No description available.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-95). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

A estacionalidade de produção de plantas forrageiras é um problema muito frequente no Sul do Brasil, devido principalmente às baixas temperaturas e geadas que ocorrem no período de inverno. Essas características limitam o crescimento das plantas, determinando períodos de falta de forragem para os rebanhos. O trabalho foi realizado no período de março a novembro de 2009 com objetivo de avaliar as características produtivas de cultivares de forrageiras anuais de inverno (Avena strigosa Schereb, Lolium multiflorum Lam, Avena sativa, Triticum aestivum, Secale cereale e Triticosecale Wittmack) em quatro épocas de semeadura (11 de março, 08 de abril, 06 de maio e 03 de junho). O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições em parcelas subdivididas. Foram avaliados o número de dias para o primeiro corte, o número de cortes, dias de utilização da pastagem, a densidade de plantas e perfilhos, a produção total, a matéria seca residual, a produção por corte e a dinâmica produtiva (taxa de acúmulo diário mensal de MS). Houve interação significativa entre forrageiras e épocas de semeadura para todas as variáveis analisadas, indicando muitas combinações entre espécies forrageiras e data de semeadura de acordo com cada sistema. As aveias brancas, os azevéns, e a aveia preta IAPAR 61, apresentaram alta capacidade de produção e distribuição de forragem, especialmente se semeadas até início de maio. Para a variável taxa de acúmulo tiveram destaque às aveias brancas UTF Iguaçú e IPR 126, aveia preta IAPAR 61, os azevéns, e centeio, que presentaram em média produção diária de forragem de 51,4 kg ha-1 após a primeira utilização, demonstrando possuírem elevada capacidade de produção e manutenção da produção, também se semeadas até início de maio. / Forage production seasonality is a great concern in southwestern Brazil. It occurs mainly due to the low temperatures and frost that occur during the winter. Those characteristics prevent forage plants growth, causing lack forage shortage to herds. The trial was carried out from March to November 2009 in order to evaluate productive characteristics of winter annual forage grasses (Avena strigosa Schereb, Lolium multiflorum Lam, Avena sativa, Triticum aestivum, Secale cereale, and X Triticosecale Wittmack) under four sowing dates: March 11th, April 8th, May 6th and June 3rd. Completely randomized blocks with three replications in a split plot design was used. It was evaluated number of days to first harvest, number of harvests, pasture utilization period, tiller and plant population densities, total herbage production, stubble mass, herbage production by harvest, and production dynamics (dry matter accumulation rate). There was significant interaction between grasses and sowing dates for all variables, indicating many combinations between forage species and sowing date according each system. White oats, ryegrasses and black oat cv. IAPAR 61 performed better in relation to forage production and forage production persistance, especially if sown until early May. In relation to accumulation rate, white oats UTF Iguaçú and IPR 126, black oat IAPAR 61, ryegrasses, and rye presented better performance, which presented average of 51.4 kg DM ha-1 after first cut, showing a great performance in terms of forage production and maintenance of their forage production, especially when sowed until beginning May.

Das LfULG führte in sächsischen Einzelhandelsgärtnereien von 2006 bis 2008 Untersuchungen zur Arbeitsorganisation durch. Ein Schwerpunkt war die Beobachtung und Analyse von Arbeiten im Produktionsbereich sowie die Ermittlung des betriebsindividuellen Arbeitszeitaufwandes. Neben den ermittelten Daten für 83 produktionstechnische Arbeiten enthält die Veröffentlichung zwei Checklisten zur Beurteilung der Arbeitsorganisation und der Arbeitsmethoden. Bei den Untersuchungen wurde deutlich, dass neben dem Potenzial durch Rationalisierungsmaßnahmen bei Transport, Bewässerung, Regeltechnik und Warenaufbereitung auch ein wirtschaftlich relevantes Potenzial in der Optimierung der einzelnen Arbeitsabläufe und Arbeitsmethoden besteht. Die Optimierung der einzelnen Arbeitsabläufe und Arbeitsmethoden erfordert nur geringe finanzielle Mittel und trägt maßgeblich zur Steigerung der Arbeitsproduktivität bei.

