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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Associação de probióticos no aleitamento e creche em leitões desafiados com Salmonella Typhimurium / Association of probiotics in lactation and nursery in piglets challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium

Afonso, Esther Ramalho 28 April 2011 (has links)
O experimento associando probióticos no aleitamento e creche utilizou 144 leitões do nascimento até aos 62 dias de idade no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Suínos (FMVZ USP). No aleitamento, o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos e na creche em blocos casualizados formando o esquema fatorial 2x3 com seis tratamentos. A unidade experimental no aleitamento foi a baia maternidade constituída de grade de parição e na creche gaiola suspensa com 3 animais cada, constituindo, 8 repetições por tratamento. Aos 35 dias de idade os animais da creche foram inoculados com cepa de Salmonella Typhimurium via oral. Na maternidade os tratamentos foram: Placebo (PLA), 1mL de água destilada e Probiótico A (ProbA), 5g em 15mL de água destilada. O ProbA foi aplicado em duas ocasiões, ao nascimento e 12 horas antes do desafio e os animais que não receberam ProbA, receberam PLA. Os tratamentos na creche foram: Probiótico A Probiótico B (ProbA ProbB) 30g/tonelada de ProbB na ração; Controle Probiótico B (CTL ProbB): 30g/tonelada de ProbB na ração; Probiótico A Probiótico A(ProbA ProbA); Controle Controle (CTL CTL); Probiótico A Desafio (ProbA DES); Controle Desafio (CTL DES). As variáveis; peso, consumo, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar, foram analisadas em medidas repetidas no tempo com contrastes e o escore de fezes submetido à análise de variância pelo teste de Tukey. Foi utilizado o programa computacional Statistical Analysis System SAS. Na maternidade o peso médio do ProbA foi superior ao PLA, não observando-se diferenças no ganho de peso. Na creche o ProbA mostrou-se significativamente melhor em comparação aos demais tratamentos na conversão alimentar. No escore fezes, os animais desafiados apresentaram mais diarréia, e mais eliminação de S. Typhimurium, evidenciando o efeito positivo do desafio programado. A avaliação histológica aos 63 dias revelou aspecto similar nos diferentes grupos com e sem desafio. A eficiência econômica destacou o CTL ProbB.. O estudo indicou ação positiva dos probióticos quando aplicado logo ao nascimento, por influenciar diretamente na formação da microbiota intestinal, em fases mais adiantadas como na creche os efeitos são menos diretos. / The experiment involving probiotics in lactation and nursery were used one hundred and forty four piglets were used from birth to 62 days of age at Swine Research Laboratory (USP FMVZ). In the lactation, the experimental design was randomized with two treatments and in the nursery were randomized blocks forming a 2x3 factorial, consisting of six treatments. The experimental unit considered was the pen with 3 animals, with 8 repetitions per treatment. At 35 days of age the nursery animals were inoculated with a Salmonella Typhimurium strain orally. The treatments in the maternity were: Placebo (PLA): 1mL of distilled water and Probiotic A (ProbA): 5g in 15ml of distilled water. The ProbA was applied twice, at birth and 12 hours before the challenge and the animals that received no ProbA, received PLA. At the nursery twelve hours before the challenge, the same group of piglets that received ProbA and PLA in the maternity, received reinforcement for ProbA and PLA. In the nursery: Probiotic A Probiotic B (ProbA ProbB): 30g/ton of diet; Control Probiotic B (ProbB CTL): 30g/ton of diet; Probiotic A probiotic A (ProbA probA) Control Control (CTL CTL) Probiotic Challenge (DES ProbA) Control Challenge (CTL DES).The variables analyzed were weight, consumption, weight gain and feed conversion. The variables were analyzed with repeated measures contrasts and fecal score variable was subjected to analysis of variance by Tukey test. We used the computer program Statistical Analysis System SAS. In maternity, ProbA was superior to PLA treatment and did not observe differences in weight gain. At nursery the ProbA ProbA was significantly better compared to the other treatments in feed conversion. In the feces score, challenged animals showed high scores and greater elimination of S. Typhimurium, showing the effects of the programmed challenge. Histological evaluation at 63 days showed similar appearance within different groups (challenged or not). Economic evaluation shows CTL ProbB. The study indicated positive action of probiotics applied shortly after birth, by directly influencing the formation of the intestinal tract and in nursery as the effects are less direct.
62

Impacto de estratégias nutricionais no custo do manejo dos dejetos de suínos / Impact of nutritional strategies on cost management of pig manure

