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Le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) est responsable de la pandémie du SIDA (syndrome de l’immunodéficience acquise). Des souches virales résistantes aux antirétroviraux actuellement utilisés apparaissent rapidement. Il est donc important d’identifier de nouvelles cibles dans le cycle de réplication du VIH-1 pour développer de nouveaux agents contre ce virus. La traduction des protéines de structure et des enzymes du VIH-1 est une étape essentielle du cycle de réplication virale. Ces protéines sont exprimées à partir de l’ARN messager (ARNm) pleine-longueur (ARNmPL) à la fin du cycle de réplication. L’ARNmPL du VIH-1 peut utiliser un mode d’initiation de la traduction coiffe-dépendant, comme la majorité des ARNm cellulaires, mais peut aussi utiliser un mode d’initiation alternatif, car sa région 5’ non-traduite (5’UTR) contient un site interne d’entrée du ribosome (IRES), ce qui lui permet d’initier la traduction suivant un mode IRES-dépendant. L’initiation IRES-dépendante permet à l’ARNmPL d’être traduit quand l’initiation coiffe-dépendante est inhibée. L’activité de l’IRES de la région 5’UTR de l’ARNmPL du VIH-1 (IRES5’UTR) est faible dans des conditions physiologiques, mais est stimulée lorsque la cellule est arrêtée à la transition G2/M du cycle cellulaire, un arrêt qu’induit l’infection par le VIH-1. Une grande portion de l’IRES5’UTR, que nous nommons IRES5’UTRc, est présente dans tous les ARNm viraux et a une activité semblable à celle de l’ IRES5’UTR, ce qui indique que le mode IRES-dépendant peut être utilisé par tous les messagers du VIH-1. Lors de mes études doctorales, j’ai caractérisé le fonctionnement de l’IRES5’UTR du VIH-1. J’ai transfecté des cellules lymphocytaires Jurkat T, dérivées des cibles naturelles du VIH-1, avec un vecteur dual-luciférase contenant les séquences codantes des luciférases de la Renilla (Rluc) et de la luciole (Fluc) séparées par la région 5’UTR de l’ARNmPL du VIH-1. La traduction de la Rluc est coiffe-dépendante alors que celle de la Fluc dépend de l’IRES5’UTR. J’ai d’abord effectué une analyse mutationnelle et j’ai identifié trois régions qui stimulent l’activité de l’IRES5’UTR et une tige-boucle qui réprime l’activité de cet IRES, que j’ai nommée IRENE (IRES negative element). J’ai montré que l’effet répresseur d’IRENE est aboli lorsque les cellules sont soumises à un stress oxydatif, un type de stress induit lors d’une infection par le VIH-1. Nous proposons que IRENE maintiendrait l’IRES5’UTR dans une conformation peu active dans des conditions physiologiques. On sait que les IRES sont activés par divers facteurs cellulaires, appelés ITAF (IRES trans-acting factors). Nous proposons que l’IRES5’UTR adopterait une conformation active suite à la liaison d’un ITAF exprimé ou relocalisé lors d’un stress oxydatif. Ces travaux ont fait l’objet d’une publication (Gendron et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Research, 39, 902-912). J’ai ensuite étudié l’effet de la protéine virale Tat sur l’activité de l’IRES5’UTR. En plus de son rôle essentiel dans la transactivation de la transcription des ARNm viraux, Tat stimule leur traduction coiffe-dépendante, en empêchant l’inhibition d’un facteur d’initiation canonique, eIF2, induite par la protéine kinase modulée par l’ARN double-brin (PKR) et en déroulant la structure TAR présente à l’extrémité 5’ de tous les ARNm du VIH-1. Elle affecte aussi l’expression de plusieurs gènes cellulaires. J’ai montré que les isoformes Tat86 et Tat72, mais non Tat101, stimulent l’activité de l’IRES5’UTR. Cet effet est indépendant de PKR et de TAR, mais dépendrait de la conformation de Tat. Nous proposons que Tat activerait un facteur de transcription cellulaire qui déclenche l’expression d’un ITAF de l’IRES5’UTR ou encore qu’elle activerait directement un tel ITAF. J’ai de plus montré que PKR stimule l’activité de l’IRES5’UTR, ce qui est surprenant puisque PKR est une protéine antivirale. Cet effet est indépendant de l’inhibition d’eIF2 par PKR et pourrait résulter de l’activation d’un ITAF. Sachant qu’une portion active de