The topic of unit commitment has been and continues to be of interest to many researchers and is a primary operation for most utilities. Past research has utilized integer programming, dynamic programming, linear programming, gradient, and heuristic techniques. This research combines both linear programming and dynamic programming for unit commitment decisions within a weekly time frame. The result provides most of the advantages of linear programming and dynamic programming with less stringent requirements on the pre solution information needed for unit transition sequences. Further, the research yields a new tool for the solution of the Transaction Evaluation problem. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata

A multistage production system consists of a number of production stages that are interrelated, that is the output from one stage forms input to the next stage. There are constraints associated with each stage as well as constraints imposed by the overall system. Besides, there are multiple objectives that need to be satisfied, and in numerous cases, these objectives conflict with each other. What is required is an efficient technique to allocate and schedule resources so as to provide a balance between the conflicting objectives within the system constraints. This study is concerned with the problem of scheduling multistage production systems in food processing industry. The system and products have complex structure and relationships. This makes the system difficult to be solved analytically. Therefore, the problem is solved by developing a heuristic algorithm that considers most of the constraints. The output generated by the algorithm includes a production schedule which specifies the starting and completion times of the products in each stage and the machines where the products are to be processed. In addition, a summary of system performances including throughput times, resources' utilizations, and tardy products is reported. / Graduation date: 1992

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:01:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoAbneFigueiredoNeto.pdf: 3315403 bytes, checksum: fa71315e1c2d245dfe9bb258f5291ad0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-02 / Disposal of sludge from Water Treatment Plants (WTP) in the environment is very harmful and can cause deterioration of water supplies. Existing methods for treatment of waste produced in ETA are few applied because the costs involved with operation and maintenance. Several alternatives are suggested for the disposal of these wastes, including the application of sludge in agricultural soils can generate several benefits. In this work we evaluated the development of crops with different dosages of WTS (0%, 18.75%, 37.50%, 56.25%, 75%). The sludge used in the study was collected in the ETA Eng. Rodolfo José da Costa, located in Goiânia/GO, which is used in aluminum sulphate (Al2 (SO4) 3) as a primary coagulant. For the study we used five treatments (T1: 25% substrate, 75% land, 0% sludge, T2: 25% substrate, land 56.25%, 18.75% sludge, T3: 25% substrate, 37.50 % land, 37.50% sludge, T4: 25% substrate, land 18.75%, 56.25% sludge, T5: 25% substrate, 0% land, 75% sludget) for four species of native plants occurring in cerrado (Padu-de-óleo; Gonçalo-alves; Canafístula and Ipe-brando). We adopted the completely randomized design (CRD) with four repetitions, totaling 400 plants. The data collections were performed at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after planting. Parameters such as the collar diameter, height, weight and chlorophyll were evaluated. Some relationships were used to determine the level of quality seedlings, as the ratio of shoot height and diameter of the collar, the relationship between height and dry weight of shoots and the ratio of dry weight of shoots and dry weight of roots. The largest number of dead individuals was found for Ipê-branco (Tabebuia roseo-alba), regardless of the treatment he underwent. The morphological parameters showed little variation among treatments. Compared to quality, some species showed the best 4 and subjected to treatment with 56.25% of sludge. In the treatments with higher amounts of sludge, the levels of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in leaves were reduced. It was found that the allocation of the WTS nursery can be an alternative available and also an economic advantage to commercial nurseries. It is expected not only to encourage the commercial use of residue in crops that require specific concentrations of metals such as aluminum, abundant in the mud, the greater concern is the environmental and ecological nature, as tons of waste are discarded altogether, causing pollution and occupation of space unnecessarily. / O descarte do lodo das Estações de Tratamento Água (ETA) no meio ambiente é bastante nocivo, podendo provocar a deterioração dos mananciais. Os métodos existentes para tratamento dos resíduos produzidos em ETA são poucos aplicados em virtude dos custos envolvidos com operação e manutenção. Várias alternativas são sugeridas para a disposição destes resíduos, entre elas a aplicação do lodo em solos agrícolas pode gerar diversos benefícios. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desenvolvimento de plantas cultivadas com diferentes doses de lodo de ETA (0%; 18,75%; 37,50%; 56,25%; 75%). O lodo utilizado no estudo foi coletado na ETA Eng. Rodolfo José da Costa, localizada em Goiânia/GO, na qual é utilizado o sulfato de alumínio (Al2(SO4)3) como coagulante primário. Para o estudo utilizaram-se 5 tratamentos (T1: 25% substrato, 75% terra, 0% lodo; T2: 25% substrato, 56,25% terra, 18,75% lodo; T3: 25% substrato, 37,50% terra, 37,50% lodo; T4: 25% substrato, 18,75% terra, 56,25% lodo; T5: 25% substrato, 0% terra, 75% lodo) para 4 espécies de plantas nativas com ocorrência no cerrado (Pau-de-óleo; Gonçalo-alves; Canafístula e Ipê-branco). Adotou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com 4 repetições, num total de 400 plantas. As coletas de dados foram realizadas aos 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após o plantio. Parâmetros como o diâmetro do coleto, altura, peso e clorofila foram avaliados. Algumas relações foram utilizadas para a determinação do índice de qualidade das mudas, como a relação altura da parte aérea e o diâmetro do coleto, a relação da altura e o peso de matéria seca da parte aérea e a relação entre o peso de matéria seca da parte aérea e o peso de matéria seca das raízes. O maior número de indivíduos mortos foi encontrado para o Ipê-branco (Tabebuia roseo-alba), independente do tratamento a que foi submetido. Os parâmetros morfológicos apresentaram poucas variações significativas entre os tratamentos. Em relação aos índices de qualidade, algumas espécies apresentaram os melhores valores quanto submetidas ao tratamento 4, com 56,25% de lodo. Nos tratamentos com maior quantidade de lodo, os teores de nitrogênio (N), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg) nas folhas foram reduzidas. Verificou-se que a destinação de lodo de ETA para viveiros pode ser uma alternativa de disposição e ainda uma vantagem econômica para os viveiros comerciais. Espera-se não somente incentivar o uso comercial do resíduo em plantios que requeiram concentrações específicas de metais, tais como o alumínio, abundante no lodo; o maior interesse é de cunho ambiental e ecológico, visto que toneladas desse resíduo são completamente descartadas, gerando poluição e ocupação de espaços desnecessariamente.

Heilpflanzen haben auf globaler Ebene stark zum Gesundheitswesen und im ländlichen Raum zur Sicherung der Lebensgrundlage beigetragen. Die stete Gewährleistung einer Versorgung mit Heilpflanzen als Rohstoff ist existenziell für die Ausschöpfung eines vollen Produktionspotenzials. Da sich die Beschaffung von Heilpflanzen jeher auf das Ernten und Wildsammeln in der freien Natur beschränkte, nehmen methodische Anbausysteme eine wichtige Rolle in der Unterstützung kommerzialisierter Einsatzzwecke ein. Dementsprechend ist die Schaffung einer lokal- basierten, systematischen Bewirtschaftung in Abstimmung mit vorhandenen Produktionssystemen und lokalen Akteurinnen und Akteuren dringend erforderlich. Unter Bezugnahme auf die Fallstudie ‚Java Island‘ wird sich diese Arbeit folgend mit den derzeitigen Nutzungstypen hiesiger Heilpflanzen und einer möglichen Transformation deren Herstellungsprozesses befassen sowie die lokalen Rahmenbedingungen für eine nachhaltige Bewirtschaftung und Produktion von Heilpflanzen in Java auswerten. Dieses drei Ebenen umfassende Multiple-Case-Study-Design wird hierbei zunächst Java Island (erste Ebene, Hauptcase), dann eine Kontextualisierung des Ernte- und Wildsammelystems in freier Natur sowie eines gezielten Anbausystems (zweite Ebene) und schließlich die Schaffung kommerzieller Produktionssysteme (dritte Ebene und individueller Case) zur Erkenntnisfindung einbeziehen. Dabei wird ein Hybridmodell aus dem socioecological-coevolution system und der participatory diagnostic investigation angewandt um die Vernetzung zwischen Heilpflanzen als Rohstoff und lokalen Akteurinnen und Akteuren und deren Produktionssystem zu untersuchen. In Verwendung eines qualitativen und quantitativen Mischverfahrens werden so (1) asiatisch-stämmige Heilpflanzen begutachtet, (2) die finanzielle Leistungsfähigkeit dreier Produktionssysteme analysiert, (3) ein Befund zu lokalen Produktions bedürfnissen erstellt sowie (4) ein Vorschlag zur Schaffung einer nachhaltigen Bewirtschaftung solcher Produktionssysteme erstellt. Nach eingehender Auswertung der Forschungsliteratur zeigen sich dabei drei ausschlaggebende Schwerpunkte in der nachhaltigen Bewirtschaftung asiatisch- stämmiger Heilpflanzen; speziell deren Kommerzialisierungs- und Produktionspotenzial, deren Nutzungstyp, sowie institutionelle Aspekte. Hierbei stellt sich in den zwei primär vorhandenen Produktionssystemen ein schrittweiser Übergang heraus vom Ernten und Wildsammeln in der Natur hin zum methodischen Anbausystem. Entsprechend lässt sich der Trend erkennen, dass Heilpflanzen in Südasien vorwiegend Verwendung in der medizinischen Versorgung der lokalen Bevölkerung und kulturell-traditioneller Medizin finden, während Südostasien und China vor allem auf deren Kommerzialisierung setzen. Betrachtet man die institutionellen Aspekte, ergeben sich für die Verwendung von Heilpflanzen eine Kluft in aktuellen Bestimmungen und deren praktischen Anwendung, welche der Vereinheitlichung auf lokaler, nationaler und globaler Ebene bedürfen. Eine zukünftige Bewirtschaftung