Afonso, Esther Ramalho 01 July 2015 (has links)
O estudo tem como objetivo propor método de avaliação de efeito econômico do manejo dos dejetos com a utilização de diferentes estratégias nutricionais de suínos em crescimento e terminação. Especificamente, procura-se: i) Calcular as margens de comercialização para as diferentes estratégias nutricionais; ii)Avaliar o efeito econômico das diferentes estratégias nutricionais na excreção e aproveitamento de nutrientes pelos animais; iii) Valorar o consumo de água dos animais; iv) Valorar os dejetos gerados pelos suínos em relação ao seu potencial uso como fertilizante orgânico; v) Avaliar o impacto de cada estratégia nutricional sobre o custo do armazenamento (esterqueira) e uso dos dejetos, e sobre o seu tratamento por biodigestor e posterior utilização; vi) Avaliar a viabilidade econômica dos diferentes sistemas nutricionais e posterior utilização dos dejetos como fertilizante orgânico após tratamento por biodigestor e esterqueira. Os tratamentos a partir dos quais os dados foram obtidos são: T1: Dieta com nível alto de proteína bruta e suplementação mínima de aminoácidos (Dieta Controle); T2: T1 com redução do nível de proteína bruta, mediante a suplementação de lisina, metionina, treonina e triptofano industriais, considerando o conceito de proteína ideal; T3: T1 com a inclusão de 0, 010 (%/kg de dieta) fitase e redução dos teores de cálcio e fósforo da dieta; T4: T1 com a suplementação de 40% de minerais orgânicos (Cu, Zn e Mn) e 50% de minerais inorgânicos; T5: T1 combinando os tratamentos descritos anteriormente. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o pacote computacional SAS, com nível de significância de 5%. As características de desempenho zootécnico, peso médio, consumo médio de ração, ganho médio de peso e conversão alimentar e as margens de comercialização não apresentaram diferenças significativas nos diferentes tratamentos e períodos. Os tratamentos T4 e T5 apresentaram melhor eficiência na utilização de nutriente e menor excreção dos nutrientes.Os tratamentos T5 e T4 apresentaram menor consumo e menor custo na valoração da água. A valoração dos dejetos foi favorável ao T1 com maior quantidade de NPK. Os tratamentos ambientalmente mais eficientes apresentaram menores custos na construção da esterqueira e biodigestor em ambos os materiais, PVC e PEAD; os mesmos tratamentos apresentaram menor potencial fertilizante; o caminhão com tanque de 15t apresentou menores custos no transporte e distribuição dos dejetos. Em todos os cenários avaliados dos diferentes sistemas nutricionais e posterior utilização dos dejetos como fertilizante orgânico após tratamento por biodigestor e esterqueira foram viáveis economicamente com payback de um ano. Os métodos ambientais propostos se mostraram válidos, pois foram capazes de identificar que dietas com maior aporte tecnológico apresentaram vantagens frente à dieta controle, entretanto economicamente o T1 apresentou maior quantidade na produção e consequente valoração de NPK. / The study aims to propose economic effect evaluation method of manure management with the use of different nutritional strategies of growing and finishing pigs. Specifically, the objectives were: i) To calculate marketing margins for the different nutritional strategies; ii) To evaluate the economic effect of different nutritional strategies on excretion and utilization of nutrients by the animals; iii) Valuing water consumption of animals; iv) Valuing the waste generated by the pigs in relation to its potential use as organic fertilizer; v) Valuing the impact of each nutritional strategy on storage cost (composting) and use of waste products, and about their treatment by bio-digester and later use; and vi) Valuing the economic viability of the different nutritional systems and subsequent use of manure as organic fertilizer after treatment by bio-digester and composting. The treatments from which data were collected were: T1: diet with high level of crude protein and minimum supplementation of amino acids (Control Diet); T2: Diet T1 with a reduction in the level of crude protein by supplementation of lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan, assuring the industrial ideal protein of all essential amino acids; T3: T1 with the inclusion of 0.010 phytase (%/kg diet) and reduction of the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the diet; T4: T1 with 40% supplementation of organic minerals (Cu, Zn and Mn) and 50% of inorganic minerals; T5: T1 combining the treatments described previously. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS computing package, with a significance level of 5%. The performance characteristics, average weight, average consumption of rations, average gain of weight and feed conversion and marketing margins showed no significant differences in the treatments and periods. The treatments T4 and T5 showed better efficiency in nutrient utilization and lower nutrient excretion. The T5 and T4 treatments showed lower consumption and lower cost at valuation of water. The valuation of the manure was favorable to T1 with largest amount of NPK. Environmentally efficient treatments showed lower costs in building the composting and biodigester in both materials, PVC and PEAD; the same treatments showed lower potential fertilizer; the tank truck 15 m3 presented lower costs in transportation and distribution of manure. In all scenarios evaluated the different nutritional systems and subsequent use of manure as organic fertilizer after treatment by bio-digester and composting were economically viable with payback of one year. Environmental methods proposed were valid, because they were able to identify that diets with higher technological contribution presented advantages the control diet, however economically the T1 was more quantity in production and consequent valuation of NPK.
63

Efeito da combinação de probióticos na dieta de leitões desafiados com Salmonella Typhimurium / Effect of combination of probiotics in swine feed challenge with Salmonella Typhimurium

