Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:07:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_po_me_botfca.pdf: 595131 bytes, checksum: 36c47785fb004c4dc8719a57463dcab7 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O silício é considerado, para o arroz e a cana-de-açúcar, um elemento de relevada importância, pois, em muitas situações, tem proporcionado maiores tolerâncias a estresses bióticos e abióticos. No entanto, em muitas situações não tem sido constatado efeito positivo do silício, o que pode estar relacionado a fatores genéticos quanto à capacidade em adquirir silício em baixa disponibilidade e/ou utilizar o elemento absorvido com maior eficiência. Os mecanismos de absorção presentes na interface solo-raiz são influenciados por eficiência fisiológica e pela morfologia radicular das plantas, representada pelo comprimento, superfície e diâmetro das raízes. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo, mediante o acompanhamento da cinética de absorção de Si (Vmax, Km e Cmin), encontrar respostas entre cultivares de cana-de-açúcar e de arroz quanto à capacidade de absorção e utilização do silício, quando submetidas a condições distintas de disponibilidade e carência do elemento, procurando relacioná-las a parâmetros fisiológicos de absorção, parâmetros morfológicos de raízes e eficiência de utilização deste mineral. Foram realizados dois experimentos independentes, um para a cana-de-açúcar e outro para o arroz, em casa de vegetação, na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas/UNESP, em Botucatu-SP. O delineamento experimental de cada experimento foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial composto por dois cultivares distintos quanto ao acúmulo de silício para o arroz (1- alto acúmulo: Caiapó e 2- baixo acúmulo: Maravilha) e para cana-de-açúcar (1- alto acúmulo: RB85-5035 e 2- baixo acúmulo: SP81-3250) e dois níveis de silício (alto: 1,7mmol L-1 e baixo: 0,1mmol L-1), com seis repetições. Foram avaliados os parâmetros cinéticos (Vmax, Km e Cmin), parâmetros morfológicos da raiz (comprimento, diâmetro e superfície), massa... / Silicon is considered of great importance for sugar cane and rice because it can improve tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. However, silicon has not shown positive effects in many situations probably due to genetic factors related to capacity of plants to absorb this element in lower availability or/and efficiently use it. Uptake mechanisms found in root-soil interface are influenced by physiological efficiency and aspects of root morphology such as length, surface and diameter. Therefore, this research had the objective of monitoring Si uptake kinetics (Vmax, Km and Cmin) and identifying responses among sugar cane varieties and rice cultivars related to plant capacity of Si uptake and use under distinct conditions of availability and deficiency, associating them to physiological aspects of absorption, root morphology parameters and use efficiency. Two greenhouse experiments were separately carried out for sugar cane and rice in the College of Agricultural Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil. The experimental design for each crop was the completely randomized with six replications, analyzed as a factorial that consisted of two rice cultivars (1- high accumulation: ‘Caiapó’ and 2- low accumulation: ‘Maravilha’) and sugar cane varieties (1- high accumulation: RB85-5035 and 2- low accumulation: SP81-3250) with distinct silicon accumulation capacity and two silicon levels (sufficient: 1.7 mmol L-1 and insufficient: 0.1 mmol L-1). Kinetic parameters (Vmax, Km and Cmin), root morphology aspects (length, diameter and surface), dry matter, silicon accumulation and level in shoot and root, uptake efficiency, use efficiency and root/shoot ratio were evaluated for sugar cane and rice. Data was submitted to variance analysis and means were compared by the LSD test at a probability level of 5%. The higher silicon concentration in the nutrient solution did not increase neither sugar... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol / Banca: Ciro Antonio Rosolem / Banca: Rafaella Rossetto / Resumo: O silício é considerado, para o arroz e a cana-de-açúcar, um elemento de relevada importância, pois, em muitas situações, tem proporcionado maiores tolerâncias a estresses bióticos e abióticos. No entanto, em muitas situações não tem sido constatado efeito positivo do silício, o que pode estar relacionado a fatores genéticos quanto à capacidade em adquirir silício em baixa disponibilidade e/ou utilizar o elemento absorvido com maior eficiência. Os mecanismos de absorção presentes na interface solo-raiz são influenciados por eficiência fisiológica e pela morfologia radicular das plantas, representada pelo comprimento, superfície e diâmetro das raízes. