This paper has attempted to accurately assess the impact of the disposable plastic grocery bag on the planet. Based on the research findings, it has been concluded that disposable plastic grocery bags are not a necessity, are not justifiable on many reasonable grounds, are costly, and are a toxic detriment to our health and our environment. The distribution of an educational executive briefing package attempted to influence retailers to avail of the opportunity (outlining potential profit, corporate image, and environmental benefits) of going bagless at the checkout, and to cease the use of disposable plastic bags in favour of the non-woven, polypropylene green bag. A shift to this reusable green bag appears to represent an important and effective interim measure towards more noble and sustainable living. Throughout this paper, the disposable plastic grocery bag will be considered through the lenses of morality, economics and the environment.

La presente investigación se basa en un problema sobre el cual la mayoría de las personas no son conscientes de los daños que ocasionan el uso excesivo de las bolsas plásticas. Para el cual se plantea el siguiente objetivo general, determinar el impacto del diseño persuasivo usando fotomontaje sobre el uso de bolsas plásticas en los consumidores de los mercados de Lima Metropolitana. La hipótesis que se maneja es que mediante el diseño persuasivo se puede promover información sobre la Ley que regula el uso de bolsas plásticas de un solo uso, así como la reflexión que conduzca a un cambio de conducta sobre la problemática planteada. En cuanto a la metodología se plantea desarrollar una campaña que muestre publicidad basándose en el fotomontaje, la cual se propone desarrollar en todos los mercados de los distritos. Aplicando el uso de las figuras retóricas en la publicidad que muestra una bolsa plástica con la frase “menos plástico, más vida” que por este medio se logrará concientizar por medio de fotografía y poco texto tipográfico, solamente mediante una imagen visual, con el fin de parar el problema y contribuir con el medio ambiente. Es por eso que usando la persuasión en los afiches de la campaña de mercado saludable como iniciativa para que las personas reduzcan el uso de bolsas plásticas en los supermercados. Se puede concluir que muchas personas que recurren a estos mercados desconocen sobre la ley que regula el plástico de un solo uso; sin embargo, son conscientes del daño que se hace al medio ambiente, al adquirir bolsas plásticas. El 68% de la población tiene interés por el medioambiente; sin embargo, el 70% no tiene conocimiento de la ley que regula el plástico de un uso. / This research is based which problem is the most people are unconscious of the damage caused by the excessive of plastic bags use. Which raises the following entire objective, to determine the persuasive impact design using photomontage on the use of plastic bags on consumers in the markets of Metropolitan Lima. The hypothesis is that through the persuasive design it can be used to promote information about the law that regulates the use of plastic bags, as well as the reflection that will lead to a change the conduct on the issues raised. Respecting the methodology develop a campaign that display advertising based on the photomontage, which it proposes to develop in all grocery's districts. By applying the use of figures of speech in advertising that shows a plastic bag with the phrase "less plastic, more life" that will raise awareness through photography and little typed text, only by using a visual image, in order to stop the problem and to contribute to the environment. That is why using persuasion in the posters of the campaign of healthy market as an initiative for people to reduce the use of plastic bags in supermarkets. It can be concluded that many people who resort to the grocery's don't know about the law that regulates the plastic of only single use, however they are aware of the harm is done to the environment, with the purchase of plastics bags. The 68% of the population has an interest in the environment, also the 70% has no knowledge of the law that regulates the use of plastic. / Trabajo de investigación

<p>Environmental issues have within the recent years become a frequently debated matter and corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a new determinant for consumers purchase decisions. As a consequence of this, ever more companies have begun to implement different CSR initiatives in order to take responsibility for the environment. The arguments differ among researchers whether it is actually profitable for companies to invest in CSR initiatives.</p><p>In this study we have based upon the functional theory of attitudes and identified different factors that are likely to affect consumer attitudes towards an environmental CSR initiative and formed a model for this. The model postulates four main factors that are likely to affect consumers attitudes towards an environmental initiative; which attitude a consumer holds towards the actual product (in this case the paper bags) in question, the extent to which a consumer considers environmental responsibility to be important, the extent to which a consumer considers environmental issues to be a threat to her-/himself and the amount of information a consumer receives about the initiative. To test our model we used a quantitative approach and investigated the consumer attitudes towards the initiative <em>no plastic bags</em> at the shopping centre Strömpilen, Umeå.