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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
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Étude analytique d'un extrait d'Eucalyptus Globulus dans le cadre d'un développement pharmaceutique / Analytical study of an extract of Eucalyptus Globulus in the context of pharmaceutical development

Chenavas, Sophie 22 February 2013 (has links)
Résumé confidentiel / Résumé confidentiel
22

Triagem fitoquímica e avaliação da sensibilidade antimicrobiana e da genotoxicidade de Sedum praealtum DC. (Bálsamo) / Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility and genotoxicity of Sedum praealtum DC (Balsam)

Marques, Milene Bueno 25 February 2015 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T13:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Milene Bueno Marques-Dissertacao.pdf: 825475 bytes, checksum: cd33a50c8ba95cbc3e9504abcf1d976c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-25 / Sedum praealtum DC. (Crassulaceae) is one of 350 species pharmacologically active from the genus Sedum, whose actions in treatment of eyes (pain and swelling) and ulcer, inflammatory problems, as contraception and anti-fertilization, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory have been reported. The objective was to evaluate the hydroethanolic extract of S. praealtum regarding their potential antimicrobial in vitro (some bacteria, yeasts and micobactéria strains), cytotoxic in vitro and genotoxic in vivo. A fast phytochemical screening of this extract was also performed. The antimicrobial activities were carried out by microdilution in broth and agar diffusion methods (CLSI). The genotoxic effects and systemic toxic and cytotoxicity were evaluated by micronucleus assay in mice bone marrow and cell cultures of Aedes albopictus, respectively. The selectivity index was also established (SI = CI50/MIC). Dosages of flavonoids and phenolic compounds were done by colorimetric and precipitation techniques. A high amount of phenolic compounds were identified in S. praealtum root. The S. praealtum leaves showed broad spectrum of action and variables MICs: Gram-negative bacteria (E. aerogenes, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, S. marcescens and S. typhimurium), gram-positive (B. cereus, B. subtilis, E. faecalis, M. luteus and S. aureus) and yeast (S. cerevisiae). The stem and root were restricted to gram-positive bacteria and S. cerevisiae, other than E. coli (stem) and P. mirabilis (root) microbicidal action microorganism- and anatomical part-dependent (leaf, stem or root). S. praealtum showed no inhibition against C. albicans, M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. The root showed acceptable SI (SI  1) for P. mirabilis; B. subtilis; B. cereus; M. luteus; E. faecalis; S. aureus and S. cerevisiae, whereas the sheet only for S. cerevisiae. The hydroalcoholic extract of S. praealtum leaves revealed no genotoxic effects (no clastogeny and/or aneugeny) and toxicity in bone marrow of mice, dose (0.5-2 g.Kg-1) and time-independent (24-48 hours), but sex-dependent (male and female). This was the first scientific study of this nature involving S. praealtum and partially the results provide a theoretical basis for comprehensive development and utilization of plant resources. However, advanced phytochemical characterization together with the various pharmacological and pharmacogenomic studies should be conducted in order to characterize their effects and, importantly, for the establishment of limits for human consumption, the delineation of potential risks to human health, and for rational strategies for implementing chemo-preventive measures. / Sedum praealtum DC. (Crassulaceae) é uma das 350 espécies farmacologicamente ativas do gênero Sedum, cujas ações no tratamento dos olhos (dores e inchaços) e úlcera, de problemas inflamatórios, como contraceptivo e antifertilização, antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória foram relatadas. O objetivo foi avaliar o extrato hidroetanólico de S. praealtum quanto aos seus prováveis potenciais antimicrobiano in vitro de algumas cepas de bactérias, de leveduras e de micobactérias, citotóxico in vitro e genotóxico in vivo. Uma rápida triagem fitoquímica desse extrato também foi realizada. As atividades antimicrobianas foram realizadas empregando-se os métodos de microdiluição em caldo e em difusão em agar (CLSI). Os efeitos genotóxicos e tóxicos sistêmicos e a citotoxicidade foram avaliados pelo ensaio do micronúcleo na medula óssea de camundongos e pelas culturas celulares de Aedes albopictus, respectivamente. O índice de seletividade também foi estabelecido (IS = CI50/CIM). Dosagens de flavonoides e compostos fenólicos foram feitas usando técnicas colorimétricas e de precipitação. Uma elevada quantia de compostos fenólicos foi identificada na raiz de S. praealtum. As folhas de S. praealtum mostraram ação de amplo espectro e CIM variáveis: bactérias gram-negativas (E. aerogenes, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, S. marcescens e S. typhimurium), gram-positivas (B. cereus, B. subtilis, E. faecalis, M. luteus e S. aureus) e levedura (S. cerevisiae). O caule e a raiz foram restritos às bactérias gram-positivas e S. cerevisiae, exceto E. coli (caule) e P. mirabilis (raiz) ação microbicida micro-organismo-dependente e parte anatômica-dependente (folha, caule ou raiz). S. praealtum não apresentou ação contra C. albicans, M. tuberculosis e M. bovis. A raiz mostrou IS aceitável (IS  1) para P. mirabilis; B. subtilis; B. cereus; M. luteus; E. faecalis; S. aureus e S. cerevisae, enquanto que a folha apenas para S. cerevisae. O extrato hidroalcoólico das folhas de S. praealtum revelou efeitos não genotóxicos (ausência de clastogenia e/ou aneugênia) e efeitos tóxicos na medula óssea de camundongos, dose- (0,5-2 g.Kg-1) e tempo-independente (24-48h), porém sexo-dependente (macho e fêmea). Este foi o primeiro estudo científico dessa natureza envolvendo S. praealtum e, parcialmente, os resultados fornecem uma base para a utilização e para o desenvolvimento compreensivo de recursos vegetais. Todavia, a caracterização fitoquímica avançada aliada aos diversos estudos farmacológicos e farmacogenômicos deveriam ser conduzidos a fim de caracterizar os seus efeitos e, mais importante, estabelecer limites para o consumo popular, delinear os riscos potenciais à saúde humana, e implementar estratégias racionais e medidas quimio-preventivas.
23