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo, mediante o acompanhamento da cinética de absorção de Si (Vmax, Km e Cmin), encontrar respostas entre cultivares de cana-de-açúcar e de arroz quanto à capacidade de absorção e utilização do silício, quando submetidas a condições distintas de disponibilidade e carência do elemento, procurando relacioná-las a parâmetros fisiológicos de absorção, parâmetros morfológicos de raízes e eficiência de utilização deste mineral. Foram realizados dois experimentos independentes, um para a cana-de-açúcar e outro para o arroz, em casa de vegetação, na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas/UNESP, em Botucatu-SP. O delineamento experimental de cada experimento foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial composto por dois cultivares distintos quanto ao acúmulo de silício para o arroz (1- alto acúmulo: Caiapó e 2- baixo acúmulo: Maravilha) e para cana-de-açúcar (1- alto acúmulo: RB85-5035 e 2- baixo acúmulo: SP81-3250) e dois níveis de silício (alto: 1,7mmol L-1 e baixo: 0,1mmol L-1), com seis repetições. Foram avaliados os parâmetros cinéticos (Vmax, Km e Cmin), parâmetros morfológicos da raiz (comprimento, diâmetro e superfície), massa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Silicon is considered of great importance for sugar cane and rice because it can improve tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. However, silicon has not shown positive effects in many situations probably due to genetic factors related to capacity of plants to absorb this element in lower availability or/and efficiently use it. Uptake mechanisms found in root-soil interface are influenced by physiological efficiency and aspects of root morphology such as length, surface and diameter. Therefore, this research had the objective of monitoring Si uptake kinetics (Vmax, Km and Cmin) and identifying responses among sugar cane varieties and rice cultivars related to plant capacity of Si uptake and use under distinct conditions of availability and deficiency, associating them to physiological aspects of absorption, root morphology parameters and use efficiency. Two greenhouse experiments were separately carried out for sugar cane and rice in the College of Agricultural Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil. The experimental design for each crop was the completely randomized with six replications, analyzed as a factorial that consisted of two rice cultivars (1- high accumulation: 'Caiapó' and 2- low accumulation: 'Maravilha') and sugar cane varieties (1- high accumulation: RB85-5035 and 2- low accumulation: SP81-3250) with distinct silicon accumulation capacity and two silicon levels (sufficient: 1.7 mmol L-1 and insufficient: 0.1 mmol L-1). Kinetic parameters (Vmax, Km and Cmin), root morphology aspects (length, diameter and surface), dry matter, silicon accumulation and level in shoot and root, uptake efficiency, use efficiency and root/shoot ratio were evaluated for sugar cane and rice. Data was submitted to variance analysis and means were compared by the LSD test at a probability level of 5%. The higher silicon concentration in the nutrient solution did not increase neither sugar... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A microvespa-da-galha (Leptocybe invasa) é uma praga que causa sérios danos em plantações jovens e mudas de eucalipto. Entretanto, ainda não existe método de controle eficaz para combater esta praga. Por isso, existe o desafio de se desenvolver materiais vegetais que possam oferecer maiores graus de resistência a esta praga. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a resposta de diferentes clones de Eucalyptus, expostos ao ataque da microvespa-da-galha (Leptocybe invasa). Para a obtenção de tais respostas, clones de eucalyptos foram divididos em dois subgrupos: plantas expostas e plantas não expostas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o ataque da microvespa-da-galha afetou o crescimento em altura e diâmetro do coleto em todos os clones avaliados quando comparado com a média de crescimento das plantas não expostas. Em termos de valores absolutos, houve maior efeito de parasitismo na perda de crescimento em porcentagem na variável altura do que no diâmetro do coleto. As curvas de regressão determinaram que todos os clones foram suscetíveis ao ataque da microvespa-da-galha. A qualidade das plantas infestadas apresentaram níveis de robustez baixos e adequados para o índice de quociente de robustez. Os sintomas visuais de parasitismo foram observados em todos os clones, apresentando diferentes números médios de presença de sintomas de oviposição por clone. O desenvolvimento de galhas foi confirmado em todas as plantas parasitadas, não apresentando diferença estatística entre os valores analisados estatisticamente, embora o maior número de galhas fosse registrado nos clones Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus urograndis do que no Eucalyptus urocam. Estes resultados representam na prática o comportamento desta praga em resposta a