</p><p>We found that consumers in general are very positive towards the initiative. We then looked closer into what parts of our model that had significant impact on consumer attitudes towards the concept. The Chi-Square tests showed that three of four parts in the model could be verified. These parts were; the consumer’s attitude towards the actual product (in this case the paper bag), how important environmental responsibility is to a consumer and to what extent a consumer sees environmental issues as a threat to her-/himself. The fourth part of the model; the amount of information a consumer has received could not be verified. Thus the model was modified and was in the end constituted by the three parts that had been statistically verified.</p>

Environmental issues have within the recent years become a frequently debated matter and corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a new determinant for consumers purchase decisions. As a consequence of this, ever more companies have begun to implement different CSR initiatives in order to take responsibility for the environment. The arguments differ among researchers whether it is actually profitable for companies to invest in CSR initiatives. In this study we have based upon the functional theory of attitudes and identified different factors that are likely to affect consumer attitudes towards an environmental CSR initiative and formed a model for this. The model postulates four main factors that are likely to affect consumers attitudes towards an environmental initiative; which attitude a consumer holds towards the actual product (in this case the paper bags) in question, the extent to which a consumer considers environmental responsibility to be important, the extent to which a consumer considers environmental issues to be a threat to her-/himself and the amount of information a consumer receives about the initiative. To test our model we used a quantitative approach and investigated the consumer attitudes towards the initiative no plastic bags at the shopping centre Strömpilen, Umeå. We found that consumers in general are very positive towards the initiative. We then looked closer into what parts of our model that had significant impact on consumer attitudes towards the concept. The Chi-Square tests showed that three of four parts in the model could be verified. These parts were; the consumer’s attitude towards the actual product (in this case the paper bag), how important environmental responsibility is to a consumer and to what extent a consumer sees environmental issues as a threat to her-/himself. The fourth part of the model; the amount of information a consumer has received could not be verified. Thus the model was modified and was in the end constituted by the three parts that had been statistically verified.

Under den senaste tiden har man tagit upp plastbärkassars negativa miljöpåverkan, i EU men även lokalt i Borås. EU anser att plastpåsar är skadliga för miljön och har tagit fram direktiv som gör att alla medlemsstater måste vidta åtgärder för att begränsa förbrukningen av plastpåsar. För att man ska kunna fatta rätt beslut krävs det att man ökar kunskapen om vilka åtgärder som krävs och vilka åtgärder som är mest effektiva för att minska förbrukningen.I detta examensarbete är syftet att jämföra plastpåsars miljöpåverkan mot bärkassar i olika material samt att se över hur plastpåsar hanteras idag, presentera en metod för att utföra en insamling av plastpåsar för återvinning i Borås och utreda om det är miljömässigt lönsamt. Resultaten visar att bestämandet av en bärkasses miljöpåverkan är en mycket komplex fråga då väldigt många faktorer måste vägas in. Vi ser även att införandet av ett separat återvinningssystem för plastpåsar inte är det ultimata då det skulle försvåra logistiken samt kräva komprimering av plastpåsarna för att minska deras volym. Det befintliga återvinningssystemet för plast där man blandar hårdplast och mjukplast är mera lämpligt att använda då det ger en tätare blandning. / The negative environmental impact of plastic bags has recently been brought up in the EU but also locally in Borås. The EU considers that plastic bags are hurtful for the environment and has developed directive to reduce the consumption of plastic bags which all member states must follow. In order to be able to make the correct decisions it is necessary to have the accurate information of what measures are necessary to reduce consumption. In this thesis, the aim is to compare the environmental impact of plastic bags compared to bags in various materials and to review how plastic bags are managed today, present a method for how to collect plastic bags for recycling in Borås and investigate whether it is environmentally viable. The results show that the determination of the environmental impact of different bags is a very complex issue because so many factors must be considered. We also see that the introduction of a separate recycling system for plastic bags is not the ultimate method when it would complicate logistics and require compression, to reduce their volume. The existing recycling system for plastic which blends hard plastic and soft plastic, is more convenient to use as it provides a denser mixture.