Parazzi, Larissa José 30 June 2010 (has links)
O estudo fundamentou-se na utilização de probióticos como promotores de crescimento alternativos na alimentação de suínos dada a proibição, por parte da União Européia, do uso de alguns antibióticos, que podem causar resistência aos antimicrobianos e riscos à saúde humana pelo consumo da carne. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Suínos (LPS), com 160 leitões desmamados aos 23 dias de idade até os 138 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em função do peso e sexo, sendo a unidade experimental considerada a baia com 4 animais, constituindo, portanto, 5 repetições por tratamento. Aos 51 dias de idade os animais foram inoculados com uma cepa de Salmonella Typhimurium via oral. Os tratamentos foram: PA 44: Probiótico A: 4 Kg/tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 dias de idade; PB 44: Probiótico B: 2 Kg/ tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 dias de idade; PA 65: Probiótico A: 4 Kg/tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 e 2 kg/tonelada de ração dos 45 aos 65 dias de idade; PB 65: Probiótico B: 2 Kg/tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 e 1 kg/tonelada de ração dos 45 aos 65 dias de idade; PA 138: Probiótico A: 4 Kg/tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 e 2 kg/ tonelada de ração dos 45 aos 138 dias de idade; PB 138: Probiótico B: 2 Kg/tonelada de ração, dos 23 aos 44 e 1 kg/tonelada de ração dos 45 aos 138 dias de idade; controle positivo: ração com antimicrobiano e sem probióticos e controle negativo: ração sem antimicrobiano e sem probióticos. Foram analisados os parâmetros peso, ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar. Aspectos clínicos e sanitários também foram avaliados, incluindo freqüência de diarréia, temperatura retal, swabs retais para verificação da freqüência da salmonela nas fezes e parâmetros sanguíneos. As variáveis foram analisadas por medidas repetidas no tempo com contrastes. Foi utilizado o SAS 9.0. Em relação ao peso médio, observou-se, no período de creche, que o controle positivo se sobressaiu frente aos probióticos, mas no período de crescimento, por volta dos 106 dias de idade, os grupos se igualaram, não havendo diferenças significativas. No período total de creche e crescimento/terminação, o ganho de peso dos animais do controle positivo foi numericamente superior comparativamente aos probióticos (p=0,0876 para o probiótico A e p=0,0635 para o probiótico B). O consumo de ração foi menor para o controle negativo em relação aos probióticos. A conversão alimentar foi melhor para o controle positvo em relação aos probióticos, na fase de creche. Na freqüência de diarréia o efeito do desafio programado foi evidenciado, mostrando no controle negativo maior freqüência, ressaltada principalmente pela classificação em fezes líquidas, em comparação aos probióticos e controle positivo. A temperatura retal e a presença do agente nas fezes não se mostraram diferentes nos tratamentos, o mesmo ocorrendo com relação aos parâmetros sanguíneos. Portanto, as evidências encontradas quanto aos parâmetros clínicos e sanitários demonstraram de uma maneira geral, que os probióticos e os antimicrobianos podem agir de forma diferenciada, mas apresentando as mesmas respostas que repercutem em desempenhos semelhantes até o final da fase de terminação. Concluiu-se na avaliação de desempenho associada aos aspectos econômicos, que o probiótico A, dentre os tratamentos, foi mais viável, com a administração até 44 e 65 dias de idade dos leitões. A continuidade dos estudos com probióticos é necessária, dada a variabilidade de fatores que interferem no seu melhor aproveitamento como promotor de crescimento. / The study was based on the use of probiotics as growth promoter in the swine feeding due to the prohibition, by the European Union, on the use of some antibiotics by its possibility of causing antimicrobial resistance and risks for human health by meat consumption. The experiment was conducted in LPS, with 160 piglets weaned at 23 days of age until 138 days of age. The experimental design was a randomized block according to weight and sex, the experimental unit considered was the pen holding 4 animals each, thus with 5 repetitions per treatment. At 51 days of age the animals were inoculated with a strain of Salmonella Typhimurium orally. The treatments were: PA44= Probiotic A: 4 kg/ton of ration, from 23 to 44 days of age; PB44= Probiotic B: 2 Kg/ton of ration, from 23 to 44 days of age; PA65= Probiotic A: 4 kg/ton of ration from 23 to 44 days of age and 2 kg/ton of ration from 45 to 65 days of age, PB65= Probiotic B: 2 kg/ton of ration, from 23 to 44 days of age and 1 kg/ton of ration from 45 to 65 days of age; PA138= Probiotic A: 4 kg/ton of ration from 23 to 44 days of age and 1 kg/ton of ration from 45 to 138 days of age; PB138= Probiotic B: 2 kg/ton of ration from 23 to 44 days of age and 1 kg/ton of ration from 45 to 138 days of age; Positive Control= ration with antimicrobial and no probiotics and Negative Control= ration with no antimicrobials nor probiotics. The parameters analyzed were weight, weight gain, ration intake and feed conversion. Clinical and sanitary aspects were also evaluated, diarrhea frequency, rectal temperature, rectal swabs for salmonella verification and blood parameters. The variables were analyzed by repetitive measures on time with the established contrasts. SAS 9.0 was used. Regarding average weight, it was observed, during the nursery period, that the positive control stood out compared to the probiotics, but during growing, around 106 days of age, the groups equaled, with no significant differences. During the total period of nursery and growing/finishing, the weight gain from the animals of the positive control was numerically superior compared to the probiotics (p=0,0876 for probiotic A and p=0,0635 for probiotic B). Feed intake was lower for negative control when compared to probiotics. In the nursery period feed conversiom was better than the positive control in relation to probiotics. In the diarrhea frequency the effect from the programmed challenge was evidenced; showing a higher frequency in the negative control, emphasized mainly for the liquid feces classification in comparison to the probiotics and positive control. The rectal temperature and the presence of the agent in the feces did not differ between treatments, as well as the blood parameters. Therefore, the evidence found regarding clinical parameters and health in general demonstrated that probiotics ant antiotics may act differently, but with the same answer that echo in similar performaces until the end of the finishing period. In conclusion, the evaluation of performance associated with economic aspects, among the treatments, with the probiotics A, both 44 and 65, was better than the positive control. The continuation of studies with probiotics is necessary, given the variability of factors that interfere with its best use as growth promoter.
64