diferentes materiais vegetais comerciais estudados. Podendo assim, contribuir para a determinação de futuros métodos de controle de L. invasa. / The eucalyptus gall wasp (Leptocybe invasa) is a pest that causes serious damage in young plantations and seedlings of eucalypt. However, there is still no method of control to combat this pest. Therefore, there is a challenge to develop plant materials that can offer higher degrees of resistance to this pest. Thus, this study aimed to determine the response of different Eucalyptus clones exposed to the attack of eucalyptus gall wasp. In order to undertake the study clones of eucalyptus were divided in two subgroups: exposed plants and unexposed plants. The results showed that the attack of eucalyptus gall wasp affected growth in height and collar diameter in all clones evaluated in comparison with the average growth of unexposed plants. In terms of absolute values there was a higher effect of parasitism on growth in percentage in the height variable than in collar diameter. Regression curves determined that all clones were susceptible to the attack of eucalyptus gall wasp. The quality of infested plants showed low levels of robustness being adequate to sturdiness quotient. The visual symptoms associated with parasitism were observed in all clones, presenting different average numbers of presence of oviposition symptoms for clone. The development of galls was confirmed in all infested plants, presenting no statistical difference between the values analyzed although the higher number of galls was registered in Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus urograndis than in Eucalyptus urocam. These results show the pest behavior in response to different commercial plant materials studied. Thus, this study can contribute to determine future methods to control L.invasa.

Didėjant aplinkos taršai ir miškų nykimui, vis didesnę reikšmę įgyja medžių fiziologinės funkcijos ir biocheminės-biofizinės reakcijos. Iš visų medžių rūšių spygliuočiai yra patys jautriausi teršalų indikatoriai, savo morfologiniais pokyčiais signalizuojantys apie pasikeitusią aplinkos būklę. Žemaitijos nacionalinis parkas įsteigtas Lietuvos Respublikos Aukščiausios Tarybos 1991 m. balandžio 23 d. įsteigtas tam, kad būtų išsaugoti nacionalinės svarbos kraštovaizdžio kompleksai bei antropoekosistemos, reprezentuojančios Žemaitijos etnokultūrinės srities gamtinius ir kultūrinius savitumus, saugoti, tvarkyti ir naudojimui reguliuoti. Nuo septinto dešimtmečio susirūpinus pavienių gamtos ir kultūros objektų – atodangų, medžių, piliakalnių, pastatų ir pan. – išsaugojimu, kai kurioms šio krašto vertybėms buvo suteiktas gamtos ar kultūros paminklo statusas. Pagal tarptautinio miškų monitoringo metodiką (Manual on Methods <…>, 1994), buvo ištirta Žemaitijos nacionalinio parko 408 paprastosios eglės (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) apskaitos medžių pagal svarbiausius I-ojo lygio miškų monitoringo rodiklius: Krafto klasę, perimetrą, viršūnės būklę, sausų šakų kiekį, derėjimą, spyglių išsilaikymo amžių, lajos formą, lajos pažeidimo tipą, lajos defoliaciją, 1/3 lajos defoliaciją, vizualiai pastebimus medžių pažeidimus. Morfologinių rodiklių reikšmės indikuoja, kad Žemaitijos nacionalinio parko eglynų būklė yra gana gera: eglių sausų šakų vidutinis kiekis – 18,62±0,32 %, spyglių išsilaikymo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / While environment pollution and forest disappearance are constantly increasing physiological functions and biochemical – biophysical reactions of trees are gaining growing significance. Conifers are the most sensitive indicators of pollution of all the kinds of trees; they, using their morphological changes, can signalize about aberrant environmental condition. Žemaitijos National Park was established by Lithuanian Republic Highest Council in 1991 in order to conserve the landscape complexes of national importance and anthropoecosystems, representing the nature and culture distinction of Žemaitija ethnografical district. Besides, one of the main purpose of Žemaitija National Park is to save, arrange and regulate the using of these nature and culture resources. In the 7th decade it was bothered about the conserving the single objects – exposures, trees, mounds, buildings etc., some of them was provided the status of nature or culture monument. According to international methods of forestry monitoring (Manual on Methods <…>, 1994), 408 vulgar firs (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst) have been investigated. The main indices of the 1st level forestry monitoring have been assessed: Kraft rating, perimeter, the condition of treetop, the amount of dead branches, crop, the age of thorn persistence, tree form, the type of lesion, defoliation, 1/3 of defoliation and violation that can be seen visually. The age of thorn persistence, defoliation and 1/3 of defoliation have been chosen as main... [to full text]