Con los años, el planeta se ha visto sumamente afectado por los residuos contaminantes que afectan al ecosistema, un ejemplo de ello son las bolsas de plástico que en el mundo se genera alrededor de 5 billones de bolsas plásticas (Minam, 2019) y en Lima y el Callao se generan alrededor de 886 toneladas de plástico de un solo uso como residuo diario, generando enormes daños al ecosistema y representando el 46% del total de residuos de un solo uso a nivel nacional (Andina, 2019). Estas estadísticas significan que Lima es la ciudad que más daño hace a la salud pública y al medio ambiente, con respecto a este tipo de plástico. Para combatir estas estadísticas, se creó la Ley peruana N° 30884 para desincentivar la entrega de las bolsas plásticas cuando se despachan los productos comprados, obligando a las personas a pagar por este tipo de bolsas si desean usarlos. Con ello, se busca promover la innovación, la industria alternativa y el uso del plástico sostenible. Por este motivo, creamos a “Xhira”, una cartera elegante (tipo billetera), de material biodegradable que se despliega y se convierte en carrito de compras dirigido a las damas que acuden a supermercados y centros comerciales de Lima Metropolitana para comprar víveres y productos para el hogar, y que necesitan bolsas para almacenar y transportar sus compras. Al final, y luego de evaluar los flujos de caja proyectados, se demostró que nuestro negocio es factible y rentable para todos sus inversionistas. / Over the years, the planet has been highly affected by polluting residues that affect the ecosystem, an example of this are the plastic bags that in the world generate around 5 billion plastic bags (Minam, 2019) and in Lima and Callao generates around 886 tons of single-use plastic as daily waste, generating enormous damage to the ecosystem and representing 46% of total single-use waste nationwide (Andina, 2019). These statistics mean that Lima is the city that does the most damage to public health and the environment, with respect to this type of plastic. To combat these statistics, Peruvian Law No. 30884 was created to discourage the delivery of plastic bags when purchased products are dispatched, forcing people to pay for these types of bags if they wish to use them. With this, it seeks to promote innovation, the alternative industry and the use of sustainable plastic. For this reason, we created “Xhira”, an elegant wallet (type of wallet), made of biodegradable material that unfolds and becomes a shopping cart aimed at women who go to supermarkets and shopping centers in Metropolitan Lima to buy groceries and products for the home, and who need bags to store and transport their purchases. In the end, and after evaluating the projected cash flows, it was shown that our business is feasible and profitable for all its investors. / Trabajo de investigación

Este trabajo presenta la situación de una empresa que se dedica a la fabricación de bolsas plásticas, la cual actualmente tiene retrasos en su producción cuya consecuencia proviene de: faltante de materias primas, productos defectuosos y reprocesados. Es por ello que, al no contar con métodos estandarizados ni herramientas en el flujo de producción, lleva consigo el retraso de los tiempos de entrega del producto al cliente, el cual fue de 41.67% entregas impuntuales en el año 2016. Mediante la aplicación de las diferentes metodologías propuestas es posible resolver las diferentes causas, con el objetivo de reducir las entregas a destiempo. Para analizar el efecto de las metodologías propuestas en la empresa, se utilizó la técnica de simulación. De lo cual, se obtuvo una reducción del índice de productos defectuosos de 18% a 10%, índice de productos reprocesados de 7% a 3% y un aumento de la exactitud de reposición de materia prima de 65% a 90%, dando así un incremento del índice de cumplimiento de plazos entregas de 58% a 95%. Asimismo, con la finalidad de determinar si el proyecto es viable y rentable, se realizó un estudio financiero considerando los costos que se deben incurrir para la realización del proyecto. En este caso, el proyecto es viable de acuerdo con el análisis económico y financiero, ya que se obtiene el Valor Actual Neto de S/36,529, la Tasa Interna de Rendimiento de 31.45% y el Periodo de Retorno de la Inversión en el sexto mes de empezado el proyecto. / This thesis presents the situation of a company that is dedicated to the manufacture of plastic bags, which currently has delays in its production whose consequence comes from: missing raw materials, defective and reprocessed products. That is why, since there are no standardized methods or tools in the production flow, it entails