asiatisch-stämmiger Heilpflanzen muss daher eine Beziehung herstellen zwischen ihrer Produktionsleistung, möglichen Absatzmärkten, relevanten Interessensvertreterinnen und -vertretern sowie dem lokalen Potenzial und Bedürfnissen. In dieser Arbeit wird entsprechend einer Analyse dreier Produktionssysteme angestellt, um deren Leistungsfähigkeit und Durchführbarkeit zu bewerten. Angewandt wurde hierbei das Input-Process-Output Modell, um den Transformationsprozess eines Inputfaktors auf drei Outputfaktoren verständlich zu machen: verbesserter Zugang zu Waldgebieten, finanzielle Leistungsindikatoren, und geerntete Rohstoffe. So zeigt sich auf Mikro-, sprich Haushalts-, ebene unter finanziellen Aspekten eine größere Attraktivität für das Ernten und Wildsammeln in der Natur, während auf Makro-, sprich wirtschaftlicher, ebene methodische Anbausysteme finanziell besser abschneiden. Basierend auf der Bewertung der finanziellen Leistungen der drei behandelten Produktionssysteme werden partizipative Diagnose- und Dialogmethoden herangezogen, um lokale Bedürfnisse und Interessen besser verstehen und dabei helfen zu können, nachhaltige Produktionssystem zu erschaffen. Die in der Arbeit gefundenen Ergebnisse geben Auskunft über die Erkennung von systemischen Problemen, sichere und schädliche Verfahren, Wünsche und Ziele für die zukünftige Entwicklung, Wege zur kooperativen Umsetzung, zu priorisierende Pflanzenarten und über institutionelle Unterstützungsmöglichkeiten. Entsprechend werden mögliche Prioritätensetzungen aufgezeigt, durch welche die Leistung von möglichen Produktionssystemen gesteigert werden kann. Unter der Bedingung von langzeitlich ausgerichteter Unterstützung wird eine Vereinigung von Interessensvertretern und Interessensvertreterinnen unterbreitet, um, uneingeschränkt demokratisch und in Zusammenarbeit zwischen relevanten Akteurinnen und Akteuren, der Gewährleistung von Lokalinteressen und -bedürfnissen Rechnung zu tragen. In einer gegenüberstellenden Analyse der drei besprochenen Produktions systeme werden deren jeweilige Eigenschaften verdeutlicht. Wildsammeln im Naturwald des Meru Betiri National Park (MBNP) stellte sich als ökologisch vertretbar heraus, zumal klare Zutrittsbeschränkungen und eine weiterführende Diskussion dennoch vonnöten bleiben. Die Priorität sollte dabei der Fokus auf dem Anbau vielversprechender Pflanzenarten und auf finanzieller Unterstützung sein. Wildsammeln, welches an der Pufferzone des MBNP auftritt, wendet dabei das Konzept der Agroforstwirtschaft an, was eine Vielzahl an örtlich angesiedelten Heilpflanzen umfasst. Hierbei ist eine Co- Working-Initiative zwischen für das Gebiet Zuständigen und den Wildsammlerinnen und Wildsammlern dringend notwendig, um sich auf gebietliche Zugangsbeschränkung, Produktionsverwaltung und die Verhinderung von Ressourcenabbau zu einigen. Für zukünftige Verbesserungsmaßnahmen könnten weiterhin die Produktionsqualität, Anbautechnologien und der Zugang zu zusätzlichen Finanzquellen in Erwägung gezogen werden. Vertragsbauermodelle, sogenannte Outgrower Production, werden dabei auf privat bewirtschaftetem Land für intensive Bebauung angewandt. Die auf diesen Nutzflächen vorwiegend vorhandene Kombination aus Kräutern und Büschen wird in Weiterverarbeitungsprozessen nach der Ernte getrocknet. Der möglichen Langzeitkooperation mit Heilpflanzenproduktionsfirmen geschuldet liegen die größten Herausforderungen in der Gewährleistung von Quantität und Qualität des Produktes, der angemessenen Bepreisung sowie in den Lagerkapazitäten der angestellten Vertragsbauern und Vertragsbäuerinnen. Verantwortliche fürs Ansammeln, Farmen und Vertragsbäuerinnen und Vertragsbauern gleichermaßen empfinden dabei, dass Heilpflanzen zu ihrem Lebensunterhalt bedeutend beitragen. In Bezug auf die Leistungsfähigkeit benötigen die drei besprochenen Produktionssysteme Verbesserungen in den folgenden Aspekten: die Initiative und Bereitwilligkeit lokaler Akteurinnen und Akteure, Zugänge zum Markt und die Implementierung von Sammel- und Anbautechnologien. Kurzum stellt sich Wildsammeln als geeignet für eine kurzfristige Gewährleistung des Lebensunterhaltes, während gezielt forstliche Farmstrukturen schon von geringer Skala dazu beitragen können, den lokalen Unternehmensgeist und die Kommerzialisierung auf regionaler Ebene kurz- bis mittelfristig zu verbessern. Das Vertragsbauermodell zeigt hierbei großes Potential auf, Einzug in den globalen Markt und zukünftige Exportstrukturen zu halten. Insgesamt ergibt sich in der Gegenüberstellung vom Wildsammeln zum Anbausystem vor dem Hintergrund natürlicher Nutzungsflächen in Wald- und Ackergebieten eine mögliche Verbindung zwischen Konservation bestehender Strukturen und deren Weiterentwicklung. Ein System basierend auf natürlichen Ressourcen zusammen mit einem System basierend auf sozialer Teilhabe können eine wichtige Treibkraft in der Bewirtschaftung von Heilpflanzen im Produktionssystem sein. Diese Arbeit schafft ein tiefergehendes Verständnis für die Verbindung der Transformation von Produktionssystemen, der Leistungsfähigkeit solcher und von Diagnose- und Dialogmethoden anhand von Java. Demnach ergibt sich, dass zukünftige Planungen der genauen und ganzheitlichen Betrachtung der nachhaltigen Nutzung verschiedenster Heilpflanzen bedürfen, wobei die systemische