Per pastaruosius tris dešimtmečius įvyko daug socialinių, ekonominių pokyčių, padidėjęs visuomenės sąmoningumas keičia gyvenimo būdą ir poreikį aukštesniems gyvenimo standartams. kurie savo ruožtu iškėlė labiau integruoto maisto saugos požiūrio reikalingumą. Pasikeitė žemės ūkio produktų gamybos, perdirbimo, pardavimo ir vartojimo struktūra. Padidėję gyvulinių produktų mainai sudarė sąlygas vartotojams gauti pigesnį ir įvairesnį maistą, bet tapo sunkiau atsekti produktų kelią nuo gamintojo iki galutinio vartotojo. Šiandieninė situacija skirtinguose Lietuvos žemės ūkio sektoriuose keičiasi. Mažėjant ūkių, mažėja, kai kurių auginamų gyvulių skaičius. Statistikos departamento duomenimis nurodoma, kad šiuo metu Lietuvoje yra 105 tūkst. ūkių, kuriuose auginami galvijai. 2012 m. pradžiai mūsų šalyje buvo priskaičiuota 748 tūkst. galvijų, 9264 tūkst. kiaulių, 9466,3 tūkst. paukščių, 79 tūkst. avių. Sparčiausiai auga paukštienos, ypač kalakutienos paklausa, palaipsniui didėja avienos, ožkienos, triušienos, žvėrienos poreikis. Tai siejama su vartotojų požiūrio į sveikesnį maistą kitimu. Atsakomybė už galutinį produktą, kuris patenka ant vartotojo stalo prasideda nuo pašaro gamintojo ir apima tiekėjus, gamybos įmones, augintojus, aptarnaujantį veterinarijos gydytoją, galimus prekybos tarpininkus, skerdyklas ir produkcijos perdirbimo įmones iki mažmeninės prekybos. Pirmoje vietoje turi būti saugumas, stabilumas ir skaidrumas visuose gamybos lygmenyse, taip pat duomenų perdavimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This final study is written in the Lithuanian language, containing 59 pages and includes: an introduction, literature review, materials and methods, results, conclusions, a list of used literature including references 140, tables 12 and pictures 4. Many social and economical changes have occurred within the three recent decades, increased consciousness of the society changes the life style and the need for higher standards of life, they subsequently revealed the necessity of more integrated attitude towards food safety. The structure of production, processing, sales and consumption of agricultural products has changed. Increased exchange of animal products allowed users to get cheaper food and bigger variety thereof, but tracing the path of products from the manufacturer to the end user became more difficult. Today the situation in different sectors of Lithuanian agriculture is changing. As the amount of farms is decreasing, the amount of some of the bred animals is decreasing as well. According to the data from the Department of Statistics, there currently are 105000 farms breeding cattle in Lithuania. In the beginning of 2012, there were 748000 cattle, 9264000 pigs, 9466300 birds, 79000 sheep in our country. The demand for poultry, especially turkey, is increasing the most, the need for sheep meat, goat meat, rabbit meat, game meat is gradually increasing. It is associated with the change of attitude of users towards healthier food. Responsibility for the final product... [to full text]

This work focuses on the regression analysis of morphological parameters calculated from the ECG for estimating the position of the heart to the measuring electrodes. It consists of a theoretical analysis of the problems of ECG recording and description of the data obtained from experiments on isolated animal hearts. On the theoretical part is followed by a description of the calculation parameters suitable for regression analysis and their application in the training and testing of the following regression models to estimate the position of the heart to the measuring electrode.

The presented thesis deals with catchments of the alpine lakes in the High Tatra Mountains. The lakes were subject of a long-term monitoring to detect changes of chemical and biotic composition of lake water induced by acid atmospheric deposition and by its decline. The studied processes required a quantitative approach to describe the characteristics of the catchments. The definition of new catchment parameters or the refining estimated parameters was not allowed without current technical and computing equipment because of the complexity of mountainous terrain. The morphological parameters for 26 catchments were obtained by analysis of the created digital elevation model (DEM) using tools of geographic information system (GIS, software ESRI ArcGIS 10.2). The land cover was detected by Google aerial map (2014). The links between chemical composition (NO3⁻, Σ(Ca2+ +Mg2+ )) and catchment properties based on the specified or refined catchment parameters (slope, portion of an area with a slope <26 ř in the catchment, proportion of different land cover types to the real catchment area) were analysed between the years 1993 and 2012 (respectively 2006). New morphological parameters were derived for the defined catchments. The catchments on the northern and the southern slope were distinguished by...

