Les encéphalopathies spongiformes transmissibles (EST) sont des maladies neurodégénératives infectieuses qui résultent de l'agrégation de formes anormales de la protéine prion cellulaire (PrP[indice supérieur C]). La maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob est la plus répandue chez les humains alors que chez les animaux, la maladie de la vache folle est celle qui a l'impact économique le plus important et est la seule EST animale clairement transmissible à l'homme. Des études suggèrent que des agrégats cytoplasmiques de la protéine prion (CyPrP) pourraient être responsables de la neurodégénérescence observée lors des EST, toutefois, le mécanisme de toxicité de ces agrégats est encore inconnu. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que la production d'agrégats cytoplasmiques de la protéine prion entraîne un stress considérable et possiblement létal pour les cellules neuronales. Nous avons analysé la capacité de ces agrégats d'activer ou d'inhiber certaines composantes de la réponse au stress intégrée. Cette réponse a pour but de limiter les dommages cellulaires en conditions de stress et consiste en l'arrêt de la synthèse protéique, l'assemblage de granules de stress et l'induction de chaperonnes moléculaires. Nos résultats démontrent que les agrégats cytoplasmiques de la protéine prion induisent un stress pour la cellule qui résulte en l'activation de la kinase du stress PKR, la phosphorylation du facteur d'initiation de la traduction eIF2[alpha] et une diminution d'environ 80% de la synthèse protéique. De façon surprenante, la formation des granules de stress est inhibée dans les cellules qui produisent des agrégats cytoplasmiques de PrP. L'hybridation in situ et la chromatographie d'affinité sur résine de cellulose-oligo(dT) nous ont permis de démontrer que les ARNm étaient séquestrés en grande partie au sein des agrégats de CyPrP. Nous avons aussi démontré que l'induction de Hsp70 était inhibée suite à un stress dans les cellules qui produisent des agrégats et que ces cellules sont beaucoup plus sensibles à un stress oxydatif. Nous proposons que l'activation d'une réponse au stress inadéquate par les agrégats cytoplasmiques de la protéine prion altère considérablement la capacité des neurones de résister à de nombreux stress physiologiques. Nous suggérons que ces événements pourraient contribuer à la toxicité et à la neurodégénérescence observée au cours des maladies à prions.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B) is a heteropentameric guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that converts inactive eIF2 GDP-bound binary complexes into active eIF2 GTP-bound complexes that can bind initiator t-RNA molecules and ribosomes to begin translation. eIF2B is functionally divided into two subcomplexes: the catalytic core comprised of eIF2B epsilon and eIF2B gamma, and the regulatory core comprised of eIF2B alpha, eIF2B beta and eIF2B delta. While the catalytic subunits are responsible for exerting GEF activity, the regulatory subunits recognize eIF2 and respond to eIF2 alpha phosphorylation. Cellular stress, such as virus infection, inhibits host protein synthesis by activating specific kinases that are capable of phosphorylating the alpha subunit of eIF2, which can then sequester eIF2B to stall guanine nucleotide exchange by a currently unresolved mechanism. Importantly, we demonstrate that loss of eIF2B alpha or expression of a variant of the human eIF2B alpha subunit harboring a single point mutation (T41A) is sufficient to neutralize the consequences of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation, and render primary MEFs significantly more susceptible to vesicular stomatitis virus infection. To extend this analysis, we further exhibit the vital function of eIF2B alpha in protein synthesis through phenotypic studies in yeast. Here, we report that this subunit can sufficiently substitute for its yeast counterpart, GCN3, and reproduce similar growth phenotypes under normal and amino acid deprived conditions. In addition, the human eIF2B alpha-T41A variant was unable derepress GCN4 translation in response to an inhibitor of amino acid biosynthesis in yeast, an activity that requires sensitivity to phosphorylation of the yeast eIF2 alpha homolog, SUI2. Previously, we have demonstrated that vesicular stomatitis virus can infect and replicate to high levels in tumor cells. Moreover, these cells appear to contain defects in eIF2 alpha-mediated translational control, plausibly due to disregulation of eIF2B activity, which overcomes the inhibitory effects of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation. Our data suggest a role for eIF2B, specifically eIF2B alpha, in suppression of translation following virus infection, and imply that this complex may contribute to oncogenic transformation. These results emphasize the importance of eIF2B alpha in mediating eIF2 kinase translation inhibitory activity and may provide insight into the complex nature of viral oncolysis and cellular transformation.