Verbindung von Mensch und Natur nicht außer Acht gelassen werden darf. Helfen können und sollen dabei Expertengremien und Partizipations- und Kollaborationsplattformen. Folglich tragen die vorgestellten Untersuchungsergebnisse dazu bei, den Prozess zum sozialen Wandel von sozio-ökologischen Koevolutionssystemen und partizipatorischen Plattformen hin zu einer nachhaltigen Bewirtschaftung und Produktion von Heilpflanzen kurz-, mittel- und langfristig anzustoßen.:TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration of Conformity ............................................................................................4 Dedication....................................................................................................................5 Acknowledgements..................................................................................................... 6 Abstract .......................................................................................................................8 Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................... 11 Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... 15 List of Figures ........................................................................................................... 19 List of Tables.............................................................................................................. 20 Acronym.................................................................................................................... 21 1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.............................................................................. 22 1.1 Background of the Study .................................................................................... 22 1.2 Research Problems and Justification.................................................................. 25 1.3 Research Objectives ........................................................................................... 28 1.4 Research Questions ........................................................................................... 28 1.5 Structure of the Dissertation................................................................................ 29 2. CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL ORIENTATION ........................................................ 30 2.1 A Socioecological Co-evolution System and Participatory Approaches in Medicinal Plants Production Systems Management................................................. 30 2.1.1 Medicinal plants and their ecosystem as natural resource base......................30 2.1.2 Performance of medicinal plants production systems .................................... 31 2.1.3 Participatory Diagnostic Investigation ............................................................. 32 2.1.4 A multistakehoder platform: Avenue to design a plan for sustainable management of the production systems............................................... 33 3. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..........................................................36 3.1 Conceptual Framework....................................................................................... 36 3.2 Research Design................................................................................................. 42 3.2.1 Multiple case study design............................................................................... 43 3.2.2 Narrative analysis .............................................................................................43 3.3 Study Site ........................................................................................................... 45 3.4 Data Collection ................................................................................................... 46 3.4.1 Stratified sampling and sampling strategy....................................................... 46 3.4.2 Data collection stages ..................................................................................... 47 3.4.3 Data collection methods.................................................................................. 49 3.5 Data Analysis...................................................................................................... 54 3.5.1 Comprehensive approach on literature review................................................. 54 3.5.2 Financial performance and management practices assessment..................... 54 3.5.3 Participatory Diagnostic Investigation as the gateway to the assesment of local needs ........................................................................................................................ 55 3.6 Ethical Research Considerations......................................................................... 56 4. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ........................................................................................ 57 4.1 Paper I: Asian Medicinal Plants' Production and Utilization Potentials:A Review 58 Abstract .................................................................................................................... 58 1. Introduction............................................................................................................ 