Exclusionary discipline in school contributes to gender and racial disproportionality in the juvenile justice system and marginalizes African American girls. Using the social justice and rational choice theories as the foundation, the purpose of this case study was to explore the relationship between the criminalization of behavior in schools, racial bias, and gender stereotypes contribute to the overrepresentation of the school to prison pipeline in Virginia. The central research question focused on the relationship between the criminalization of behavior in schools, racial bias, and gender stereotypes on the overrepresentation of African American girls in the school to prison pipeline. Employing a qualitative case study design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 8 African American women (ages 20-30) and surveys from 12 educators. Other data included school discipline and juvenile justice reports from the Virginia Department of Education and Office of Juvenile Justice. The interview data were coded and analyzed using matrix and thematic analysis. Three findings emerged from the thematic analysis from document data. First, participants perceive diversionary programs, community partnership and restorative justice programs create safe and positive learning environments. Second, there are opportunities for policymakers to use their influence to promote social equity. Finally, zero tolerance policies are ineffective. The positive social change implications from this study include recommendations to policymakers to implement restorative justice programs to ensure that all students learn in a positive environment. These actions will benefit all students in public schools and decrease racial disparities in schools and the juvenile justice system.

Educational Intervention to Impact Parental Decisions to Consent to Human Papillomavirus Vaccine by Tawa B. Ibikunle-Salami MSN, Indiana Wesleyan University, 2010 BSN, Indiana Wesleyan University, 2005 Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Nursing Practice Walden University September 2015 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a global health issue that is transmitted sexually and affects both genders. Evidence shows that approximately 79 million people are affected in the United States with 14 million newly affected yearly. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicates that teens and young adults under age 25 are at particular risk, so it is important to begin the vaccination series between 9 and 17 years of age. Parental voluntary acceptance of HPV vaccine for their minor children was noted as a problem in a clinic in Northwest Indiana, and 8% clinic HPV series completion rate is significantly lower than the targeted federal goal of 80% by 2020. A literature review indicated that an educational intervention provided by healthcare professionals could serve as one of the strongest predictors of HPV vaccine acceptance. The purpose of this project was to develop an evidence-based parental educational process to support providers' influence on parents of children ages 9 to 17 to provide consent for the HPV vaccine. The project goals focused on parental knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes. The clinic providers will utilize assessment tools validated by experts and evidence-based educational materials to promote HPV and HPV vaccine awareness. The theoretical foundations of the project were the theory of reasoned action and Pathman's pipeline that target the parents directly through individual educational sessions to achieve knowledge gain and behavioral change. Implementation of educational materials by clinic providers may improve parental knowledge of HPV and the HPV vaccine acceptance. Social change may result from the integration of the project into clinical practice to increase the HPV vaccine acceptance rates, which will ultimately reduce the effects of HPV and its sequelae leading to long-term wellness promotion.

La cristallisation des hydrates pendant la production de pétrole est une source de risques, surtout liés au bouchage des lignes de production dû à l’agglomération des hydrates. Pendant l'extraction de pétrole, l'huile et l'eau circulent dans le pipeline et forment une émulsion instable. La phase eau se combine avec les composants d'hydrocarbures légers et peut former des hydrates. La cristallisation des hydrates a été intensivement étudiée, principalement à faible fraction d’eau. Cependant, lorsque le champ de pétrole devient mature, la fraction d’eau augmente et peut devenir la phase dominante, un système peu étudié concernant à la formation d'hydrates. Plusieurs techniques peuvent être combinées pour éviter ou remédier la formation d'hydrates. Récemment, une nouvelle classe d'additifs a commencé à être étudiée : Inhibiteurs d'Hydrates à Bas Dosage (LDHI), divisés en Inhibiteurs Cinétiques (KHI-LDHI) et anti-agglomérants (AA-LDHI).Ce travail est une étude paramétrique de la formation d'hydrates à partir de l'émulsion, en variant la fraction d’eau, le débit, en absence et en présence d’AA-LDHI. Les expériences ont été réalisées sur la boucle d'écoulement Archimède, qui est en mesure de reproduire les conditions de la mer profonde. L'objectif de cette étude est d'améliorer la compréhension de la formation d'hydrate et de comprendre comment l'additif dispersant évite l'agglomération. Pour ce faire, un modèle comportemental de la cristallisation pour les systèmes sans et avec additif a été développé. Il a également été proposé une technique pour déterminer la phase continue du système et un mécanisme d'action pour l'anti-agglomérant a été suggéré. / Crystallization of hydrates during oil production is a major source of hazards, mainly related to flow lines plugging after hydrate agglomeration. During the petroleum extraction, oil and water circulate in the flow line, forming an unstable emulsion. The water phase in combination with light hydrocarbon components can form hydrates. The crystallization of hydrates has been extensively studied, mainly at low water content systems. However, as the oil field matures, the water fraction increases and can become the dominant phase, a system less known in what concerns hydrate formation. Actually, several techniques can be combined to avoid or remediate hydrate formation. Recently, a new class of additives called Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitor (LDHI) started to be studied, they are classified as Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors (KHI-LDHI) and Anti-Agglomerants (AA-LDHI).This work is a parametric study about hydrate formation from emulsion systems ranging from low to high water content, where different flow rates and the anti-agglomerant presence were investigated. The experiments were performed at the Archimède flow loop, which is able to reproduce deep sea conditions. The goal of this study is enhancing the knowledge in hydrate formation and comprehending how the dispersant additive acts to avoid agglomeration. For this matter, it was developed a crystallization topological model for the systems without and with additive. A technique to determine the system continuous phase and a mechanism of the anti-agglomerant action from the chord length measurements were also proposed.