Submitted by Tatiana Silva (tsilva@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2013-02-08T13:31:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 sabina_v_montero_ioc_bcm_0053_2011.pdf: 2783003 bytes, checksum: 58d0698eae0f2913066b128813d0d416 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-02-08T13:31:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sabina_v_montero_ioc_bcm_0053_2011.pdf: 2783003 bytes, checksum: 58d0698eae0f2913066b128813d0d416 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz.Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Pacientes infectados pelo HIV-1 apresentam aumentada permeabilidade intestinal, a qual permite a passagem para a circulação sanguínea de produtos microbianos, fenômeno conhecido por translocação microbiana. Dentre os produtos translocados são encontrados vários ligantes dos receptores do tipo Toll (TRL). A ativação de TLR desencadeia uma complexa cascata de sinalização, induz a síntese de diversas citocinas, e modula a função de células dendríticas (CDs), macrófagos e linfócitos, células-alvo da infecção pelo HIV-1. Estudos experimentais mostram que a ativação de TLRs influencia a replicação do HIV-1, como, por exemplo, a ativação de TLR-4 e TLR-3 resulta em diminuição da replicação viral. No entanto, os estudos relacionados à ativação de TLR-2 e HIV-1 são escassos. Assim, em nosso estudo, resolvemos analisar o efeito da ativação de TLR-2 sobre a replicação do HIV-1 em PBMCs e macrófagos primários humanos infectados in vitro. Para isto, PBMCs e macrófagos obtidos de doadores saudáveis foram infectados pelo HIV-1 e em seguida expostos ao Zymosaqn ou Pam3CSK4, ambos ligantes de TLR-2, e a replicação viral foi avaliada pela detecção da proteína viral p24 nos sobredanantes de cultura. Vimos que tanto o Zymosan quanto o Pam3CSK4 inibem de forma potente (até 90%) a replicação do isolado Ba-L (trópico para CCR5) de HIV-1 em PBMCs e macrófagos, assim como isolados primários trópicos para CCR5 e CXCR4. o tratamento das células com os ligantes de TLR-2 antes da infecção também induziu a queda da replicação viral. Ambos os ligantes de TLR-2 induziram aumento da produção das β-quimiocinas CCL3, CCL4 e CCL5 em macrófagos e PBMCs, e de IL-10 em macrófagos. A imuno-neutralização das β-quimiocinas diminuiu expressivamente o seu efeito inibitório sobre a replicação do HIV-1,. sugerindo que estas moléculas participam da inibição da replicação do HIV-1 resultante da ativação de TLR2. no entanto, a neutralização do receptor de IL-10 não produziu resultados semelhantes. A expressão dos receptores celulares CD4, CCR5 e CXCR4 não foi alterada quando macrófagos e PBMCs foram tratados com Pam3CSK4. observamos, ainda, que a proteína quinase R (PKR) é ativada por Pam3CSK4 tanto em macrófagos quanto em PBMCs. Estes resultados mostram que a ativação de TLR-2 resulta em uma potente inibição da replicação do HIV-1 em PBMCs e macrófagos, e sugerem que as β-quimiocinas estão envolvidas neste fenômeno. Nossos achados ressaltam o papel anti-HIV-1 resultante da ativação de TLR-2, e indicam que novos estudos devem ser realizados para esclarecer, com maior profundidade, os mecanismos envolvidos neste processo / Patients infected with HIV-1 exhibit increased intestinal permeability, which allows passage into the bloodstream of microbial products, a phenomenon known as microbial translocation. Among the products are found translocated several ligands of Toll-like receptors (TRL). The activation of TLR triggers a complex cascade of signaling, inducing synthesis of different cytokines, and modulates the function of dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages and lymphocytes, target cells from infection by HIV-1. Experimental studies have shown that activation of TLRs influences the replication of HIV-1, for example, activation of TLR-4, TLR-3 results in decreased viral replication. However, studies related to the activation of TLR-2 and HIV-1 are scarce. Thus, in our study, we decided to analyze the effect of the activation of TLR-2 on HIV-1 replication in PBMCs and human primary macrophages infected in vitro. For this purpose, PBMC and macrophages obtained from healthy donors were infected with HIV-1 and then exposed to Zymosaqn or Pam3CSK4, both from the TLR-2 ligands, and viral replication was assessed by the detection of viral protein p24 in culture sobredanantes. We have seen that both Zymosan as potently inhibit Pam3CSK4 (up to 90%) replication isolated Ba-L (CCR5 tropic) HIV-1 PBMC and macrophages, as well as primary isolates tropic CCR5 and CXCR4. treating the cells with the ligands of TLR-2 prior to infection also induced decrease in viral replication. Both ligands of TLR-2 induced increased production of β-chemokines CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 in PBMC and macrophages, and IL-10 in macrophages. The immuno-neutralization of β-chemokine significantly reduced their inhibitory effect on the replication of HIV-1. suggesting that these molecules participate in inhibiting the replication of HIV-1 resulting from activation of TLR2. However, the neutralization of IL-10 did not produce similar results. The expression of cell receptors CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4 was not altered when macrophages and PBMCs were treated with Pam3CSK4. noted further that protein kinase R (PKR) is activated by Pam3CSK4 in both macrophages and in PBMCs. These results show that activation of TLR-2 results in a potent inhibition of HIV-1 replication in PBMC and macrophages, and suggest that β-chemokines are involved in this phenomenon. Our findings highlight the role of anti-HIV-1 resulting from the activation of TLR-2, and suggest that further studies should be conducted to clarify, in greater depth, the mechanisms involved in this process