the delay in the delivery times of the product to the customer, which was 41.67% unpunctual deliveries in 2016. Through the application of the different proposed methodologies it is possible to solve the different causes, with the aim of reducing the deliveries at the wrong time. To analyze the effect of the methodologies proposed in the company, the simulation technique was used. Of which, a reduction of the defective products index was obtained from 18% to 10%, reprocessed products index from 7% to 3% and an increase in the replacement accuracy of raw material from 65% to 90%, thus giving an increase in the delivery deadline index from 58% to 95%. Likewise, in order to determine if the project is viable and profitable, a financial study was carried out considering the costs that must be incurred to carry out the project. In this case, the project is viable according to the economic and financial analysis, since the Net Present Value of S / 36,529, the Internal Rate of Return of 31.45% and the Return on Investment Period in the sixth month are obtained the project started. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene por objeto la creación y comercialización de una bolsa ecológica reutilizable; la cual cuenta con un forro impermeable que permite multifuncionalidad siendo así, de fácil transporte y limpieza. Además, un cierre impermeable que asegura los productos dentro de la bolsa. Diseñada principalmente para el transporte de diversos productos frescos o que estén helados. Este producto contribuirá con la disminución de bolsas plásticas de uso único, ayudando al cuidado del medio ambiente y la adecuada conservación de los alimentos. Esta idea de negocio nace de la necesidad de una opción eco amigable, ya que el uso de bolsas plásticas en nuestro país no ha cesado a pesar de que su uso ha sido restringido. Añadido a esto, los productos actuales que ofrecen las empresas no son adecuados, ya que se enfocan principalmente en cubrir necesidades de transporte, como son las grandes bolsas de rafia o tela, las cuales se mojan y ensucian fácilmente.  En los primeros puntos, se desarrollan los aspectos generales del proyecto que comprenden la ideación, las validaciones y el estudio de investigación acerca del mercado local actual para determinar el producto final. A continuación, se explica el concierge y se desarrolla el plan estratégico con la cadena de valor, las fuerzas del entorno, análisis FODA, estrategias, entre otros. También están definidos por área los planes presupuestales de operaciones, RRHH, RSE, marketing y el financiero del proyecto.  Por último, se desarrollan las conclusiones, recomendaciones, anexos y la bibliografía. / The purpose of this research is to create and commercialize a reusable ecological bag; which has a waterproof lining that allows multifunctionality thus being easy to transport and clean. In addition, a waterproof closure that secures the products inside the bag. Designed primarily for the transport of various fresh or frozen products. This product will contribute to the reduction of single-use plastic bags, helping to care for the environment and proper food preservation. This business idea stems from the need for an eco-friendly option, since the use of plastic bags in our country has not ceased despite the fact that its use has been restricted. Added to this, the current products offered by companies are not suitable, since they mainly focus on covering transport needs, such as large raffia or cloth bags, which get wet and easily dirty. In the first points, the general aspects of the project that include the ideation, the validations and the research study about the current local market to determine the final product are developed. Next, the concierge is explained and the strategic plan is developed with the value chain, the environmental forces, SWOT analysis, and strategies among others. The budget plans of operations, HR, CSR, marketing and financial of the project are also defined by area. Finally, the conclusions, recommendations, annexes and bibliography are developed. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo de investigación, evalúa los aspectos generales del proyecto, plan de marketing, operaciones y la viabilidad economía y financiera para la producción de bolsas biodegradables de cáñamo, a continuación, se describe los aspectos más importantes del estudio: Planteamiento estratégico: se detalla la situación actual en el que se lleva a cabo el proyecto en el nivel socio cultural, económico y político, estos son favorables para el proyecto siendo la principal razón que se pueden producir diferentes productos con menores costes energéticos a base del cáñamo, debido a que esta enfocada al desarrollo sostenible y medioambiental. Investigación de mercado: se determina las metodologías de investigación de mercado y la validación de las hipótesis, asimismo se evalúa las tendencias y patrones de usos y costumbres del consumidor. Plan de marketing: se detalla el tamaño del mercado, la segmentación y el posicionamiento del producto, resulta 58 empresas a las que Biohemp puede vender el producto. Plan de operaciones: se plantearon las políticas operacionales tanto en calidad, procesos, planificación e inventarios, se determina la ubicación del local, la capacidad instalada y la distribución de las instalaciones, por último, se detalla la estructura de costos de producción y gastos operativos. Por último, Plan económico-financiero: se estima la inversión de S/ 408,014 para comenzar las operaciones, que se recuperan en 3 años y 10 días con ROI de 35,2%. El análisis de sensibilidad resulta favorable para el proyecto para las diferentes variables evaluadas. / This research paper evaluates the general aspects of the project, marketing plan, operations and the economic and financial viability for the production of biodegradable hemp bags, the most important aspects of the study are described below: Strategic approach: the current situation in which the project is carried out at the socio-cultural, economic and political level is detailed, these are favorable for the project being the main reason that different products can be produced with lower energy costs based on the Hemp, because it is focused on sustainable and environmental development. Market research: market research methodologies and hypothesis validation are determined, and trends and patterns of consumer uses and customs are also evaluated. Marketing plan: the market size, segmentation and product positioning are detailed, resulting in 58 companies to which Biohemp can sell the product. Operations plan: operational policies were raised both in quality, processes, planning and inventories, the location of the premises, the installed capacity and the distribution of the facilities are determined, finally, the structure of production costs and operating expenses is detailed. Finally, Economic-Financial Plan: the investment of S / 408,014 is estimated to begin operations, which are recovered in 3 years and 10 days with ROI of 35.2%. The sensitivity analysis is favorable for the project for the different variables evaluated. / Trabajo de investigación

Lagos State in Nigeria is faced with the massive problem of waste from plastic bags which causes the yearly flooding displacing thousands of residents and causes diseases like malaria. Plastic bags which became popular because of their versatility, affordability and durability have now become a major source of environmental degradation requiring the use of more environmentally friendly alternatives like Jute, woolen bags, and biodegradable types of plastic. The Nigerian legislature proposed a plastic bag prohibition bill to reduce the manufacture and use of plastic bags with fines and time behind bars which is Nigeria’s first attempt at managing the menace of single-use plastic bags. The goal of this study is to determine reasons for the continued use of plastic bags to contribute to better management of plastic bags waste. It further investigates the available alternatives and willingness of the residents of Lagos to embrace some alternatives to plastic bags. Anonymous online surveys were distributed across social media platforms and interviews involving shop owners described as “givers” who are off social media in this study was carried out. Responses from both quantitative and qualitative sources have been analyzed using the Nvivo software and connection circles have been developed to describe feedbacks within the system. Results showed that the lack of alternatives and convenience are the biggest reasons for the continued use of plastic bags in Lagos, Nigeria. The results further show that the proposed bill has not made provision of alternatives to plastic bags and incentives for manufacturers of plastic bags revealing poor public participation in policy-making of this nature. Overall, respondents have indicated a willingness to embrace alternatives to plastic bags and have mentioned that the situation is worsened by poor waste management in the state. Recommendations included more extensive research into the use of plastic bags with a bigger sample size with both online and offline platforms. This could encourage effective public participation in policy-making important for creating useful nudges in behavioural change in the shift from plastic bags.