In the lead up to the 2011 official U.S. State Department decision on the proposed Keystone XL pipeline--running from the Alberta, Canada Tar Sands to the Gulf of Mexico--the Department held nine public meetings in Fall 2011 in the six U.S. states through which the proposed Keystone XL pipeline project would pass (the Department rejected the proposal; however, a new proposal is under consideration as of this writing). The transcripts of these public meetings are publicly accessible. Understanding the pipeline as a project of trans-national trade and the global circulation of petrochemicals--including global emissions of carbon dioxide--this paper hones in on one region within one U.S. state: the Nebraskan Sandhills, a cattle ranching region of grass-stabilized sand dunes and inter-dunal valleys stretching 20,000-square miles across the north-central part of the state, under which rests a vast hydrological network, including the largest freshwater aquifer in the world - the Ogallala Aquifer. This essay argues that we can read the Public Comments as a form of poetic expression, paying attention to the ways the State Department transcription process formatted the oral testimonies into an "official" and sanctioned public document -- instituting line-breaks and other syntactical procedures. Using the tools of literary-critical analysis, this paper makes a case that we can read the Comments as a form of documentary poetry - in the tradition of such American modernist poets as Charles Reznikoff, Muriel Rukeyser, and George Oppen - that explore ecological questions while experimenting with lyric structures. The Comments reveal competing environmental stakeholders' stances - on such topics as Prairie systems ecology and the neoliberal economics of private-public capital markets. In doing so, they subsequently express citizens' various understandings of themselves in relation to landscape, ecology, technology, and geo-politics.

Teacher educators need to develop better teaching methods in order to, ultimately, serve future students in classrooms that are increasing in diversity. It is vital that education majors do more than hear and read about social justice issues facing their prospective students; for them to both understand it and retain it, they need deeper interaction with the issues and alternative strategies for resolving them. This model for using teaching cases may enable teacher educators to demonstrate the relevance of their coursework to their midlevel education students, ultimately enhancing learning gains. Of equal importance to their professional development, prospective teachers need to not only be prepared, but to know they are prepared. The model developed from this research may provide the venue to increasing their teacher efficacy. The model engages all four efficacy-building elements (Bandura, 1995), mastery, verbal, physiological and vicarious. Efficacy is developed verbally as participants discuss possible alternative solutions to the teaching cases. This discussion also affords both physiological development when responses enter Bakhtin's (1983) interstitial spaces, spaces of disagreement, argument, discomfort, and vicarious development of efficacy as students experience the teaching dilemmas of experienced teachers but experiences they realize are likely to be in their own futures. Perhaps the most challenging developer of efficacy through this model is mastery. Mastery can be developed during the "rehearsals" of seminar discussions of teaching cases (Cambourne, 1995), or it may develop within the internship-assigned classroom; for some it may require extensive classroom experience to achieve. This study's participants were a midlevel preservice teacher cohort divided between urban and suburban settings for their field-based internships. Intrinsic to the study was critical literacy and the recursive use of teaching cases focused on underlying social justice issues. Pretest and posttest scores from the Ohio State Teacher Efficacy Scale confirmed significant gains in teacher efficacy but could not validate the teaching cases as the causality. Qualitative data, however, did confirm the validity of using teaching cases with this specific study.

