birth weight that consumed ≤150 g of colostrum compared to heavy piglets (HW - >1.3 kg) that consumed >250 g colostrum. HW piglets at birth had higher weight at 20, 28 and 42 days of age (P< 0.05) than LW piglets at birth, even when consuming the same amount of colostrum. The parity order of the biological dam had no effect on the performance of piglets until 42 days of age (P> 0.05). Piglets suckled by multiparous foster dams showed higher weight than those suckled by primiparous sows. Piglets that died before 42 days of age had lower (P< 0.05) birth weight, colostrum intake and serum IgG at 24 h after birth compared to surviving piglets, and these lower values were also observed in piglets with low (<9.5 kg) performance compared to high (>9.5 kg) performance piglets. There were no differences in serum IgG concentrations at 10 and 20 days of age (P= 0.346) between high and low performance piglets. In conclusion, LW piglets are more dependent on colostrum intake than HW piglets to assure higher survival and better development up to 42 days of age. Survival and growth are not affected by the parity order of the biological dam, whereas piglets suckled by multiparous sows have better development than those suckled by primiparous sows.

Einleitung: Für die Nottötung von Ferkeln am landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb steht bisher kein praktikables und kostengünstiges einstufiges Verfahren zur Verfügung. Derzeit wird am häufigsten der stumpfe Schlag auf den Kopf für nicht lebensfähige Ferkel bis fünf Kilogramm Körpergewicht zur Betäubung angewendet. Anschließend müssen die Tiere entblutet werden, um den Todeseintritt sicherzustellen. Während die Effektivität des Kopfschlages stark von den Fähigkeiten der ausführenden Person abhängt und schlecht standardisierbar ist, wird das Entbluten häufig vom Personal aus hygienischen sowie emotionalen Gründen abgelehnt. Ziele der Untersuchung: In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte die Wirksamkeit des modifizierten penetrierenden Bolzenschusses zur kombinierten Betäubung und Tötung von Saugferkeln und Ferkeln bis 30 Kilogramm Körpergewicht untersucht werden. Zudem sollte eine geeignete Fixierung entwickelt werden und die Gründe für eine Nottötung sollten weitestmöglich erhoben werden. Tiere, Material und Methoden: Vor- und Hauptuntersuchung fanden zwischen Februar 2016 und Mai 2017 an zwei landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben statt. Im Rahmen der Voruntersuchung wurden die Modifikationen an den verwendeten Schussapparaten festgelegt sowie die Apparate an 20 toten Ferkeln mit einem Gewicht von 0,55 bis 27,00 Kilogramm erprobt. Dabei wurde der optimale Ansatz des Schussapparates durch eine anschließende pathologische Untersuchung aller geschossenen Tiere bestimmt. Es wurden außerdem zwei unterschiedliche Fixierungseinrichtungen (Kopfstütze und Netz) zur sicheren Durchführung der Betäubung und Tötung per penetrierendem Bolzenschuss entwickelt. Im Rahmen der Hauptuntersuchung wurden 198 Ferkel in sechs Versuchsgruppen (VG) mit einem Gewicht von 0,48 bis 39,00 Kilogramm getötet (VG 1: <1,30 kg; VG 2: 1,30-1,99 kg; VG 3: 2,00-4,99 kg; VG 4: 5,00-9,99 kg; VG 5: 10,00-19,99 kg; VG 6: 20,00->30,00 kg). Dafür wurden zwei penetrierende Bolzenschussapparate (turbocut Jopp GmbH, Bad Neustadt a. d. Saale) verwendet, wobei ein Apparat für Ferkel mit einem Gewicht bis fünf Kilogramm zum Einsatz kam (Gerät „Drei Puffer“, Bolzenaustrittslänge: 5,3 cm) und der andere für die schwereren Tiere (Gerät „Blitz Kerner“, Bolzenaustrittslänge: 8,3 cm). Neben einer Allgemeinuntersuchung vor der Tötung wurde direkt nach dem Schuss das klinische Bild erhoben sowie anhand von Reflexprüfungen, Zeit bis zur letzten Bewegung, bis zur finalen Pupillendilatation bzw. bis zum Sistieren des Herzschlages die Effektivität der Betäubung und der anschließende lückenlose Übergang in den Tod bestimmt. Der Tötungsvorgang wurde dazu jeweils per Videokamera (Digitale HD-Videokamera, Sony® HDR-PJ 260 VE, Tokio, Japan) dokumentiert. 