l’IRES5’UTR, IRES5’UTRc, est présente dans tous les ARNm viraux, notre hypothèse est que la stimulation de cet IRES par PKR permettait de traduire l’ARNm de Tat au début du cycle de réplication, ce qui permettrait ensuite la traduction coiffe-dépendante des ARNm du VIH-1, qui est stimulée par Tat. Ces travaux font l’objet d’un manuscrit (Gendron et al., soumis à RNA). Mes résultats, couplés aux données de la littérature, me conduisent à la conclusion que, à la fin du cycle de réplication du VIH-1, l’activité de l’IRES5’UTR est stimulée par le stress oxydatif, l’arrêt en G2/M et la présence de quantités élevées de Tat, alors que la traduction coiffe-dépendante est compromise. L’initiation IRES-dépendante serait alors indispensable pour que le VIH-1 traduise l’ARNmPL. L’IRES5’UTR constituerait donc une cible très intéressante pour développer des agents anti-VIH. / The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Viral strains that are resistant to antiretroviral agents used for the treatment of HIV-1 infected patients rapidly emerge. It is thus important to study the viral replication cycle in order to discover new targets for the development of novel agents against HIV-1. Translation of structural proteins and viral enzymes is a key step of the viral replication cycle. These proteins are translated from the HIV-1 full-length mRNA during late stages of the replication. This mRNA can be translated by a cap-dependent mode which is used by the majority of cellular mRNAs. However, since its 5’ untranslated region (5’UTR) contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) that we call IRES5’UTR, it can also be translated by an IRES-dependent mode. The IRES-dependent mode enables the full-length mRNA to be translated when the cap-dependent mode is impaired. The activity of the IRES5’UTR is weak in physiological conditions, but it is stimulated when the cell cycle is arrested at the G2/M transition, an arrest induced by HIV-1 infection. A large portion of this IRES, which we name IRES5’UTRc, is present in all HIV-1 mRNAs and its activity is similar to the activity of the complete IRES, which indicates that the IRES-dependent mode can be used by all HIV-1 mRNAs. During my doctoral studies, I investigated how the HIV-1 IRES5’UTR functions. I transfected Jurkat T cells, a lymphocytic cell line derived from the natural target cells of HIV-1, with a dual-luciferase reporter containing the coding sequences of the Renilla luciferase (Rluc) and the firefly luciferase (Fluc) separated by the complete 5’UTR of the HIV-1 full-length mRNA. Translation of Rluc is cap-dependent while translation of Fluc depends on HIV-1 IRES5’UTR. First, I performed a mutational analysis and I discovered three regions that stimulate the activity of IRES5’UTR and a stem-loop that represses its activity, which we named IRENE (IRES negative element). I showed that the repression induced by IRENE is relieved when cells are exposed to oxidative stress, a type of stress caused by HIV-1 infection. We propose that IRENE maintains the IRES5’UTR in a weakly active conformation in physiological conditions. It is known that IRESes are activated by cellular factors, called ITAFs (IRES trans-acting factors). We propose that the IRES5’UTR adopts an active conformation triggered by the binding of an ITAF that is expressed or relocalized during oxidative stress. These results generated a publication (Gendron et al. Nucleic Acids Research, 2011, 39, 902-912). I then decided to study the effect of the viral protein Tat on the IRES5’UTR activity. In addition to its essential role in the transcription of HIV-1 mRNAs, Tat stimulates the cap-dependent translation of HIV-1 mRNAs by interfering with the inhibition of a canonical initiation factor, eIF2, induced by the protein kinase modulated by double-stranded RNA (PKR) and by unwinding the TAR structure present at the 5’end of all HIV-1 mRNAs. Tat also affects the expression of several cellular genes. I showed that the Tat86 and Tat72 isoforms, but not Tat101, stimulate the activity of the IRES5’UTR. This effect is independent of PKR and TAR, but appears to be dependent