L'évolution constante des processeurs vers des architectures proposant des capacités superscalaires, de parallélisme au niveau des instructions, de prédiction, de spéculation et la multiplication des niveaux de hiérarchie mémoire donnent de plus en plus d'importance au travail du compilateur.<br />Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux transformations du programme source destinées à l'optimisation dans la chaîne de compilation, et plus particulièrement à une transformation appelée décalage d'instructions.<br />Cette transformation sert de base au pipeline logiciel, elle a une influence sur le parallélisme au niveau des instructions et l'utilisation des registres.<br />Elle intervient également comme composante des techniques de parallélisation de boucles par ordonnancement affine.<br />Nous avons voulu mieux comprendre les perspectives offertes par le décalage d'instructions, savoir quels objectifs il permettait d'atteindre mais aussi savoir quels problèmes de décalage restaient difficiles.<br />Pour cela nous avons étudié le décalage d'instructions dans plusieurs contextes plus ou moins proches, et apporté des contributions à chacun d'entre eux.<br /><br />Dans le cadre du pipeline logiciel, nous proposons un algorithme polynomial pour déterminer le décalage le plus à même de produire un maximum de parallélisme au niveau des instructions, et une étude expérimentale de l'efficacité absolue de la technique à l'aide de l'outil logiciel que nous avons réalisé dans ce but : PASTAGA (pour Plate-forme d'Analyse Statistique et de Tests d'Algorithmes sur Graphes Aléatoires).<br />Dans le cadre de l'utilisation des registres (stage scheduling), de la parallélisation de boucle et de la localité, nous apportons des réponses aux problèmes de décalage d'instructions associés~: complexité, solutions exactes, approximations.

<p>Naturally occurring arsenic in ground water is currently threatening millions of people’s lives in Bangladesh and has emerged as one of the world’s largest water pollution and environmental disasters. Various studies have been conducted in order to find a solution to the problem and several mitigation projects have been conducted with various results. In many cases the mitigation options provided have failed in terms of sustainability, why there is an impatient drive to find the solution that can solve the problem permanently. Since technical solutions appear to be hard to transform into practical implementation many professionals are advocating the use of public participation in sustainable project planning and implementation in order to make the project successful. This Minor Field Study focuses on how an environmental problem can be managed through social processes. The main aim of this study is to investigate peoples’ experiences of public participation and project planning from two rural pipeline water supply projects and discuss how these experiences relate to how ideas about public participation might be used for sustainable project planning. To do this I have studied three key groups of actors: national development professionals, project professionals and local project beneficiaries. The aim is also to get a deeper understanding of how public participation within water supply management can be used and further developed for project sustainability. The results show that the implementing organisation has used a project implementation plan with a vision that public participation motivated by sustainability and cost-efficiency will lead to a process towards collective action. The objective is that the users, through joint ownership, takes full responsibility for the project and its future planning. To enable this, learning is a prerequisite given that without understanding and knowledge of how to operate the water supply system, the project and the system will fall short. A learning platform has also been found as a prerequisite for maintaining of public participation, and for interest and motivation of being involved at all. The theory argues for the importance of involvement of all for a sustainable project process, nevertheless is this not made possible in reality. Due to socio-cultural traditions where women are not accepted to attend public meetings or be involved in decision-making, the empowering process that public participation might facilitate, have been neglected. Further have those who are incapable of paying regularly for access to fresh drinking water been excluded from the projects. To attain the efficient bottom-up action wanted to achieve project sustainability, empowerment in combination with public participation is necessary. An improved methodology of how public participation can be integrated in project planning is compulsory, why more practical experience and continuous project evaluations is needed.</p>