The aim of this thesis was to investigate some methods for quantitative analysis of bone structure, particularly techniques which might ultimately be applied post-operatively following orthopaedic reconstruction operations. Initially it was decided to explore the efficacy of MRI in quantifying the bone structure at high resolution by comparing high resolution MRI against 'gold standards' such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and optical histology. This basic study provided a measure of the distortions in the morphological bone parameters derived from MR images due to susceptibility artefacts and partial volume effects. The study of bone architecture was then extended to a model of advanced renal osteodystrophy in a growing rat. For this study, high-resolution micro computed tomography (microCT) was used and as a result of the high resolution images obtained, three new bone morphological parameters were introduced to characterise the bone structure. The desire to study bone architecture post-operatively in hip replacements led to a preliminary study on ex-vivo sheep acetabulae following total hip replacement, to determine the extent that the bone architecture could be investigated around the acetabulum. The motivation for studying the acetabulum was based on the high occurrence of debonding at the bone / prosthesis interface. This study demonstrated the superior nature of 3D MRI over conventional x-ray radiographs in early quantitation of fibrous membranes located between the host bone and the non-metallic implant and/or the bone cement. The presence of such fibrous membranes is strongly indicative of failure of the prosthesis. When using clinical MRI to image post-operative hip replacement, the image quality is severely affected by the presence of the metallic implant. The head of the prosthesis is shaped like a metal sphere and is located in the acetabular cup. This problem was investigated by performing simulations of MR images in the presence of the field perturbation induced by the presence of a metal sphere, with the effects of slice excitation and frequency encoding incorporated into the simulations. The simulations were compared with experimental data obtained by imaging a phantom comprising a stainless steel ball bearing immersed in agarose gel. The simulations were used to predict the effects of changing imaging parameters that influence artefact size and also to show how current metal artefact reduction techniques such as view angle tilting (VAT) work and to identify their limitations. It was shown that 2D SE and VAT imaging techniques should not be used when metallic prosthesis are present due to extreme slice distortion, whereas 3D MRI provided a method that has no slice distortion, although the effects of using a frequency encoding gradient still remain.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this work was to evaluate the development of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong seedlings produced with different substrates combined with irrigation water blade. The study was developed in the Tree Nursery of the Department of Forest Sciences at the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM-Universidade Federal de Santa Maria). The seeds used were collected from donor trees in the region of Santa Maria (RS). The substrates used were peat-based commercial (CS) and the mixture of the latter with carbonized rice husks (CRH), forming the following treatments: S1 (100% CS), S2 (80% CS + 20% CRH), S3 (60% CS + 40% CRH) and S4 (40% CS + 60% CRH) and the gross blades of daily irrigation water - GB-Gross Blades were 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 mm.day-1. The design used was randomized blocks (four blocks) in a factorial scheme. The parameters height (H), stem diameter (SD) and H/SD ratio were obtained in a factorial scheme 4x5x4. For the aerial dry mass (ADM), root dry mass (RDM), total dry mass (TDM), ADM/RDM ratio and Dickson Quality Index (DQI), the factorial 4x5 was used respectively for the factors CS and irrigation blade, these parameters were obtained 150 days after sowing. One hundred and twenty days after sowing, the physiological parameters, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids were evaluated and correlated with the morphological ones (H, SD and H/SD), also seen at 120 days. In this analysis we used 4x3 factorial, represented by four substrates and three blades gross daily irrigation (4, 12 and 20 mm.dia-1). The results indicated that the substrate based on peat mixed with 20% carbonized rice husk, when combined with gross irrigation blade of 8 mm.day-1 provides the appropriate seedlings Enterolobium contortisiliquum growth with greater economy of water and substrate. The correlation of morphological