upon the conformation of Tat. We suggest that Tat could activate a transcription factor that controls the expression of an ITAF of the IRES5’UTR or else that Tat could directly activate such an ITAF. I also showed that PKR stimulates the IRES5’UTR activity, which is surprising since PKR is an antiviral protein. This effect is independent of the inhibition of eIF2 by PKR and could result from the activation of an ITAF. Knowing that IRES5’UTRc, an active portion of IRES5’UTR is present in all HIV-1 RNAs, our hypothesis is that the stimulation of the IRES activity by PKR would allow Tat mRNA to be translated in the beginning of the replication cycle. This would subsequently allow the cap-dependent translation of HIV-1 mRNAs to proceed, which is stimulated by Tat. These results generated a manuscript that is submitted for publication to RNA. Altogether, my results, coupled to data from literature, lead me to conclude that, in the late phases of the replication cycle, the activity of the HIV-1 IRES5’UTR is stimulated by oxidative stress, by the cell cycle arrest in G2/M and by the presence of high amounts of Tat, while cap-dependent translation is impaired. The IRES5’UTR would thus be critical to translate the HIV-1 full-length mRNA. Consequently, the IRES5’UTR would constitute a very interesting target for the development of novel anti-HIV agents.

<p>All aspects of cell life are regulated by signal transduction mechanisms. This thesis describes the regulatory roles of a few key signal transduction molecules involved in three major biological responses. The studied pathways include platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB induced transformation of murine fibroblasts, interferon (IFN)-γ stimulated monocyte activation and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induced myeloid differentiation. </p><p>We found that intact phosphoinositide 3OH-kinase (PI3K) activity is essential in the signaling pathway that leads to the morphological alterations and migration pattern characteristic of PDGF-BB transformed NIH/sis and NIH/COL1A1 fibroblasts. Furthermore, our data indicated that the small Rho-GTPase, Rac1 is the predominant mediator of these signals downstream of PI3K.</p><p>The study of the IFN-γ induced activation of monocytic U-937 cells showed that upregulation of the high affinity receptor for IgG (FcγRI) is dependent on the coordination of several regulatory events: the PKR-mediated serine 727 phosphorylation of Stat1, the expression of the hematopoietic lineage specific transcription factor PU.I, and the activation of the NFκB pathway.</p><p>ATRA-induced differentiation and cell cycle arrest are impaired in U-937 sublines expressing phosphorylation deficient Stat1 (Stat1Y701F and Stat1S727A). The findings in paper III indicated that the expression pattern of the myeloid specific transcription factors Stat2, ICSBP and c/EBPε was altered in the sublines and that intact Stat1 activation is critical for maintaining the balance of the transcriptional network during ATRA induced terminal differentiation.</p><p>Finally, ATRA-induced differentiation and growth arrest were blocked by treatment with the IKKα/β inhibitor BMS345541 or by ectopic expression of the NFκB super repressor IκBα (S32A/S36A). The fact that IκB(AA) sublines differentiated normally in response to vitamin D3, showed that NFκB inhibition specifically affected ATRA induced responses. Notably we suggest that the activity of the NFκB pathway may interfere with the differentiation process via a direct effect on the RAR/RXR mediated transcription.</p>