59 2. Material and methods............................................................................................ 61 3. Results.................................................................................................................... 63 4. Discussion.............................................................................................................. 77 5. Conclusions............................................................................................................ 82 4.2 Paper II: Medicinal Plants Production Systems in Rural Indonesia: Management Practices and Performance Insights..107 Abstract .................................................................................................................. 107 1. Introduction...........................................................................................................108 2. Analytical approach..............................................................................................111 3. Methodology..........................................................................................................114 4. Results .................................................................................................................124 5.Discussion.............................................................................................................137 6.Conclusion.............................................................................................................142 4.3 Paper III: Management of Medicinal Plants' Production Systems in rural Java, Indonesia: Views of Local Actors from PRA Approach....163 Abstract .................................................................................................................. 163 1.Introduction...........................................................................................................164 2. Material and methods...........................................................................................168 3. Results..................................................................................................................173 4. Discussion............................................................................................................183 5. Conclusion............................................................................................................191 CHAPTER 5: CONTRASTING ANALYSIS OF THREE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS... 207 5.1 Synthesis of The Key Finding ........................................................................... 207 5.1.1 Asian Medicinal Plants: The State of The Art................................................. 207 5.1.2 Financial Performance of Medicinal Plants Production Systems ................. 209 5.1.3 Participatory Diagnosis Investigation on Production Systems Management .......................................................................................................... 211 5.2 Contrasting Analysis of Three Production Systems in Developing A Plan for The Sustainable Management .......................................................................... 213 5.2.1 Case I-Forest Gathering................................................................................. 215 5.2.2 Case II-Forest Farming................................................................................... 219 5.2.3 Case III-Farm-based Outgrower Production.................................................. 223 5.2.4 Reflection on Conservation and Development Concepts to Support Sustainable Management of Medicinal Plants Production Systems...........227 6. CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS............................................................................ 233 6.1 Analytical Generalization and Research Contributions to Theoretical Aspect .................................................................................................................... 233 6.1.1 Analytical Generalization ............................................................................... 233 6.1.2 Research Contributions to Theoretical Aspect .............................................. 233 6.2 The Critical Lens on Methodology..................................................................... 235 6.3 Future Option for Policy Interventions .............................................................. 236 6.3.1 Experts Desktop Plan......................................................................................237 6.3.2 Participative Innovation Platforms ................................................................. 241 6.4 Lesson Learned and A Way Forward ............................................................... 242 References 246 Appendices 265 A List of questionnaires 270 B Discerned role of the importance of medicinal plants in supporting livelihood 289 C Forest extraction area at Meru Betiri National Park 290 D Fieldwork in pictures 291