and physiological parameters observed in seedlings is low, so H, SD and H/SD may not be used for reference on the contents of chlorophyll. At 120 days after sowing, the height was greater in the 4 and 12 mm.day-1, possibly because 8 mm.day-1 was not used for analysis, while the diameter proved superior at S1 and S2, confirming the response at 150 days. As to the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, they were larger when the seedlings received smaller amounts of water daily, indicating that the greater water blade compromised the seedling development and 20% of rice husk mixed with peat. / Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o desenvolvimento de mudas de Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong produzido sob diferentes substratos combinados com lâminas de irrigação. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Viveiro Florestal, do Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Foram utilizadas sementes coletadas de árvores matrizes na região de Santa Maria (RS). Os substratos utilizados foram comercial a base de turfa (SC) e a mistura deste à casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC), constituindo os seguintes tratamentos: S1 (100% SC), S2 (80% SC + 20% CAC), S3 (60% SC + 40% CAC) e S4 (40% SC + 60% CAC) e as lâminas brutas de irrigação diária LB foram de 4, 8, 12, 16 e 20 mm.dia-1. O delineamento utilizado foi blocos casualizados (quatro blocos) em esquema fatorial. Os parâmetros altura (H), diâmetro do coleto (DC) e relação H/DC foram obtidos em esquema fatorial 4x5x4. Para a massa seca aérea (MSA), massa seca radicular (MSR), massa seca total (MST), relação MSA/MSR e Ìndice de Qualidade de Dickson (IQD), utilizou o fatorial 4x5, respectivamente para os fatores SC e lâmina de irrigação, parâmetros que foram obtidos 150 dias após semeadura. Aos 120 dias após semeadura foram avaliados os parâmetros fisiológicos teor de clorofila a, clorofila b, clorofila total e carotenoides, os quais foram correlacionados aos morfológicos (H, DC e H/DC), também observados aos 120 dias. Nesta análise utilizou-se fatorial 4x3, representado pelos 4 substratos e 3 lâminas brutas de irrigação diária (4, 12 e 20 mm.dia-1). Os resultados indicaram que o substrato a base de turfa misturado com 20% de casca de arroz carbonizada, quando combinado com lâmina bruta de irrigação de 8 mm.dia-1 proporciona crescimento adequado às mudas de Enterolobium contortisiliquum, com maior economia de água e substrato. A correlação dos parâmetros morfológicos e fisiológicos observada nas mudas é baixa, assim H, D e H/DC não podem ser utilizados para referenciar sobre os teores de clorofila. Aos 120 dias após semeadura, a altura foi maior nas irrigações de 4 e 12 mm.dia-1, possivelmente, porque 8 mm.dia-1 não foi utilizada na análise, enquanto o diâmetro mostrou-se superior em S1 e S2, confirmando a resposta aos 150 dias. Em relação aos teores de clorofilas e carotenoides, estes foram maiores quando as mudas receberam menores quantidades de água diariamente, indicando que a maior lâmina compromete o desenvolvimento das mudas e com 20% de casca de arroz misturado à turfa.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:40:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Michelle Cristina Ajala.pdf: 1688545 bytes, checksum: a051a1a3a4033f0e90396ddde46ee6e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The last phase of seedling production, the hardening is a technique used in nurseries which aims to expose the seedlings to more severe conditions than those submitted in the growth phase, in order to prepare them for the field. Based on the above, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the application of ethylene and bending stem in two native forest species (at different times) Cordia trichotoma and Guazuma ulmifolia. The treatments consisted in the application of stem pushups 0, 10, 20 and 40 daily crunches and sprays (0 to 4) with ethylene in a factorial design in two native species. Thus, this study was subdivided into three parts. In the first part were evaluated morphological parameters of the seedlings and their survival. The variables were height of the aerial part of the plant, stem diameter, number of leaves, SPAD index and dry mass of seedlings. In the second part, we evaluated the concentration of soluble carbohydrates in leaves, cell damage through the loss of root electrolytes and the lignin content in stems of both species. In the third part evaluated the concentration of macronutrients N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The evaluated morphological parameters was found that the G.ulmifolia species decreased in the increase in height of more than 60% and 35% in diameter collect when subjected to bending stem compared to control