Avaliação do desempenho de Suínos Alimentados com Mananoligossacarídeos (MOS) / Effects of mannan oligosaccharides on gilts and litters performance

Horta, Felipe de Conti 21 August 2009 (has links)
O presente estudo buscou avaliar os efeitos dos Mananoligossacarídeos (MOS) como aditivo alimentar no desempenho de primíparas suínas em final de gestação e em lactação, bem como no desempenho e na saúde dos leitões até os 65 dias de idade. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Suínos (VNP-FMVZ-USP) Pirassununga SP. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial de tratamentos, sendo um fator o fornecimento dos MOS para fêmeas e o segundo para os leitões. Foram utilizadas 17 primíparas prenhes, tratadas a partir de 81 &plusmn;1,36 dias de gestação com 0,2% de MOS na dieta. Aos 82 &plusmn; 1,36 dias de gestação as fêmeas foram submetidas à coleta de sangue e à vacinação contra rinite atrófica progressiva, sendo pesadas quinzenalmente até a transferência para a maternidade, aos 109 &plusmn; 1,36 dias de gestação. Na segunda quinzena as fêmeas tratadas apresentaram uma vantagem numérica no ganho de peso médio diário (P=0,063). Durante o parto foram colhidas amostras de sangue e colostro para titulação de anticorpos contra o antígeno vacinal, sendo consideradas positivas 66,67% das fêmeas MOS e 42,86% das fêmeas controle. Os leitões aleitados por fêmeas tratadas tiveram um maior ganho numérico de peso na primeira semana (p=0,0614), significativo na segunda semana (p=0,047). Na terceira semana foi introduzido o segundo fator através do oferecimento de alimento sólido (0,4% de MOS). No período total, do nascimento aos 21 dias, foi observada uma vantagem numérica (p=0,0989) no ganho de peso a favor dos leitões de fêmeas MOS. As fêmeas, contudo, não diferiram quanto à variação de peso ou consumo durante a fase de lactação. Aos 23 &plusmn; 1,91 dias de idade dos leitões foi realizado o desmame abrupto com a transferência dos leitões para unidade de creche, onde foram alojados em gaiolas para 4 animais. O peso ao desmame foi maior nos leitões aleitados por fêmeas tratadas (p<0,0001), bem como em todas as pesagens semanais até a quinta semana pós-desmame. O consumo na primeira semana sofreu influência da suplementação de MOS nas fêmeas e do maior peso à desmama se mostrando superior nesses animais (P=0,049) influenciando diretamente o ganho de peso, superior na segunda semana (p=0,002). O MOS para os leitões aumentou o consumo de alimento (p=0,0784), e a conversão alimentar na segunda semana (p=0,0103). Aos 14 dias pós-desmame foram colhidas amostras de sangue para hemograma e realizada a aplicação oral de 108 UFC de Salmonella Typhimurium. Foram observadas diariamente a consistência das fezes por 28 dias e aferidas as temperaturas retais por 9 dias. Leitões tratados com MOS e os leitões oriundos de fêmeas MOS tenderam a apresentar o pico de hipertermia mais cedo que os demais (p=0,0629 e p=0,0976, respectivamente) e os leitões alimentados com MOS tenderam a ter uma temperatura de pico mais baixa (p=0,0989). Na última semana os leitões de fêmeas MOS apresentaram um maior consumo (p=0,0007) e uma incidência de Salmonella numéricamente inferior em linfonodos mesentéricos e nas fezes colhidas aos 36 dias pós-desafio. Pode-se concluir que a suplementação de MOS para primíparas prenhes e lactentes pode melhorar o desempenho e a saúde entérica de seus leitões nas fases de aleitamento e creche. / The present study evaluated the effects of mananoligossacarides (MOS) as a feed additive on the performance of primiparous sows in late gestation and lactation, as well as on performance and health status of their progeny up to 65 days of age. The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of Swine Research (FMVZ/USP) Pirassununga SP. For this purpose a completely random factorial design was used, factors which corresponded to (1) feeding sows with MOS and (2) feeding piglets with MOS, characterizing 4 treatments: MM Feeding MOS to both sows and piglets, MC Feeding MOS only to the sows, CM Feeding MOS only to piglets, CC Control diets for both sows and piglets. A total of seventeen pregnant gilts were used, and divided into 2 groups: MOS (n=9) and Control (n=8). MOS gilts had 0,1% MOS added to their diets from 81 &plusmn; 1,36 days of gestation onward. On day 82 &plusmn; 1,36 blood was collected and vaccination against Progressive Atrophic Rhinitis was conducted. Animals were weighted biweekly until 109 &plusmn; 1,36 days of gestation, when transference to the farrowing unit was conducted. Between the first and second weighing, MOS gilts show a numerical advantage in daily weight gain (p=0,063). At farrowing, blood and colostrum samples were collected for determination antibodies titles against vaccine antigen, being considered positive 66,67% and 42,86% of MOS and Control sows, respectively. Piglets nursed by MOS sows had a numerical advantage in weight gain in the first week (p=0,0614), with statistical significance in the second week (p=0,047). On the third week, the second factor was introduced by the offering of solid feed (0,4% MOS). During the suckling period, from birth to 21 days of age, a numerical advantage in weight gain was observed for MOS sows piglets (p=0,0989). The sows themselves did not differ in weight change or feed consumption. At 23 &plusmn; 1,91 days of age, weaning was conducted, as piglets were transferred to nursing facilities and allocated in pens of 4 animals. Weight of MOS sows piglets was higher at weaning (p<0,001) and until the 5th week port-weaning. Feed consumption was affected by MOS supplementation of sows and by the higher weaning weight (p=0,0049), directly influencing weight gain, which was superior in the 2nd week. Feeding MOS to piglets enhanced feed consumption (p=0,0784) and feed conversion (p=0,0103) on the 2nd week. At 14 days of age, blood samples were collected for hemogram analysis and an oral dose of 108 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium administered. Fecal consistency and rectal temperature were evaluated for 28 and 9 days, respectively. Piglets treated with MOS and MOS sows\' piglets tended to show a peek of hyperthermia earlier (p=0,0629 e p=0,0976, respectively). Piglets fed with MOS tended to show a lower temperature peek (p=0.0989). In the last week, MOS sows\' piglets show a higher feed consumption (p=0.0007) and a numerically inferior Salmonella incidence in mesenteric lymph nodes and feces 36 days after the bacterial challenge. In conclusion, supplementing primiparous sows with MOS during gestation and lactation can enhance their body weight gain and the performance and intestinal health of the offspring during the suckling and nursing period.
65