ATIVIDADE ANTIOXIDANTE in vitro DO EXTRATO ETANÓLICO DAS FOLHAS DE Luehea divaricata Mart. / In vitro ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Luehea divaricata Mart. LEAVES

Arantes, Leticia Priscilla 16 March 2012 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Oxidative stress has been linked to some neurodegenerative disorders. Current therapies are limited to attenuate the symptoms, however some studies have shown that antioxidant compounds may be able to prevent or delay neuronal oxidative damage, including those present in plant extracts. For these reasons, this study investigated the possible antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Luehea divaricata leaves in brain of rats in vitro and the possible antioxidant mechanisms involved. The extract was evaluated against basal and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) 5 μM induced lipid peroxidation in brain of rats through measurements of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production. Slices of brain areas were treated with SNP 100 M and extract to determine cellular viability by MTT reduction assay. Scavenger activity was evaluated against NO, DPPH and OH through Griess reagent, DPPH and deoxyribose oxidation assays, respectively. The chelating and reducing capacity for iron were determined by the orto-phenantroline method. The extract was screened by HPLC for the presence of gallic, chlorogenic, and caffeic acids, quercetin, rutin, and kaempferol. Only rutin was detected and then was used, in the same concentrations of the extract, as standard in all assays. L. divaricata extract (1-10 μg/ml) protected against induced lipid peroxidation, decreased basal levels of TBARS (about 50%) and maintained the cells viable. The extract was not able to protect deoxyribose against OH and to chelate iron, however it inhibited NO and DPPH in 33.14% at 20 μg/ml and 53.93% at 50 μg/ml respectively, and showed a reducing power in a concentration and time dependent manner. Therefore, L. divaricata ethanolic leaf extract showed antioxidant properties in vitro at low concentrations. The antioxidant mechanisms were related to scavenger activity on reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and metal reducing property. These effects were similar or more powerful than rutin in same concentrations in all assays, except in NO scavenger activity, and, thus, other unidentified compounds present in the extract appear to be associated with the effects observed in this study. More studies are needed regarding the identification of these compounds and the neuroprotective activity of the extract. / O estresse oxidativo tem sido relacionado a algumas desordens neurodegenerativas. As terapias atuais para essas doenças estão limitadas a atenuar os sintomas apresentados, entretanto alguns estudos têm mostrado que compostos antioxidantes podem ser capazes de prevenir ou retardar o dano oxidativo neuronal, incluindo aqueles presentes em extratos vegetais. Por esses motivos, neste trabalho foi investigada a possível atividade antioxidante do extrato etanólico das folhas de Luehea divaricata em cérebro de ratos in vitro e os possíveis mecanismos antioxidantes envolvidos. O extrato foi avaliado contra a peroxidação lipídica basal e induzida por nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS) 5 μM em cérebro de ratos através da quantificação da produção de espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Fatias de áreas do cérebro foram tratadas com NPS 100 M e extrato para determinar a viabilidade celular através do ensaio da redução do MTT. A atividade scavenger do extrato foi testada contra ON, DPPH e OH através do reagente de Griess e dos ensaios de DPPH e de oxidação da desoxirribose, respectivamente. A capacidade quelante e redutora frente ao ferro foram determinadas através do método da orto-fenantrolina. O extrato foi analisado por HPLC quanto à presença dos ácidos gálico, clorogênico e cafeico, quercetina, rutina e kaempferol. Somente a rutina foi detectada e então usada como padrão, nas mesmas concentrações do extrato, em todos os testes. O extrato de L. divaricata (1-10 μg/ml) protegeu o cérebro contra peroxidação lipídica induzida, diminuiu os níveis basais de TBARS (± 50%) e manteve as células viáveis. O extrato não foi capaz de proteger a desoxirribose contra OH e de quelar o ferro, entretanto inibiu ON e DPPH em 33,14% a 20 μg/ml e 53,93% a 50 μg/ml respectivamente, e mostrou poder redutor de maneira concentração e tempo dependentes. Assim, o extrato etanólico das folhas de L. divaricata demonstrou propriedade antioxidante in vitro em baixas concentrações. Os mecanismos antioxidantes foram relacionados ao efeito scavenger de espécies reativas de oxigênio e de nitrogênio e à atividade redutora de metais. Esses efeitos foram similares ou superiores em comparação às mesmas concentrações de rutina, exceto na capacidade scavenger de ON e, portanto, outros compostos ainda não determinados no extrato parecem estar associados às atividades observadas neste trabalho. Mais estudos devem ser realizados em relação à identificação desses compostos e à atividade neuroprotetora do extrato.
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Approches multidisciplinaires sur le mode d’action, l’efficacité et l’élaboration de stratégies d’utilisation d’actifs biologiques contre divers bioagresseurs de Vitis vinifera / Developing a multidisciplinary approach testing the mode of action, the effectiveness and the deployment of ecofriendly strategies using biological antifungal products against a broad range of pest of Vitis vinifera