All aspects of cell life are regulated by signal transduction mechanisms. This thesis describes the regulatory roles of a few key signal transduction molecules involved in three major biological responses. The studied pathways include platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB induced transformation of murine fibroblasts, interferon (IFN)-γ stimulated monocyte activation and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induced myeloid differentiation. We found that intact phosphoinositide 3OH-kinase (PI3K) activity is essential in the signaling pathway that leads to the morphological alterations and migration pattern characteristic of PDGF-BB transformed NIH/sis and NIH/COL1A1 fibroblasts. Furthermore, our data indicated that the small Rho-GTPase, Rac1 is the predominant mediator of these signals downstream of PI3K. The study of the IFN-γ induced activation of monocytic U-937 cells showed that upregulation of the high affinity receptor for IgG (FcγRI) is dependent on the coordination of several regulatory events: the PKR-mediated serine 727 phosphorylation of Stat1, the expression of the hematopoietic lineage specific transcription factor PU.I, and the activation of the NFκB pathway. ATRA-induced differentiation and cell cycle arrest are impaired in U-937 sublines expressing phosphorylation deficient Stat1 (Stat1Y701F and Stat1S727A). The findings in paper III indicated that the expression pattern of the myeloid specific transcription factors Stat2, ICSBP and c/EBPε was altered in the sublines and that intact Stat1 activation is critical for maintaining the balance of the transcriptional network during ATRA induced terminal differentiation. Finally, ATRA-induced differentiation and growth arrest were blocked by treatment with the IKKα/β inhibitor BMS345541 or by ectopic expression of the NFκB super repressor IκBα (S32A/S36A). The fact that IκB(AA) sublines differentiated normally in response to vitamin D3, showed that NFκB inhibition specifically affected ATRA induced responses. Notably we suggest that the activity of the NFκB pathway may interfere with the differentiation process via a direct effect on the RAR/RXR mediated transcription.

Le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) est responsable de la pandémie du SIDA (syndrome de l’immunodéficience acquise). Des souches virales résistantes aux antirétroviraux actuellement utilisés apparaissent rapidement. Il est donc important d’identifier de nouvelles cibles dans le cycle de réplication du VIH-1 pour développer de nouveaux agents contre ce virus. La traduction des protéines de structure et des enzymes du VIH-1 est une étape essentielle du cycle de réplication virale. Ces protéines sont exprimées à partir de l’ARN messager (ARNm) pleine-longueur (ARNmPL) à la fin du cycle de réplication. L’ARNmPL du VIH-1 peut utiliser un mode d’initiation de la traduction coiffe-dépendant, comme la majorité des ARNm cellulaires, mais peut aussi utiliser un mode d’initiation alternatif, car sa région 5’ non-traduite (5’UTR) contient un site interne d’entrée du ribosome (IRES), ce qui lui permet d’initier la traduction suivant un mode IRES-dépendant. L’initiation IRES-dépendante permet à l’ARNmPL d’être traduit quand l’initiation coiffe-dépendante est inhibée. L’activité de l’IRES de la région 5’UTR de l’ARNmPL du VIH-1 (IRES5’UTR) est faible dans des conditions physiologiques, mais est stimulée lorsque la cellule est arrêtée à la transition G2/M du cycle cellulaire, un arrêt qu’induit l’infection par le VIH-1. Une grande portion de l’IRES5’UTR, que nous nommons IRES5’UTRc, est présente dans tous les ARNm viraux et a une activité semblable à celle de l’ IRES5’UTR, ce qui indique que le mode IRES-dépendant peut être utilisé par tous les messagers du VIH-1. Lors de mes études doctorales, j’ai caractérisé le fonctionnement de l’IRES5’UTR du VIH-1. J’ai transfecté des cellules lymphocytaires Jurkat T, dérivées des cibles naturelles du VIH-1, avec un vecteur dual-luciférase contenant les séquences codantes des luciférases de la Renilla (Rluc) et de la luciole (Fluc) séparées par la région 5’UTR de l’ARNmPL du VIH-1. La traduction de la Rluc est coiffe-dépendante alors que celle de la Fluc dépend de l’IRES5’UTR. J’ai d’abord effectué une analyse mutationnelle et j’ai identifié trois régions qui stimulent l’activité de l’IRES5’UTR et une tige-boucle qui réprime l’activité de cet IRES, que j’ai nommée IRENE (IRES negative element). J’ai montré que l’effet répresseur d’IRENE est aboli lorsque les cellules sont soumises à un stress oxydatif, un type de stress induit lors d’une infection par le VIH-1. Nous proposons que IRENE maintiendrait l’IRES5’UTR