16 der während der Hauptuntersuchung getöteten Ferkel mit einem Gewicht von 0,66 bis 39,00 Kilogramm wurden außerdem pathologisch untersucht. Um den Einfluss der untersuchten Variablen Gewicht, Allgemeinbefinden und Genauigkeit des Ansatzes des Schussapparates auf die Gesamtkrampfdauer sowie auf die Zeitintervalle bis zur letzten Bewegung und bis zur finalen Pupillendilatation zu bestimmen, wurde jeweils eine Kovarianzanalyse durchgeführt. Der Kruskal- Wallis-Test wurde verwendet, um die Abhängigkeit der Variablen Gesamtkrampfdauer und Zeitintervall bis zur letzten Bewegung sowie bis zur finalen Pupillendilatation von den Versuchsgruppen zu überprüfen. Ergebnisse: Die häufigsten Gründe für eine Nottötung waren Gelenkschwellungen und –entzündungen (35,4 % der Tiere). Die angestrebte Schussposition (bei Saugferkeln ca. 1-2 cm und bei größeren Ferkeln ca. 3-3,5 cm über der Augenhöhe in der Medianen; Schussrichtung dabei möglichst parallel zur Körperlängsachse in Richtung Schwanz) wurde bei knapp einem Viertel (24 %) der geschossenen Tiere nicht ganz genau erreicht, sondern es ergaben sich leichte Abweichungen. Dennoch war die erzielte Effektivität der Betäubung und Tötung mit 98,5 % sehr gut und wurde nur bei einem Tier aufgrund von Atembewegungen als nicht ausreichend bewertet. Dieses und eines der beiden Tiere mit fraglicher Betäubungseffektivität wurden nachgeschossen. Die nur bei wenigen Ferkeln zunächst tonischen und ansonsten überwiegend klonischen Krämpfe endeten bei fast allen Ferkeln (94 %) innerhalb von zwei Minuten nach dem Schuss. Sie waren bei Tieren mit stark beeinträchtigtem Allgemeinbefinden signifikant kürzer als bei solchen mit einer nur mäßigen Beeinträchtigung (p < 0,0001). Die untersuchten Einflussfaktoren erklärten jedoch nur 13 % der Variabilität der Krampfdauer. Bei den meisten Ferkeln endeten die Bewegungen und trat die finale Pupillendilatation innerhalb von vier Minuten nach dem Schuss ein. Fünf Ferkel bewegten sich länger als zehn Minuten. Bei Ansatz des Schussapparates mit Abweichungen endeten die Bewegungen später (p = 0,041) und auch die finale Pupillendilatation trat später ein (p = 0,016). Die untersuchten Einflussfaktoren erklärten jedoch nur 2 % der Variabilität der Bewegungsdauer bzw. 6 % der Variabilität der Dauer bis zur finalen Pupillendilatation. Der Herzschlag war in 63 % der Fälle bereits vier Minuten nach dem Schuss nicht mehr auskultierbar, in 2,2 % der Fälle jedoch noch länger als zehn Minuten. Das Elektrokardiogramm zeigte noch länger eine Herzaktivität an. Diese hielt bei 56 % der Ferkel mehr als zehn Minuten nach dem Schuss an. Die pathologischen Untersuchungen belegten, dass bei allen untersuchten Tieren das Stammhirn in unterschiedlichem Umfang zerstört worden war. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Untersuchung hat gezeigt, dass der modifizierte penetrierende Bolzenschuss ein praktikables und gut standardisierbares einstufiges Betäubungs- und Tötungsverfahren und damit ein sicheres Verfahren zur Nottötung von Ferkeln bis 30 Kilogramm Körpergewicht ist. Eine entsprechende Änderung der Tierschutz-Schlachtverordnung wird empfohlen. Der Schussbolzen verursacht zum einen eine Betäubung und wirkt des Weiteren tödlich durch eine Zerstörung des Stammhirns entsprechend der Wirkungsweise eines Gehirn-/Rückenmarkzerstörers. Nachteilig auf die Durchführbarkeit der Methode könnte sich die starke Krampfaktivität nach dem Schuss auswirken. Auch aufgrund des Blutverlustes aus dem Schussloch kann sie von Anwendern und Zuschauern aus ästhetischen Gründen abgelehnt werden. Im Anschluss an die Untersuchung konnte ein praxistauglicher Leitfaden für die Durchführung der Nottötung von Ferkeln bis 30 Kilogramm Lebendgewicht am landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb per Bolzenschuss als Ein-Schritt-Methode erstellt werden. / Introduction: There is currently no practical and cost-effective one-stage procedure available for the emergency killing of piglets on farm. At the moment, the percussive blow to the head is most commonly used for non-viable piglets up to five kilograms for stunning. The stunning must be followed by the bleeding of the animals to ensure their death. The effectiveness of the percussive blow to the head is heavily depending on the skills of the operator and difficult to standardize. Bleeding is often rejected by the staff for hygienic and emotional reasons. Objective: The aim of this work was to investigate the effectiveness of the modified penetrating captive bolt as a procedure for the combined stunning and killing of suckling piglets and piglets up to 30 kilograms of body weight. In addition, an appropriate fixation device should have been developed and the reasons for an emergency killing should have been investigated as far as possible. Animals, material and methods: The preliminary as well as the main investigation took place between February 2016 and May 2017 on two farms. In the course of the preliminary investigation, the modifications to the captive bolt devices were determined and the devices were tested on 20 dead piglets weighing between 0.55 and 27.00 kilograms. The optimal position for the application of the captive bolt device was determined by a subsequent pathological examination of all the animals shot. Additionally, two different fixation devices (headrest and net) were developed for the safe execution of the stunning and killing by