Influência do uso profilático de antimicrobiano sobre o desempenho e a frequência de diarreia em leitões recém-nascidos / Influence of the prophylactic use of antimicrobials on the performance and frequency of diarrhea in newborn piglets

Campos, Gustavo Amorim de 29 July 2016 (has links)
O uso profilático dos antimicrobianos é frequente na produção animal para a prevenção de infecções entéricas ou respiratórias de origem bacteriana, contudo, pouco se conhece a respeito do impacto dessa administração. Assim, o presente estudo avaliou o uso profilático de ceftiofur em leitões neonatos sobre a ocorrência de infecções, o desempenho, a frequência de dias com escore fecal alterado e a quantificação de bactérias eliminadas nas fezes na maternidade e na creche. Foram utilizados 174 leitões recém-nascidos divididos em dois tratamentos: Ceftiofur (CEF, 5 mL/kg, n=89) e Controle (CTR, solução salina tamponada, n=85), ambos administrados no primeiro dia de vida e pela via de intramuscular. O delineamento foi em blocos, sendo considerados a ordem de parto e o peso dos leitões como bloco e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, empregando-se o programa SAS (2002). O nível de significância considerado foi de 5%. Na maternidade, os leitões tratados com ceftiofur não apresentaram redução na ocorrência de infecções e na eliminação de bactérias nas fezes, assim como não houve maior frequência de escore fecal alterado. Verificou-se um aumento gradativo na eliminação de bactérias até o 14º dia de vida com posterior declínio (P<,0001). Já para o desempenho, os leitões que receberam o ceftiofur apresentaram peso superior aos 21 dias de idade (P=0,0002) e o ganho de peso superior (P<,0001) em relação ao controle. Esta última característica também aumentou com o avançar da idade (P<,0001). Na creche, o tratamento ceftiofur não foi capaz de influenciar a ocorrência de infecções, bem como não interferiu no escore fecal (P>0,005), no desempenho (P>0,005) e na quantificação de bactérias eliminadas (P=0,6833). Conclui-se que a administração profilática de ceftiofur no primeiro dia de vida do leitão não reduziu a ocorrência de infecções, não reduziu a frequência de dias com escore fecal alterado e os leitões não eliminaram menor quantidade de bactérias nas fezes na maternidade e na creche, contudo os leitões apresentaram melhor desempenho durante o aleitamento, mas não na fase de creche / Prophylactic use of antimicrobials is a widespread practice in livestock production as a therapy for enteric or respiratory bacterial infections, however, little is known regarding the consequences of this management. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the prophylactic use of ceftiofur on the occurrence of infections, performance, frequency of days with altered fecal score as well as the quantification of bacteria excreted through feces of suckling and nursery piglets. For this purpose, 174 newborn piglets were assigned to two treatments as follows: Ceftiofur (CEF, 5 mL/kg, n=89) and Control (CTR, tamponed saline solution, n=85), both administered intramuscularly on the first day of life. The experimental design was in blocks; parturition order and piglet weight was considered as one block. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using the SAS software (2002). At the level of 5% of significance. During the suckling period, piglets treated with ceftiofur showed no reduction in the occurrence of infections and the excretion of bacteria through feces; also the frequency of altered fecal score was unchanged. There was a gradual increase in fecal bacterial excretion until the 14th day of life, declining after this period (P<.0001). Regarding piglet performance, the group treated with ceftiofur were heavier at 21 days (P=0.0002) and had higher average daily gain (ADG) (P<.0001) compared to control. Moreover, ADG traits also increased concomitantly with the age (P<.0001). In nursery piglets, treatment with ceftiofur had no influence on the occurrence of infections, fecal score (P>0.005), performance (P>0.005) and quantification of excreted fecal bacteria (P=0.6833). In conclusion, prophylactic use of ceftiofur on the first day of the piglets life was not able to reduce the occurrence of infections, had no influence in the frequency of days with altered fecal score and piglets did not excreted fewer bacteria in feces, however, piglets showed better performance during the suckling period, but not in the nursery period
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Comportamento dos leitões e das fêmeas durante as mamadas e desempenho dos leitões quando submetidos a três diferentes manejos de uniformização / Behavior of piglets and sows during nursings and pig performance when submited to three different management of crossfostering