This research program focused on the behaviour of low cycle fatigue (LCF) of wrinkled pipes, and was designed to develop the LCF life prediction models for the wrinkled pipes. It consisted of three phases of work, which are strip tests, full-scale pipe tests, and finite element analysis (FEA). In strip tests, 39 strip specimens were tested by a complete-reversed stroke-controlled method to investigate the effects of bend angle, bend radius, and stroke range on the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) life. Also, the LCF behaviour was explored by viewing the spectra of key variables and their corresponding hysteresis loops. The failure mechanism was discussed by examining the fracture surfaces. Two LCF life prediction models, life-based and deterioration rate-based, were developed and their prediction results were evaluated. In full-scale pipe tests, two specimens were tested according to a complicated loading procedure. The loading was a combination of axial load, bending moment, and internal pressure; and it consisted of monotonic loading stage and cyclic loading stage. Based on those two tests, the global and local behaviour were investigated, the failure mechanism was studied and the application of the developed LCF life prediction models was discussed. In FEA, three numerical models were developed and they were the strip model, the half-pipe model and the full-scale pipe model. In the strip model, the residual stresses and strains were analyzed and discussed. In the half-pipe model, the effects of pipe geometry, internal pressure, and global deformation on the wrinkle geometry were studied and discussed. In the full-scale pipe model, the full-scale pipe tests were simulated and both the global behaviour and local behaviour were discussed. From this research program, some important conclusions were obtained. The wrinkle geometry is found to be greatly related to the pipe geometry, internal pressure, and global deformation. The global deformation has become localized after the wrinkle is fully developed. The opening deformation cycle is more detrimental to wrinkled pipes than the closing deformation cycle. The test results also show that the seam weld governs the failure of wrinkled pipes if the pipes are subjected to cyclic axial deformation. The LCF life prediction models developed from this research program demonstrate good prediction capacity when they are applied to both strip tests and full-scale pipe tests. / Structural Engineering

As the demand for oil and gas resources increases pipeline construction pushes further into the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. Consequently, these buried pipelines suffer much harsh environmental and complex loading conditions. Moreover, to increase the transporting efficiency, larger size pipes and higher operation pressure are used more frequently. Therefore, these conditions increase the risk of pipeline failure, especially local buckling (wrinkling) failure. To prevent the buried pipes from buckling failure, an automatic warning system for continuously monitoring pipeline buckling is needed. A method to achieve this purpose was studied and presented here. The research program is divided into three phases. In the first phase, a literature review has concluded that it is feasible to detect pipe wrinkling by monitoring the signatures of distributed strains and curvatures along a buried pipe and by using the distributed strain sensory systems in a structural health monitoring (SHM)system. Subsequently, the test results and the field strain distribution data were used to verify the viability of using distributed strain sensors for early detecting wrinkles in buried pipes. In the second phase, finite element (FE) models were developed and calibrated by the results of full-scale pipe buckling tests and then used to obtain the patterns (or signatures) of the strain distributions along pipes under combined loading. Based on the results of the parametric study, a SHM system is proposed. The system integrated the distributed strain sensing system (such as Brillouin scattering fiber-optic sensory system), numerical models (FE models), and damage detection models (artificial neural network (ANN)) into a reliable, real-time monitoring system. Thereby, a methodology of health monitoring of the buried pipe buckling was carried out. The last phase of the research focuses on the development of the damage detection models (DDM) in the SHM system. The effects of different parameters on the strain distribution patterns were studied by using a total of 74 FE models. The framework of the damage detection models was achieved mainly by four trained ANN protocols. The proposed damage detection model provides an accuracy of 90% in evaluating the health of the buried pipes during buckling and can reliably detect the onset of pipe wrinkling before the maximum strains accumulated on the monitored pipe reach 65% of the critical strain. / Structural Engineering

This study experimentally evaluated wheat straw slurry pipelines. Tests were conducted to determine the particle properties of the biomass mixed in water over time. The saturated particle density of 1,060kg/m3 was reached after 24 hours, while the saturated moisture contents of 78.5% and 79.5% were later reached for particle sizes of 1/8 and 3/4" respectively. A pipeline loop was redesigned to operate with 1/8, 1/4", and 3/4" straw particle slurries at up to 30% wet basis concentrations. The modifications allowed measurements of pressure loss through a length of pipe. These measurements which show the influences of drag reducing fibre suspension. Straw particles added to water lowered the pressure loss, by suppressing turbulence at lower concentrations or higher velocities. Additional straw further improved the result, until the maximum concentration was reached. High concentrations create plugs, increasing the pressure loss. Longer straw particles can further reduce losses, but have lower maximum concentrations. / Engineering Management