penetrating captive bolt. As part of the main investigation, a total of 198 piglets in six groups (VG) weighing between 0.48 and 39.00 kilograms were killed (VG 1: <1.30 kg; VG 2: 1.30-1.99 kg; VG 3: 2.00-4.99 kg; VG 4: 5.00-9.99 kg; VG 5: 10.00-19.99 kg; VG 6: 20.00->30.00 kg). For this purpose, two penetrating captive bolt devices (turbocut Jopp GmbH, Bad Neustadt a. d. Saale, Germany) were used, one for piglets weighing up to five kilograms (device 'Drei Puffer', bolt exit length: 5.3 cm) and the other one for the heavier animals (device 'Blitz Kerner', bolt exit length: 8.3 cm). In addition to a general examination before killing, the clinical presentation was recorded immediately after the shot and the effectiveness of the stunning and the subsequent complete transition to death were determined on the basis of reflex tests, time until the last movement, until the final dilatation of the pupil and until the cessation of cardiac activity. The killing process was documented by a video camera (digital HD-video camera, Sony® HDR-PJ 260 VE, Tokyo, Japan). 16 of the piglets killed during the main investigation, weighing from 0.66 to 39.00 kilograms, were also examined pathologically. In order to determine the influence of the variables weight, general condition - 95 - and accuracy of the shooting position on the total convulsion duration as well as on the time intervals to the last movement and up to the final pupil dilation, analysis of covariance was performed. The Kruskal-Wallis-test was used to check the dependence of the variables total convulsion duration and time interval to the last movement as well as to the final pupil dilation on the experimental groups. Results: The swelling and the inflammation of the joints were the most frequent causes for an emergency killing (34.5% of the animals). The desired position for the application of the captive bolt gun (approx. 1-2 cm above eye level in the median for suckling piglets and approx. 3-3.5 cm above eye level in the median for larger piglets; the direction of the shot should be parallel to the body's longitudinal axis in the direction of the tail) was not exactly achieved in almost a quarter of the animals shot (24%), but slight deviations occurred. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the stunning and killing was very good with 98.5% and only one animal was evaluated as insufficient due to breathing movements. This and one of the two animals with questionable stunning effectiveness were reshot. The initially tonic cramps in only a few piglets and otherwise predominantly clonic cramps ended in almost all piglets (94%) within two minutes after the shot. They were significantly shorter in animals with severely impaired general condition than in those with only moderate impairment (p < 0.0001). However, the factors investigated explained only 13% of the variability of the total convulsion duration. For most piglets, the movements ended and the final dilatation of the pupil occurred within four minutes after the shot. Five piglets moved for more than ten minutes. When the captive bolt device was attached with deviations, the movements ended later (p = 0.041) and the final dilatation of the pupil also occurred later (p = 0.016). However, the factors investigated explained only 2% of the variability of the movement duration and 6 % of the variability of the duration until the final dilatation of the pupil. In 63% of the cases, the heartbeat could no longer be detected by stethoscope four minutes after the shot, but in 2.2% of the cases it was still longer than ten minutes. The electrocardiogram showed even longer heart activity. In 56% of the piglets this activity lasted more than ten minutes after the shot. The pathological examinations showed that the brain stem had been destroyed to varying degrees in all the animals examined. Conclusions: The investigation has shown that the modified penetrating captive bolt is a practicable and well standardizable single-stage stunning and killing procedure and thus a safe method for the emergency killing of piglets up to 30 kilograms of body weight. A corresponding amendment to the national Animal Welfare Slaughter Ordinance is recommended. The bolt leads to stunning and it also acts fatally by destroying the brainstem according to the mode of action of pithing. The strong convulsive activity after the shot could have a negative effect on the feasibility of the method. It can also be rejected by users and spectators for aesthetic reasons due to the loss of blood from the shot hole. Following the study, a practical guide for carrying out the emergency killing of piglets up to 30 kg of live weight on farm by captive bolt as a one-step method could be drawn up.