Bellee, Anthony 30 November 2016 (has links)
La vigne est une culture pérenne sensible à de nombreux bioagresseurs et sur laquelle il est nécessaire de réaliser de nombreux traitements pesticides, susceptibles de causer des problèmes environnementaux, de santé humaine et d’apparition de résistance au sein des populations de bioagresseurs. Aujourd’hui, il est indispensable de développer des stratégies nouvelles de lutte contre les bioagresseurs, plus raisonnées mais permettant de conserver une viticulture compétitive. L’utilisation de produits de biocontrôle semble, en ce sens, être une approche prometteuse permettant d’allier agriculture durable et intensive.Deux écoproduits généralistes à fort potentiel ont été identifiés, comme possédant des actions intéressantes sur les principales maladies cryptogamiques de la vigne. Le premier est un extrait naturel de plante, sans action fongicide directe mais capable de stimuler efficacement et de façon systémique les défenses de la plante. Le second, quant à lui, est un microorganisme qui possède une forte action antagoniste fongicide, mais aussi la capacité à stimuler les défenses de plante. Dans un premier temps, des études en conditions contrôlées ont mis en évidence l’efficacité des deux actifs pour inhiber le développement de diverses souches d’Erysiphe necator, Plasmopara viticola, Botrytis cinerea et Botryosphaeriaceae. En parallèle, des expérimentations au vignoble, ont confirmé le fort potentiel de ces produits de biocontrôle, avec des bonnes efficacités, particulièrement stable avec l’extrait naturel. Ces différentes études nous ont permis d’identifier et d’élaborer des stratégies d’utilisation pour ces deux produits de biocontrôle. / Grapevine is a perennial crop sensitive to many fungal pathogens that require numerous pesticide treatments. However, its uses lead to environmental, human health and fungicide resistance problems. Developing sustainable pest management strategies while keeping a good wine quality is of major importance. In this sense, the use of bio-pesticides products seems to be a promising approach to combine sustainable and intensive agriculture.Two generalist bio-pesticides of great potential have been preliminary identified, forits actions on major fungal diseases of grapevine. The first one is a natural plant extract, with no direct fungicide action but able to systemically stimulate plant defenses. The second one is a microorganism showing strong antagonist fungicide actions, and important ability to stimulate plant defenses. First, the studies conducted in controlled conditions have demonstrated the effectiveness of both products in the suppression of various isolates of Erysiphe necator, Plasmopara viticola, Botrytis cinerea and Botryosphaeriaceae. In parallel,the good efficiencies of these products have been confirmed during vineyard assays. This was especially well demonstrated for the natural extract. As a whole, these studies confirm thepotential of these two products as promising bio-pesticides, of which the strategy of application have been further defined.

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