dans une conformation peu active dans des conditions physiologiques. On sait que les IRES sont activés par divers facteurs cellulaires, appelés ITAF (IRES trans-acting factors). Nous proposons que l’IRES5’UTR adopterait une conformation active suite à la liaison d’un ITAF exprimé ou relocalisé lors d’un stress oxydatif. Ces travaux ont fait l’objet d’une publication (Gendron et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Research, 39, 902-912). J’ai ensuite étudié l’effet de la protéine virale Tat sur l’activité de l’IRES5’UTR. En plus de son rôle essentiel dans la transactivation de la transcription des ARNm viraux, Tat stimule leur traduction coiffe-dépendante, en empêchant l’inhibition d’un facteur d’initiation canonique, eIF2, induite par la protéine kinase modulée par l’ARN double-brin (PKR) et en déroulant la structure TAR présente à l’extrémité 5’ de tous les ARNm du VIH-1. Elle affecte aussi l’expression de plusieurs gènes cellulaires. J’ai montré que les isoformes Tat86 et Tat72, mais non Tat101, stimulent l’activité de l’IRES5’UTR. Cet effet est indépendant de PKR et de TAR, mais dépendrait de la conformation de Tat. Nous proposons que Tat activerait un facteur de transcription cellulaire qui déclenche l’expression d’un ITAF de l’IRES5’UTR ou encore qu’elle activerait directement un tel ITAF. J’ai de plus montré que PKR stimule l’activité de l’IRES5’UTR, ce qui est surprenant puisque PKR est une protéine antivirale. Cet effet est indépendant de l’inhibition d’eIF2 par PKR et pourrait résulter de l’activation d’un ITAF. Sachant qu’une portion active de l’IRES5’UTR, IRES5’UTRc, est présente dans tous les ARNm viraux, notre hypothèse est que la stimulation de cet IRES par PKR permettait de traduire l’ARNm de Tat au début du cycle de réplication, ce qui permettrait ensuite la traduction coiffe-dépendante des ARNm du VIH-1, qui est stimulée par Tat. Ces travaux font l’objet d’un manuscrit (Gendron et al., soumis à RNA). Mes résultats, couplés aux données de la littérature, me conduisent à la conclusion que, à la fin du cycle de réplication du VIH-1, l’activité de l’IRES5’UTR est stimulée par le stress oxydatif, l’arrêt en G2/M et la présence de quantités élevées de Tat, alors que la traduction coiffe-dépendante est compromise. L’initiation IRES-dépendante serait alors indispensable pour que le VIH-1 traduise l’ARNmPL. L’IRES5’UTR constituerait donc une cible très intéressante pour développer des agents anti-VIH. / The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Viral strains that are resistant to antiretroviral agents used for the treatment of HIV-1 infected patients rapidly emerge. It is thus important to study the viral replication cycle in order to discover new targets for the development of novel agents against HIV-1. Translation of structural proteins and viral enzymes is a key step of the viral replication cycle. These proteins are translated from the HIV-1 full-length mRNA during late stages of the replication. This mRNA can be translated by a cap-dependent mode which is used by the majority of cellular mRNAs. However, since its 5’ untranslated region (5’UTR) contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) that we call IRES5’UTR, it can also be translated by an IRES-dependent mode. The IRES-dependent mode enables the full-length mRNA to be translated when the cap-dependent mode is impaired. The activity of the IRES5’UTR is weak in physiological conditions, but it is stimulated when the cell cycle is arrested at the G2/M transition, an arrest induced by HIV-1 infection. A large portion of this IRES, which we name IRES5’UTRc, is present in all HIV-1 mRNAs and its activity is similar to the activity of the complete IRES, which indicates that the IRES-dependent mode can be used by all HIV-1 mRNAs. During my doctoral studies, I investigated how the HIV-1 IRES5’UTR functions. I transfected Jurkat T cells, a lymphocytic cell line derived from the natural target cells of HIV-1, with a dual-luciferase reporter containing the coding sequences of the Renilla luciferase (Rluc) and the firefly luciferase (Fluc) separated by the complete 5’UTR