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Handroanthus heptaphyllus (ipê-roxo) species has ecological and commercial importance, being used for various purposes since timber purposes to environmental restoration, and medical purposes. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate and establish appropriate technical knowledge for the production of forest seeds and seedlings of H. heptaphyllus process. The seeds collected in the municipality of Santa Maria (RS) formed the batch to be studied, this was divided into two portions, one for the experiment 1 and the other 2. In experiment 1, we assessed the degree of humidity - DH ( 4 replicates of 25 seeds ) and electrical conductivity - EC (two quantities of seeds - 25 and 50, and three volumes of distilled water - 25 , 50 and 75 mL). In addition to evaluating different substrates (blotting paper, filter paper, vermiculite, sand, both on and between the arrangements in addition to the scroll), to one with higher germination (G). In experiment 2, seeds were stored for 300 days in three environments (dry and cold room - SSF - 18°C and 49 % Relative Humidity (RH); clammy chamber - CUF - 8°C and 80% RH and, dry chamber and cold - CSF - 7.5ºC and 55% RH). After this period, it was determined DH, EC, G and health. Nursery evaluated the effect of two cartridge volumes (110 and 180 cm³) with four doses of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF), NPK (18-05-09) at doses of 0 (control), 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g.L-1. At 180 days after sowing the reviews of height (H), diameter Collectors (DC), H/DC, dry mass and leaf area. In the field underwent seedlings under light intensities of 0 (full sun - PS - control), 18, 50 and 70% shade, evaluated for 360 days checking the survival, H, DC, H/DC, total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b, carotenoid content, initial fluorescence of the chlorophyll maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. The germination of seeds of H. heptaphyllus can be done on sand with initial count (IC) seedlings at 16 and end (EnC) at 19 days after sowing. The storage of seeds of H. heptaphyllus for 300 days can be held in SSF and/or CSF, with the IC and EnC at 9 and 29 days and, at 14 and 23 days, respectively, and this represents an intermediate behavior in relation to desiccation. The CFS was the most suitable for reducing the incidence of pathogens environment. The species is nutritionally demanding responding to high dose of CRF, with a minimum dose of 7.2 g.L-1 to 110 cm³ and 6.1 g.L-1 to 180 cm³, with the potential to respond to doses higher than 7.5 g.L-1. Seedlings to field H. heptaphyllus have high survival and growth suitable for PS, however, not recommended 50 and 70 % shading. There were increased levels of total chlorophyll and carotenoids, and lower chlorophyll a fluorescence. The species in reforestation and restoration of degraded areas, including the PS is recommended. / A espécie Handroanthus heptaphyllus (ipê-roxo) possui importância ecológica e comercial, sendo utilizada em diversos fins desde fins madeireiros até recuperação ambiental, além de fins medicinais. Assim, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar e estabelecer técnicas adequadas para o conhecimento do processo de produção de sementes e mudas florestais de H. heptaphyllus. As sementes coletadas no município de Santa Maria (RS)s formaram o lote a ser estudado, esse foi dividido em duas porções, uma destinada ao experimento 1 e outra ao 2. No experimento 1, avaliou-se o grau de umidade GU (4 repetições de 25 sementes) e a condutividade elétrica - CE (duas quantidades de sementes - 25 e 50 e, três volumes de água destilada 25, 50 e 75 mL). Além de avaliar diferentes substratos (papel mata-borrão, papel filtro, vermiculita, areia, ambos nos arranjos sobre e entre, além do rolo de papel), visando um com maior germinação (G). No experimento 2, as sementes foram armazenadas por 300 dias em três ambientes (sala seca e fria SSF 18ºC e 49% de Umidade Relativa (UR); câmara fria e úmida - CUF 8ºC e 80% UR e; câmara seca e fria CSF 7,5ºC e 55% UR). Após esse período, determinou-se o GU, CE, G e sanidade. Em viveiro avaliou-se o efeito de dois volumes de tubete (110 e 180 cm3) com quatro doses de fertilizante de liberação controlada (FLC), NPK (18-05-09), nas doses de 0 (testemunha), 2,5; 5,0 e 7,5 g.L-1. Aos 180 dias após o semeio as avaliações de altura (H), diâmetro coleto (DC), relação H/DC, massas secas e área foliar. No campo submeteu-se as mudas sob intensidades luminosas de 0 (pleno sol PS testemunha), 18, 50 e 70% de sombra, avaliadas durante 360 dias, verificando-se a sobrevivência, H, DC, H/DC, teor de clorofila total, relação clorofila a/clorofila b, teor de carotenoides, fluorescência inicial da clorofila a e eficiência fotoquímica máxima do fotossistema II. O teste de germinação de sementes de H. heptaphyllus pode ser realizado sobre areia, com contagem inicial (PC) de plântulas aos 16 dias após a semeadura e final (UC) aos 19. O armazenamento das sementes de H. heptaphyllus por 300 dias pode ser realizado em SSF e/ou CSF, sendo a PC e UC aos 9 e 29 dias e, aos 14 e 23 dias, respectivamente, sendo que esta apresenta comportamento intermediário em relação ao dessecamento. A CFS foi o ambiente mais adequado para redução da incidência de patógenos. A espécie é exigente nutricionalmente respondendo a elevada dose de FLC, com dose mínima de 7,2 g.L-1 para 110 cm³ e 6,1 g.L-1 para 180 cm³, com potencial para responder a doses superiores a 7,5 g.L-1. Mudas a campo de H. heptaphyllus apresentam sobrevivência elevada e crescimento adequado a PS, porém, não se recomenda 50 e 70% de sombreamento. Houve aumento dos níveis de clorofila total e carotenoides e, menor fluorescência da clorofila a. Recomenda-se a espécie em reflorestamento e recuperação de áreas degradadas, inclusive a PS.