seedlings. The most significant results occurred with 20 pushups shoot. C. trichotoma a significant decrease in the increase in height, and the application of these factors together decreased the survival of the species. In physiological parameters G. ulmifolia species showed a linear reduction in the lignin content and increased loss of electrolytes root (REL) when subjected to bending. The concentration of carbohydrates increased by 55% when combined with stem bending factors and spraying with ethylene. The species C. trichotoma there was a reduction in the concentration of lignin, REL and carbohydrates (with the application of stem crunches and spraying with ethylene). Concerning macronutrients, it was found to be reduced to N concentration (13.2%) and P (20%) in G. ulmifolia stems, while K increased with up to 23 ethylene flexing when applied. The concentration of Ca and Mg showed an increase with 26 pushups shoot. Since the application ethylene concentration decreased by 21.6% and 14% for calcium and magnesium G. ulmifolia respectively. The species C. trichotoma revealed a linear increase in the concentration of N in stems of seedlings mechanically stimulated and sprayed with ethylene. In roots, the increase was 45% flexed 10 times a day with ethylene seedlings application. The calcium content was reduced in the stems and roots when compared to control seedlings in both treatments stem and ethylene flexing C. trichotoma. The magnesium concentration was high in no spray seedlings with ethylene until stem 25 flexing while plants sprayed linearly reduced Mg concentration is increased as the stem flexing in said species / A última fase da produção de mudas, a rustificação, é uma técnica adotada em viveiros que visa expor as mudas a condições mais severas que aquelas submetidas na fase de crescimento, com o objetivo de prepará-las para o campo. Com base no exposto, objetivou-se no presente trabalho avaliar, o efeito da aplicação de etileno e flexão caulinar em duas espécies florestais nativas (em épocas distintas) Cordia trichotoma e Guazuma ulmifolia. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de flexões caulinares de 0, 10, 20 e 40 flexões diárias e pulverizações (0 e 4) com etileno em esquema fatorial em duas espécies florestais nativas. Assim, subdividiu-se este trabalho em três partes. Na primeira parte, avaliaram-se parâmetros morfológicos das mudas e sua sobrevivência. As variáveis analisadas foram: altura da parte aérea do vegetal, diâmetro de colo, número de folhas, índice SPAD e massa seca das mudas. Na segunda parte, avaliou-se a concentração de carboidratos solúveis totais em folhas, o dano celular através da perda de eletrólitos radiculares e a concentração de lignina em caules de ambas as espécies. Na terceira parte, avaliou-se a concentração dos macronutrientes N, P, K, Ca e Mg. Nos parâmetros morfológicos avaliados constatou-se que a espécie G.ulmifolia apresentou redução no incremento em altura superior a 60 % e 35 % no diâmetro de coleto quando submetida à flexão caulinar comparado a mudas controle. Os resultados mais expressivos ocorreram com 20 flexões caulinares. Em C. trichotoma ocorreu uma diminuição significativa no incremento em altura, e a aplicação destes fatores em conjunto diminuiu a sobrevivência da espécie. Nos parâmetros fisiológicos a espécie G. ulmifolia apresentou uma redução linear na concentração de lignina e aumento na perda de eletrólitos radiculares (PER) quando submetida a flexões. A concentração de carboidratos aumentou em 55% quando associado a fatores flexão caulinar e pulverização com etileno. Na espécie C. trichotoma houve redução na concentração de lignina, PER e carboidratos (com a aplicação de flexões caulinares e pulverizações com etileno). Quanto aos macronutrientes, verificou-se que foi reduzida a concentração de N (13,2 %) e P (20 %) em caules de G. ulmifolia, enquanto o K aumentou com até 23 flexões quando aplicado o etileno. A concentração de Ca e Mg mostrou um acréscimo com 26 flexões caulinares. Já a aplicação de etileno diminuiu a concentração em 21,6 % e 14 % para cálcio e magnésio G. ulmifolia respectivamente. A espécie C. trichotoma revelou um aumento linear na concentração de N em caules em mudas estimuladas mecanicamente e pulverizadas com etileno. Em raízes, esse aumento foi de 45 % em mudas flexionadas 10 vezes ao dia com aplicação de etileno. O teor de cálcio foi reduzido em caules e raízes quando comparadas à mudas controle em ambos os tratamentos com flexões caulinares e etileno em C. trichotoma. A concentração de magnésio foi elevada em mudas sem pulverização com etileno em até 25 flexões caulinares, enquanto, mudas pulverizadas reduziram linearmente a concentração de Mg a medida que se elevaram as flexões caulinares na referida espécie