of the HIV-1 full-length mRNA. Translation of Rluc is cap-dependent while translation of Fluc depends on HIV-1 IRES5’UTR. First, I performed a mutational analysis and I discovered three regions that stimulate the activity of IRES5’UTR and a stem-loop that represses its activity, which we named IRENE (IRES negative element). I showed that the repression induced by IRENE is relieved when cells are exposed to oxidative stress, a type of stress caused by HIV-1 infection. We propose that IRENE maintains the IRES5’UTR in a weakly active conformation in physiological conditions. It is known that IRESes are activated by cellular factors, called ITAFs (IRES trans-acting factors). We propose that the IRES5’UTR adopts an active conformation triggered by the binding of an ITAF that is expressed or relocalized during oxidative stress. These results generated a publication (Gendron et al. Nucleic Acids Research, 2011, 39, 902-912). I then decided to study the effect of the viral protein Tat on the IRES5’UTR activity. In addition to its essential role in the transcription of HIV-1 mRNAs, Tat stimulates the cap-dependent translation of HIV-1 mRNAs by interfering with the inhibition of a canonical initiation factor, eIF2, induced by the protein kinase modulated by double-stranded RNA (PKR) and by unwinding the TAR structure present at the 5’end of all HIV-1 mRNAs. Tat also affects the expression of several cellular genes. I showed that the Tat86 and Tat72 isoforms, but not Tat101, stimulate the activity of the IRES5’UTR. This effect is independent of PKR and TAR, but appears to be dependent upon the conformation of Tat. We suggest that Tat could activate a transcription factor that controls the expression of an ITAF of the IRES5’UTR or else that Tat could directly activate such an ITAF. I also showed that PKR stimulates the IRES5’UTR activity, which is surprising since PKR is an antiviral protein. This effect is independent of the inhibition of eIF2 by PKR and could result from the activation of an ITAF. Knowing that IRES5’UTRc, an active portion of IRES5’UTR is present in all HIV-1 RNAs, our hypothesis is that the stimulation of the IRES activity by PKR would allow Tat mRNA to be translated in the beginning of the replication cycle. This would subsequently allow the cap-dependent translation of HIV-1 mRNAs to proceed, which is stimulated by Tat. These results generated a manuscript that is submitted for publication to RNA. Altogether, my results, coupled to data from literature, lead me to conclude that, in the late phases of the replication cycle, the activity of the HIV-1 IRES5’UTR is stimulated by oxidative stress, by the cell cycle arrest in G2/M and by the presence of high amounts of Tat, while cap-dependent translation is impaired. The IRES5’UTR would thus be critical to translate the HIV-1 full-length mRNA. Consequently, the IRES5’UTR would constitute a very interesting target for the development of novel anti-HIV agents.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

We have identified a novel Cyclin, called Cyclin O, which is able to bind and activate Cdk2 in response to intrinsic apoptotic stimuli. We have focused on the study of Cyclin O&#945; and Cyclin O&#946;, alternatively spliced products of the gene. Upon treatment with different stress stimuli, transfected Cyclin O&#945; accumulates in dense aggregations in the cytoplasm compatible with being Stress Granules (SGs). Furthermore, we have seen that Cyclin O&#946; and a point mutant of the N-terminal part of the protein constitutively localize to the SGs. Although both alpha and beta isoforms are proapoptotic, only Cyclin O&#945; can bind and activate Cdk2. On the other hand, we have demonstrated that Cyclin O is upregulated by Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress and is necessary for ER stress-induced apoptosis. Cyclin O activates specifically the PERK pathway and interacts with the PERK inhibitor protein p58IPK. Moreover, Cyclin O participates in the activation of other eIF2&#945; kinases. We have also observed that a pool of Cyclin O is located in active mitochondria, suggesting a function of the