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:40:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 866222 bytes, checksum: cbdbded2850cc1ef6103484fe1a6ca43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-18 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4.7H2O) rates on potato nitrogen status indicators and tuber yield, biofortification, greening and sprouting, Agata cultivar. The experiment was carried out on the field of Universidade Federal de Viçosa from June 7 to September 23th, 2013. The treatments consisted of five magnesium sulfate rates (0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 kg ha-1) pre planting applied with four replications. Plant nitrogen status indicators were evaluated at 21 and 60 days after plant emergence (DAE). Such indicators were SPAD, Dualex, and greenness indices and biomarkers determined in the fourth leaf (length, width, petiole diameter, leaf number, area, fresh and dry matter mass). Also they were determined the biomarkers in the plant organs (stem, leaf and tuber numbers, length and diameter of the main stem, fresh and dry matter mass of leaves, stems, roots and tubers and total plant leaf area). Besides, it was also determined the N content and concentration in the fourth leaf. The fourth leaf, leaves, stems, tubers and roots magnesium (Mg) contents in the dry matter were evaluated at 21 and 60 DAE and the Mg in the tubers was evaluated at end of the harvest, at 88 DAE. Additionally, it was performed analysis of the emergence speed índex (EVI), tuber number, commercial tubers (classes 2 and 3) fresh and dry yield, greening and sprouting of washed and unwashed tubers. Different potato nitrogen status indicators are differently influenced by Mg rates and evaluation time. The highest commercial tuber yield was 40,09 t ha-1 with 800 kg ha-1 of magnesium sulfate which led to 0,904 dag kg-1 of Mg in the fourth leaf dry matter, at 21 DAE. Greenness of tubers yielded from plants fertilized with 800 kg ha -1 of magnesium sulfate, washed or not, were more intense than those from plants without Mg fertilization. After 90 days of storage, increasing magnesium sulphate rates increased linearly the number of sprouted tubers washed and unwashed. It was not possible to biofortify potato tubers using magnesium sulphate rate up to 800 kg ha-1 however, there were Mg "luxury concentration" inductions in leaves, stems and roots of potato plant at early plant development stages. / O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de sulfato de magnésio (MgSO4.7H2O) sobre indicadores do estado de nitrogênio na planta, produtividade, biofortificação, esverdeamento e brotação de tubérculos de batata, cultivar Ágata. O experimento de campo foi realizado na Horta Nova do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (DFT/UFV), no período de 7 de junho a 23 de setembro de 2013. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de cinco doses de sulfato de magnésio (0, 100, 200, 400 e 800 kg ha -1) aplicadas em pré - plantio, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas, aos 21 e 60 dias após emergência (DAE), características indicadoras do estado de nitrogênio na planta. Tais características foram os índices SPAD, Dualex, intensidade do verde e os bioindicadores determinados na quarta folha (comprimento, largura, diâmetro do pecíolo, número de folíolos, área foliar, massas das matérias fresca e seca) e nos órgãos da planta (número de hastes, folhas e tubérculos, comprimento e diâmetro da haste principal, massas das matérias fresca e seca de folhas, hastes, raízes e tubérculos e área foliar), além do teor e conteúdo de N na massa da matéria seca da quarta folha. Também foram avaliados teor e conteúdo de magnésio (Mg) na massa da matéria seca da quarta folha, folhas, hastes, tubérculos e raízes, aos 21 e 60 DAE e nos tubérculos na colheita final, aos 88 DAE. Adicionalmente foram avaliados o índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE), número, massas das matérias seca e fresca de tubérculos comerciais (classes 2 e 3), esverdeamento e brotamento de tubérculos lavados e não lavados. Diferentes características indicadoras do estado de nitrogênio da batata são diferentemente influenciadas por doses de Mg e por época de avaliação. A maior produtividade comercial foi 40,09 t ha -1 de tubérculos com a aplicação da dose de 800kg ha-1 de sulfato de magnésio que propiciou, aos 21 DAE, a concentração de 0,904 dag kg-1 de Mg na massa da matéria seca da quarta folha. Tubérculos oriundos das plantas do tratamento que recebeu 800kg ha-1 de sulfato de magnésio, lavados ou não, apresentaram maior intensidade de esverdeamento do que aqueles produzidos nas plantas não adubadas com Mg. Após 90 dias de armazenamento, dose crescente de sulfato de magnésio aumentou linearmente o número de brotos de tubérculos lavados e não lavados. Não foi possível biofortificar os tubérculos de batata usando dose de até 800kg ha-1 de sulfato de magnésio, porém, houve indução da concentração de luxo de Mg em folhas, hastes e raízes de batata, no início do ciclo da planta.