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第18485号 / 生博第314号 / 新制||生||41(附属図書館) / 31363 / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤田 尚志, 教授 米原 伸, 教授 朝長 啓造 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第24270号 / 生博第484号 / 新制||生||64(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 野田 岳志, 教授 原田 浩, 教授 豊島 文子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Die RNA-abhängige Proteinkinase (PKR) ist eine Interferon-induzierte Proteinkinase mit einer zentralen Rolle in der antiviralen Immunantwort. Die Aktivierung von PKR wird durch Bindung viraler RNA oder spezifischer Protein-Regulatoren ausgelöst und resultiert in der Inhibierung der Translation und Induktion von Transkriptionsfaktoren für die Produktion proinflammatorischer Zytokine. Trotz intensiver Forschung ist es bisher nicht gelungen, das gesamte Spektrum von PKR-Regulatoren und Adaptorproteinen aufzudecken. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde mithilfe von quantitativer Massenspektrometrie eine systematische Analyse von PKR Bindungspartnern im Kontext einer Influenzavirusinfektion durchgeführt. Dabei wurden 47 Proteine identifiziert, die nach Infektion mit einem Influenza A Virus spezifisch an PKR gebunden waren. Die Interaktion von PKR und einem Teil der Proteine wurde validiert und es konnte gezeigt werden, dass einige der gefundenen Proteine die PKR-Phosphorylierung verstärkten. Hierbei wurde das KH-Typ Splicing regulatorische Protein (KSRP) als neuer Regulator von PKR identifiziert.Die Aktivierung von PKR durch KSRP wurde dabei durch direkte Interaktion der Proteine über die N-terminale Domäne von PKR vermittelt, war jedoch unabhängig von der RNA-Bindungsfunktion. Immunfluoreszenzversuche zeigten, dass die Infektion mit einer Virusmutante zur Umlagerung beider Proteine in Stress-Granula führte. Verringerte KSRP-Level beeinträchtigten die PKR-Aktivierung, was zu einer 10-fachen Verbesserung der Replikation von mutierten Influenzaviren in Zellen mit verringerter IFN-beta-Expression führte. In dieser Arbeit konnte zum ersten Mal gezeigt werden, dass KSRP die antivirale Abwehr durch direkte Bindung an PKR und die damit verbundene Steigerung der PKR-Aktivität unterstützt. Zusammenfassend unterstreichen die Ergebnisse das Vermögen quantitativer Massenspektrometrie antivirale Mechanismen systematisch aufzuklären, um potenzielle Ziele für antivirale Therapien zu finden. / The RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is an interferon induced protein kinase that plays a significant role in innate antiviral immunity. Activation of PKR can be triggered by binding of viral RNA or distinct protein regulators and results in inhibition of translation and the induction of transcription factors that lead to production of proinflammatory cytokines. Over the last decades, extensive research was conducted to identify the whole network of PKR regulators and adaptor proteins, but it is most likely that still some pieces are missing to complete our understanding of PKR functions. This thesis provides a systematic analysis of PKR binding partners in the context of influenza A virus infection by using quantitative mass spectrometry. In total, 47 proteins that bound specifically to PKR after influenza A virus infection were identified. The interaction between PKR and a subset of candidates was validated and it was shown that some of the identified proteins upon overexpression induced PKR phosphorylation. Hereby, the KH-type-splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) was identified as a novel protein regulator of PKR. Activation of PKR by KSRP was mediated by direct interaction of KSRP with the N-terminal domain of PKR, but was found to be independent from dsRNA binding. Immunofluorescence experiments showed that upon infection with an influenza A mutant virus, both proteins were redistributed to cytoplasmic stress granules. Knockdown of KSRP impaired PKR activation and consequently rescued viral replication of influenza A mutant viruses by one order of magnitude in cells with reduced IFN-beta levels. It was shown for the first time that KSRP is able to support antiviral signalling by enhancing PKR activation in a process that involves direct protein-protein-interaction. Taken together, this study demonstrates the aptitude of quantitative mass spectrometry for elucidation of cellular antiviral response pathways to reveal potential new targets for antiviral therapy.