protein linked to oxidative metabolism.Hemos identificado una nueva Ciclina, llamada Ciclina O, que es capaz de unirse y activar Cdk2 en respuesta a estímulos apoptóticos intrínsecos. Nos hemos centrado en el estudio de la Ciclina O&#945; y la Ciclina O&#946;, productos de splicing alternativo del gen. En respuesta a diferentes tipos de estrés, la Ciclina O&#945; se acumula en agregaciones citoplásmicas densas que podrían corresponder a Gránulos de Estrés (SGs). Además, hemos visto que la Ciclina O&#946; y un mutante puntual de la parte N-terminal de la proteína se localizan constitutivamente en los SGs. Aunque las dos isoformas alfa y beta son proapoptóticas, solo la Ciclina O&#945; es capaz de unirse y activar Cdk2. Por otro lado, hemos demostrado que los niveles de Ciclina O se incrementan en respuesta al estrés de Retículo Endoplásmico (RE) y que esta proteína es necesaria para la inducción de apoptosis dependiente de estrés de RE. La Ciclina O activa específicamente la vía de PERK e interacciona con la proteína inhibidora de PERK p58IPK. Además, la Ciclina O participa en la activación de otras quinasas de eIF2&#945;. La Ciclina O se localiza en mitocondrias activas, lo que sugiere una función de la proteína ligada al metabolismo oxidativo.

DNA methylation plays a role in several biological functions, such as gene expression regulation, and several endogenous and exogenous factors affect these DNA methylation patterns in the cell. One such alteration of a cell line's DNA methylation pattern is caused by the insertion of a vector into the cell line. Using the cytosine–extension assay and realtime methylation–specific PCR, alterations of DNA methylation levels on both global and gene–specific levels were investigated. In some cell lines the cellular transformation led to an increase in DNA methylation levels, and in others a decrease in DNA methylation amounts was observed. The same phenomenon was seen in the promoter regions of specific genes, showing that vector–insertion into a cell line caused DNA methylation alterations in many regions of the genome. These alterations in DNA methylation are investigated in this reduced representation study using enrichment of the methylated fraction of fragmented DNA and subsequent GS FLX Titanium sequencing of these methylated fragments. The results of sequence data analysis showed that methylated fragments are distributed over the whole genome, but could be related to only a few specific genes. These results have implications for cell culture work, biotechnological applications and uses in gene therapy. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Biochemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

DNA methylation plays a role in several biological functions, such as gene expression regulation, and several endogenous and exogenous factors affect these DNA methylation patterns in the cell. One such alteration of a cell line's DNA methylation pattern is caused by the insertion of a vector into the cell line. Using the cytosine–extension assay and realtime methylation–specific PCR, alterations of DNA methylation levels on both global and gene–specific levels were investigated. In some cell lines the cellular transformation led to an increase in DNA methylation levels, and in others a decrease in DNA methylation amounts was observed. The same phenomenon was seen in the promoter regions of specific genes, showing that vector–insertion into a cell line caused DNA methylation alterations in many regions of the genome. These alterations in DNA methylation are investigated in this reduced representation study using enrichment of the methylated fraction of fragmented DNA and subsequent GS FLX Titanium sequencing of these methylated fragments. The results of sequence data analysis showed that methylated fragments are distributed over the whole genome, but could be related to only a few specific genes. These results have implications for cell culture work, biotechnological applications and uses in gene therapy. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Biochemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.