Heim, Giseli January 2010 (has links)
O experimento avaliou o comportamento da fêmea e dos leitões e o desempenho destes do nascimento ao desmame após as leitegadas serem submetidas a três diferentes manejos de uniformização. A uniformização foi realizada em média 20,1 ± 0,4 horas (amplitude de 14,3 – 24,7 horas) após o parto. Foram formados três grupos: 100B (leitegada composta por 100% leitões filhos biológicos, n= 13), 50BX50A (50% biológicos e 50% adotados, n=13) e 100A (100% adotados, n=13). Todas as leitegadas foram compostas por 11 leitões com peso médio ao nascimento (média: 1454,9 ± 74,6 g; amplitude de 1065 – 1940 g). O comportamento das fêmeas e dos leitões foi avaliado durante quatro mamadas consecutivas, em quatro dias de observação (dias 1, 2, 4 e 6 após o parto, considerando o dia 1 o dia da uniformização). Os leitões foram pesados nos dias 4, 7, 10, 13 e 16. No primeiro dia de avaliação, o grupo 100B teve menor número (P<0,05) de brigas por teto (0.9 vs. 1.6 vs. 1.4) que os outros grupos e tendeu a ter um menor percentual (P<0,07) de leitões envolvidos nessas brigas que o grupo 100A (49,6%, 67,2% e 64,9% para 100B, 100A e 50BX50A, respectivamente). As mamadas produtivas, (3,3, 3,3, 3,8 e 3,8 para os dias 1, 2, 4 e 6, respectivamente), a taxa de sobrevivência (total 97,2%) e a média de peso dos leitões (1983, 2650, 3411, 4207 e 5047 g para os dias 4, 7, 10, 13 e 16, respectivamente) foram semelhantes (P>0,05) entre os grupos. Apesar do menor número de brigas no primeiro dia de observação do grupo 100B, a uniformização realizada em média com 20 horas após o nascimento não tem efeitos adversos na taxa de sobrevivência e desempenho dos leitões adotados e biológicos. / The experiment evaluated behaviour of sows and piglets and performance of piglets from birth up to weaning after undergoing three different managements of crossfostering. Crossfostering was carried out within on average 20.1 ± 0.4 hours (range of 14.3 – 24.7 hours) after farrowing. Three groups were formed: 100B (100% biological piglets, n= 13), 50BX50A (50% biological piglets and 50% adopted piglets, n=13) and 100A (100% adopted piglets, n=13). All litters were standardized to eleven piglets with medium weight at birth (average: 1454.9 ± 74.6 g; range of 1065 – 1940 g). Behaviour of dams and piglets was evaluated during four consecutive days (day 1, 2, 4 and 6 after farrowing, considering day 1 as the crossfostering day). Piglets were weighed at days 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16. At first day of assessment, 100B group had low number (P<0.05) of fights for teat (0.9 vs. 1.6 vs. 1.4) than other groups and tended to have a lower percentage (P<0.07) of piglets involved in fights than 100A group (49.6%, 67.2% and 64.9% for 100B, 100A and 50BX50A, respectively). Productive nursing episodes (3.3, 3.3, 3.8 and 3.8 for days 1, 2, 4 and 6, respectively), survival rate (overall 97.2%) and average weight of piglets (1983, 2650, 3411, 4207 and 5047 g for days 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16, respectively) were similar (P>0.05) among groups. In spite of the lower number of fights in 100B group at day 1, crossfostering performed on average at 20 h after birth has no adverse effects on survival and growth performance of adopted and biological piglets.
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Associação de probióticos no aleitamento e creche em leitões desafiados com Salmonella Typhimurium / Association of probiotics in lactation and nursery in piglets challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium

Esther Ramalho Afonso 28 April 2011 (has links)
O experimento associando probióticos no aleitamento e creche utilizou 144 leitões do nascimento até aos 62 dias de idade no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Suínos (FMVZ USP). No aleitamento, o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos e na creche em blocos casualizados formando o esquema fatorial 2x3 com seis tratamentos. A unidade experimental no aleitamento foi a baia maternidade constituída de grade de parição e na creche gaiola suspensa com 3 animais cada, constituindo, 8 repetições por tratamento. Aos 35 dias de idade os animais da creche foram inoculados com cepa de Salmonella Typhimurium via oral. Na maternidade os tratamentos foram: Placebo (PLA), 1mL de água destilada e Probiótico A (ProbA), 5g em 15mL de água destilada. O ProbA foi aplicado em duas ocasiões, ao nascimento e 12 horas antes do desafio e os animais que não receberam ProbA, receberam PLA. Os tratamentos na creche foram: Probiótico A Probiótico B (ProbA ProbB) 30g/tonelada de ProbB na ração; Controle Probiótico B (CTL ProbB): 30g/tonelada de ProbB na ração; Probiótico A Probiótico A(ProbA ProbA); Controle Controle (CTL CTL); Probiótico A Desafio (ProbA DES); Controle Desafio (CTL DES). As variáveis; peso, consumo, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar, foram analisadas em medidas repetidas no tempo com contrastes e o escore de fezes submetido à análise de variância pelo teste de Tukey. Foi utilizado o programa computacional Statistical Analysis System SAS. Na maternidade o peso médio do ProbA foi superior ao PLA, não observando-se diferenças no ganho de peso. Na creche o ProbA mostrou-se significativamente melhor em comparação aos demais tratamentos na conversão alimentar. No escore fezes, os animais desafiados apresentaram mais diarréia, e mais eliminação de S. Typhimurium, evidenciando o efeito positivo do desafio programado. A avaliação histológica aos 63 dias revelou aspecto similar nos diferentes grupos com e sem desafio. A eficiência econômica destacou o CTL ProbB.. O estudo indicou ação positiva dos probióticos quando aplicado logo ao nascimento, por influenciar diretamente na formação da microbiota intestinal, em fases mais adiantadas como na creche os efeitos são menos diretos. / The experiment involving probiotics in lactation and nursery were used one hundred and forty four piglets were used from birth to 62 days of age at Swine Research Laboratory (USP FMVZ). In the lactation, the experimental design was randomized with two treatments and in the nursery were randomized blocks forming a 2x3 factorial, consisting of six treatments. The experimental unit considered was the pen with 3 animals, with 8 repetitions per treatment. At 35 days of age the nursery animals were inoculated with a Salmonella Typhimurium strain orally. The treatments in the maternity were: Placebo (PLA): 1mL of distilled water and Probiotic A (ProbA): 5g in 15ml of distilled water. The ProbA was applied twice, at birth and 12 hours before the challenge and the animals that received no ProbA, received PLA. At the nursery twelve hours before the challenge, the same group of piglets that received ProbA and PLA in the maternity, received reinforcement for ProbA and PLA. In the nursery: Probiotic A Probiotic B (ProbA ProbB): 30g/ton of diet; Control Probiotic B (ProbB CTL): 30g/ton of diet; Probiotic A probiotic A (ProbA probA) Control Control (CTL CTL) Probiotic Challenge (DES ProbA) Control Challenge (CTL DES).The variables analyzed were weight, consumption, weight gain and feed conversion. The variables were analyzed with repeated measures contrasts and fecal score variable was subjected to analysis of variance by Tukey test. We used the computer program Statistical Analysis System SAS. In maternity, ProbA was superior to PLA treatment and did not observe differences in weight gain. At nursery the ProbA ProbA was significantly better compared to the other treatments in feed conversion. In the feces score, challenged animals showed high scores and greater elimination of S. Typhimurium, showing the effects of the programmed challenge. Histological evaluation at 63 days showed similar appearance within different groups (challenged or not). Economic evaluation shows CTL ProbB. The study indicated positive action of probiotics applied shortly after birth, by directly influencing the formation of the intestinal tract and in nursery as the effects are less direct.
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Brainstem pathology in SIDS and in a comparative piglet model.