La protéine Tat du VIH-1 est essentielle à la multiplication virale. Elle permet la transactivation de la transcription et, par ses propriétés apoptotiques, elle participe à la pathologie SIDA. D'où l'importance d'étudier les mécanismes régulant sa production. L'épissage alternatif de l'ARN du VIH-1, en particulier, l'utilisation des sites accepteurs d'épissage A3 et A7 est nécessaire pour la production des ARNm tat. L'utilisation du site A3 est fortement régulée par des éléments agissant en cis contenus dans une structure tige-boucle SLS3A3 située en aval du site A3. En purifiant les complexes RNP formés en extrait nucléaire sur un segment de l'ARN viral renfermant le site A3, et en analysant par spectrométrie de masse les protéines contenues dans ces complexes, nous avons pu mettre en évidence la fixation d'une protéine inhibitrice de l'utilisation du site A3, la protéine DAZAP1. Sur la base d'un ensemble de données antérieures du laboratoire et de nouvelles données que j'ai obtenues, nous avons montré que la protéine SRSF7, sans doute en synergie avec SRSF1, limite la fixation de DAZAP1 et active l'épissage au site A3. Nous avons aussi montré que la protéine virale Tat exerce un rétro-contrôle négatif au niveau de la production de l?ARNm tat, ceci en limitant l'activation du site A3 par SRSF7. La partie apicale de la structure tige-boucle SLS3A3 (motif B) est très conservée dans les souches de VIH-1. L'équipe d'E Guittet a déterminé sa structure 3D par RMN. La conformation de sa boucle terminale est caractéristique des structures tige-boucle reconnues par les protéines à domaines dsRBD (double stranded RNA Binding Domain). J'ai pu confirmer cette hypothèse en purifiant les complexes formés par le motif B en extrait nucléaire. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que la protéine kinase PKR, qui joue chez l'Homme un rôle majeur dans la réponse à une infection virale, est un partenaire du motif B. Par utilisation de sondes chimiques de la structure 2D de l'ARN, j'ai pu montrer que la structure tige-boucle SLS3A3, contenant le codon d'initiation de l'ORF Tat, est présente dans l'ARNm tat1. Nous avons alors développé un système visant à étudier les mécanismes de régulation de l'initiation de la traduction de la protéine Tat. Par l'emploi d'une construction bicistronique, j'ai pu confirmer l'existence d'une activité IRES dans la région 5'UTRtat1 de l'ARNm tat1 et définir deux segments ayant cette activité. Des résultats préliminaires obtenus avec une construction bicistronique, nous ont permis de commencer à tester l'effet de différentes protéines SR et hnRNP sur l'activité de ces IRES / HIV-1 Tat protein is essential for viral replication. It allows the transcription of full-length viral RNAs, and due to its apoptotic properties it contributes to the AIDS disease. Hence, it is important to study the mechanisms regulating its production. Alternative splicing of the HIV-1 RNA, in particular, the use of acceptor sites A3 and A7 is required for tat mRNA production. Splicing at site A3 is highly regulated by cis-acting elements contained in a stem-loop structure SLS3A3, located downstream from site A3. By purifying RNP complexes formed in nuclear extract on a segment of the viral RNA containing site A3 followed by mass spectrometry analysis, we were able to highlight the binding of a new inhibitory protein, DAZAP1. Based on a set of ancient laboratory data and new results that I obtained, we have shown that SRSF7 protein, probably in synergy with SRSF1, limits the binding of DAZAP1 and splicing activation at site A3. We also showed that the viral protein Tat exerts a negative feedback control on tat mRNA production by restricting splicing activation of site A3 by SRSF7. The apical part of the stem-loop structure SLS3A3 (B motif) is highly conserved among HIV-1 strains. E Guittet team determined its 3D structure by NMR. The conformation of this apical loop is characteristic of stem-loop structures recognized by dsRBD proteins (double-stranded RNA binding domain). I was able to confirm this hypothesis by purifying RNP complexes formed by the B motif in nuclear extract. Thus, we have shown that the RNA dependent protein kinase (PKR), which plays in humans a major role in response to viral infection, is a partner of the B motif. By using chemical probes specific of the 2D structure of RNAs, I showed that the stem-loop structure SLS3A3 that contains the initiation codon of Tat is present in tat1 mRNA. We then developed a system to study the mechanisms regulating the initiation of translation of Tat protein. By using a bicistronic construct, I was able to confirm the existence of IRES activity in the 5?UTRtat1 region of tat1 mRNA, and define two segments that contain this activity. Preliminary results obtained with a bicistronic construct allowed us to begin testing the effect of different SR and hnRNP proteins on the activity of the IRES

Tuberculosis (TB) is a deadly infectious lung disease caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The identification of macrophage signaling proteins exploited by Mtb during infection will enable the development of alternative host-directed therapies (HDT) for TB. HDT strategies will boost host immunity to restrict the intracellular replication of Mtb and therefore hold promise to overcome antimicrobial resistance, a growing crisis in TB therapy. Protein Kinase R (PKR) is a key host sensor that functions in the cellular antiviral response. However, its role in defense against intracellular bacterial pathogens is not clearly defined. Herein, we demonstrate that expression and activation of PKR is upregulated in macrophages infected with Mtb. Immunological profiling of human THP-1 macrophages that overexpress PKR (THP-PKR) showed increased production of IP-10 and reduced production of IL-6, two cytokines that are reported to activate and inhibit IFNy-dependent autophagy, respectively. Indeed, sustained expression and activation of PKR reduced the intracellular survival of Mtb, an effect that could be enhanced by IFNy treatment. We further demonstrate that the enhanced anti-mycobacterial activity of THP-PKR macrophages is mediated by a mechanism dependent on selective autophagy as indicated by increased levels of LC3-II that colocalize with intracellular Mtb. Consistent with this mechanism, inhibition of autophagolysosome maturation with bafilomycin A1 abrogated the ability of THP-PKR macrophages to limit replication of Mtb, whereas pharmacological activation of autophagy enhanced the anti-mycobacterial effect of PKR overexpression. As such, PKR represents a novel and attractive host target for development of HDT for TB, and our data suggest value in the design of more specific and potent activators of PKR.

Two cellular innate responses, the dsRNA protein kinase (PKR) pathway and the 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L pathway, are activated by dsRNAs produced by viruses and reduce translation of host and viral mRNAs. PKR activation results in eIF2a phosphorylation. As a consequence of eIF2a phosphorylation, stress granules (SGs) are formed by the aggregation of stalled SG proteins with pre-initiation complexes and mRNA. West Nile virus (WNV) infections do not induce eIF2a phosphorylation despite upregulation of PKR mRNA and protein suggesting an active suppression of PKR activation. Assessment of the mechanism of suppression of PKR activation in WNV-infected cells indicated that WNV infections do not induce PKR phosphorylation so that active suppression is not required. In contrast to infections with "natural" strains of WNV, infections with the chimeric W956 infectious clone (IC) virus efficiently induce SGs in infected cells. After two serial passages, the IC virus generated a mutant (IC-P) that does not induce SGs efficiently but does induce the formation of NS3 granules that persist throughout the infection. This mutant was characterized. 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS) are activated by viral dsRNA to produce 2-5A oligos that activate RNase L to digest viral and cellular RNAs. Resistance to flavivirus-induced disease in mice is conferred by the full-length 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 1b (Oas1b) protein. Oas1b is an inactive synthetase that is able to suppress the in vitro synthetase activity of the active synthetase Oas1a. The ability of Oas1b to inhibit Oas1a synthetase activity in vivo and to form a heteromeric complex with Oas1a was investigated. Oas1b suppressed 2-5A production in vivo. Oas1a and Oas1b overexpressed in mammalian cells co-immunoprecipitated indicating the formation of heteromeric complexes by these proteins. Unlike mice, humans encode a single OAS1 gene that generates alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different isoforms. Synthetase activity has previously been reported for only three of the isoforms. The in vitro synthetase activity of additional OAS1 isoforms was analyzed. All tested isoforms synthesized higher order 2-5A oligos. However, p44A only produced 2-5A dimers which inhibit RNase L.