Machaalani, Rita January 2003 (has links)
This thesis tests the hypothesis that increased neuronal cell death in SIDS infants is related to the ability of risk factors, such as prone sleeping, to expose infants to intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia (IHH). Based on the hypothesis that the NMDA system is linked to neuronal death, by way of excitotoxicity, correlations were also sought between cell death and changes in NMDA receptor (NR1) expression in brainstem nuclei controlling cardiorespiratory function. The first aim of this study was to verify that increased neuronal cell death occurs in SIDS infants. To verify a piglet model of SIDS risk factors, brainstem changes were examined in piglets exposed to IHH, and comparisons were made to changes seen in SIDS infants. The NMDA receptor was characterised in controls for both the human infant and the piglet groups. Comparisons of neuronal changes were made with SIDS infants, and piglets exposed to IHH. Non-radioactive in-situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry were performed on formalin fixed and paraffin embedded brainstem tissue to identify markers of cell death (caspase-3, active caspase-3, and TUNEL), and to examine NR1 mRNA and protein expressions. Staining was quantified using computerised image analysis software. Eight nuclei from the brainstem medulla (caudal in piglets, and mid in infants), and two nuclei from the rostral pons (infants) were studied. The first dataset included human infants aged 1-6 months with a diagnosis of SIDS (n=15) or non-SIDS (n=10). The second dataset comprised developing piglets aged 13-14 days, with controls (n=6), against those exposed to IHH for 2 (n=6) or 4 (n=5) days. Increased neuronal cell death was not verified in the SIDS infants, but abnormalities in NR1 expression were present in selected nuclei of the medulla. Piglets exposed to IHH had increased neuronal cell death and changes in NR1 in selected nuclei of the medulla. There was also a positive correlation between increased cell death and high NR1 levels. Preliminary data showed that SIDS infants who usually slept prone had some differences in NR1 compared to those who did not usually sleep prone. From these findings, it was concluded that IHH may underlie the abnormalities in NMDA receptor expression that are present in the brainstem of SIDS infants. Although IHH can induce an increase in neuronal cell death, its significance in the aetiology of SIDS is not known. In piglets, IHH induced cell death correlated with high NMDA expression in some brainstem nuclei, supporting the hypothesis that excitotoxicity may be involved in the mechanism for cell death. Moreover, this thesis presents for the first time, �preliminary pathological proof� of an association between prone sleeping and abnormal NMDA receptor expression in SIDS infants.
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Beifütterung von Ferkelmilch in der Abferkelbucht: Einflüsse auf die Leistung und Gesundheit von Sauen und ihren Ferkeln

Pustal, Anna Josefine 15 October 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Untersuchung der Effekte einer automatischen ad libitum Beifütterung von Milchaustauscher zusätzlich zur Sauenmilch in der Abferkelbucht auf den Gewichtszuwachs, die Verlustrate und die Notwendigkeit medikamentöser Behandlungen der Saugferkel. Zudem wurde der Einfluss der Ersatzmilch auf die Körperkondition der Sauen analysiert. Desweiteren wurde untersucht, ob ein Einfluss auf medikamentöse Behandlungen der Sauen, die Gesäugegesundheit und das Bakterienspektrum der Sauenmilch gegeben ist. Außerdem sollten Aussagen zum hygienischen Status des Milchtassensystems und der angeschlossenen Rohrleitungen und Behälter getroffen werden.
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Effects of within-litter birth weight variation of piglets on performance at three weeks of age and at weaning.

Zindove, Titus Jairus. January 2011 (has links)
The impact of within-litter weight variation on the productivity of pig enterprises is poorly understood. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of within-litter birth weight variation on litter performance at three weeks of age and at weaning. The study was conducted using records from 1 788 litters, collected between January 1998 and September 2010, from a pig herd at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Irene. The records consisted of piglet identity, breed of sow, breed of boar, parity number, date of farrowing, number of piglets born alive (NBA), individual piglet weight at birth, three weeks and at weaning. From these records, mean birth weight (MBWT), litter weight at birth (TBWT), within-litter birth weight coefficient of variation (CVB), minimum birth weight (MinB) and maximum birth weight (MaxB) were calculated. Mean weight at three weeks (MWTT), litter weight at three weeks (LWTT), within-litter weight coefficient of variation at three weeks (CVT), percent survival to three weeks (SURVT), mean litter weaning weight (MWWT), litter weight at weaning (LWWT), within-litter weaning weight coefficient of variation (CVW) and percent survival at weaning (SURVW) were computed as derivatives. The factors affecting CVB were analysed using the General Linear Model procedures (SAS, 2008). For the relationships between CVB and litter performance at three weeks and weaning, PROC STEPWISE was used. The PROC REG (SAS, 2008) was then used to test whether the relationships between CVB and CVT, SURVT, MWTT, LWTT, CVW, SURVW, MWWT, LWWT and LWWT. Multiparous sows farrowed litters with higher (P<0.05) CVB than gilts. The litter weight (TBWT) and NBA, fitted as covariates, also affected (P<0.05) CVB. The correlation between CVB and NBA was 0.30. The CVB had a linear relationship (P<0.05) with SURVT (SURVT = 83.21 - 0.20 CVB), CVT (CVT = 16.71 + 0.50 CVB), SURV (SURW = 87.9 – 0.04CVB) and CVW (CVW= 15.8 + 0.5CVB). An increase of CVT with CVB depended on parity (P<0.05). The rate of increase of CVT with CVB was highest in Parity 1 (b=0.41) followed by Parity 2 (b=0.36) then middle aged (Parity 3-5) sows (b=0.32). The CVB had no effect on MWTT, LWTT, MWWT and LWWT (P>0.05). The CVB was shown to be an important determinant of SURVT and SURVW. A uniform litter at birth is likely to lead to a homogenous litter at three weeks and weaning, thereby reducing costs of production. Pig producers should, therefore aim at producing homogenous litters at birth. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

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