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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Análise multivariada no mapeamento genético de traços quantitativos / Multivariate analysis in genetic mapping of quantitative traits

Nubia Esteban Duarte 18 June 2007 (has links)
Em pesquisa Genômica é de grande interesse o mapeamento de genes que controlam traços ou fenótipos quantitativos. Metodologias estatsticas para identicar genes que tenham efeitos sobre um unico traço são bem conhecidas na literatura e têm sido exaustivamente aplicadas no mapeamento genético de muitas doenças. Porem, na pratica, diferentes traços são correlacionados, como é o caso de hipertensão e obesidade, possivelmente, devido a aço de genes comuns envolvidos na sua regulação. Nestes casos, por meio de tecnicas estatísticas multivariadas, que exploram a estrutura de covariância entre os traços, é possvel identificar genes não detectados por analises univariadas, ganhar precisão nas estimativas dos efeitos e conhecer a posicão desses genes, alem de testar efeitos de pleiotropia (um mesmo gene controlando varios traços) e interacções gene-ambiente (os genes que controlam a pressão antes e depois de dieta com sal). Neste trabalho diferentes alternativas de analise estatstica são consideradas para explorar a informacão de vários tracos conjuntamente: modelo de regressão intervalar multivariado (Jiang & Zeng, 1995), mapeamento multivariado via a teoria espectral (Mangin et al.,1998), via medidas resumo relevantes (como a diferenca entre respostas antes e depois de uma exposição) e via ajustes por covariaveis. Também são introduzidas algumas abordagens graficas para o estudo do efeito de pleiotropia e interação geneambiente. As metodologias supracitadas são aplicadas a dados reais fornecidos pelo Laboratorio de Cardiologia e Genética Molecular do InCor/USP, que consideram várias medidas de pressão arterial em ratos provenientes de uma população F2. / In Genomic research, the mapping of genes which control quantitative traits has been of great interest. Statistical methods for detection of genes, in uencing a single trait, are well known in the literature and they have been exhaustive used in the genetic mapping of many diseases. However, in real situations, dierent kind of traits are correlated, such as hypertention and obesity, that would be due to the action of a set of commom genes involved in the regulation of these traits. In these cases, through of multivariate statistical techniques, which explore the covariance structure between the traits, it is possible to identify genes that are not detected by univariated analysis. In addition multivariate analysis are useful to obtain accurate estimates and to know the position of these genes, besides testing eects of pleiotropic (a gene controlling several traits) and geneenvironmental interations (genes that control the pressure before and after salt diet). In this work dierent alternatives from statistical analysis are considered to explore information of several traits jointly: Interval multivariate regression models (Jiang and Zeng, 1995); multivariate mapping through the espectral theory (Mangin et al. 1998), summary measures (for example, models formulated in terms of the dierence between two traits) and adjustments including covariates. Also, graphics procedures are introduced in order to study eects of pleiotropy and geneenvironmental interactions . The methodologies mentioned above are applied to real data set, supplied by the Cardiology and Molecular Genetic Laboratory of Heart institute (InCor-USP), that consider several measurements of blood pressure in rats that come from a F2 population.
22

The Genetic Limits to Trait Evolution for a Suite of Sexually Selected Male Cuticular Hydrocarbons in Drosophila Serrata

Sztepanacz, Jacqueline L.P. January 2011 (has links)
Directional selection is prevalent in nature yet phenotypes tend to remain relatively constant, suggesting a limit to trait evolution. The genetic basis of evolutionary limits in unmanipulated populations, however, is generally not known. Given widespread pleiotropy, opposing selection on a focal trait may arise from the effects of the underlying alleles on other fitness components, generating net stabilizing selection on trait genetic variance and thus limiting evolution. Here, I look for the signature of stabilizing selection for a suite of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) in Drosophila serrata. Despite strong directional sexual selection on CHCs, genetic variance differed between high and low fitness individuals and was greater among the low fitness males for seven of eight CHCs. Univariate tests of a difference in genetic variance were non-significant but have low power. My results implicate stabilizing selection, arising through pleiotropy, in generating a genetic limit to the evolution of CHCs in this species.
23

Intérêt des approches pléiotropes dans l'ischémie cérébrale : modulation pharmacologique par l'atorvastatine / Pleiotropic strategies at the acute phase of ischemic stroke : pharmacological modulation by atorvastatin

Potey, Camille 11 October 2013 (has links)
L’accident vasculaire cérébral ischémique reste un problème majeur de santé publique, contre lequel l’arsenal thérapeutique reste très limité. L’atorvastatine (AT), utilisée en prévention cardiovasculaire, possède des effets pléiotropes lui conférant un pouvoir protecteur dans l’AVC. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient d’évaluer et de caractériser les effets neuro- et vasculoprotecteurs de l’AT dans l’ischémie cérébrale, et la part jouée par le récepteur nucléaire PPARα. Des souris C57BL/6J sauvages et KO-PPARα ont été soumises à ischémie-reperfusion (I/R) cérébrale. Elles étaient traitées par AT préventivement pendant 14 jours ou après I/R pendant 24 ou 72 heures. L’effet neuroprotecteur est évalué histologiquement et par des tests fonctionnels moteurs. L’effet vasculoprotecteur est évalué sur l’artère cérébrale moyenne par étude de la fonction endothéliale et sur les microvaisseaux cérébraux par étude de leur structure et des interactions leucocytes-endothélium. Le traitement préventif et aigu par AT induit une diminution du volume lésionnel, et une amélioration de la récupération fonctionnelle chez les animaux traités à la phase aiguë. Le traitement aigu permet de préserver la fonction endothéliale et l’intégrité des microvaisseaux cérébraux, et de limiter les interactions leucocytes-endothélium. PPARα est nécessaire aux effets neuro- et vasculoprotecteurs de l’AT dans l’ischémie cérébrale. Ce travail met en évidence l’intérêt de l’atorvastatine en tant qu’agent neuroprotecteur pléiotrope dans l’ischémie cérébrale. / Ischemic stroke still is a heavy public health burden, as effective therapeutic means remain scarce. Atorvastatin (AT), widely used as a preventive treatment in the cardiovascular field, possesses pleiotropic effects that give it protective properties in stroke. The goals of this work were to assess and characterize the neuro- and vasculoprotective effects of AT in cerebral ischemia, and the part played by PPARα. Wild-type and PPARα-KO C57BL/6J mice were submitted to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). They were treated with AT before I/R for 14 days or acutely after I/R for 24 or 72 hours. Neuroprotection is assessed histologically and by a motor functional evaluation. Vasculoprotection is assessed on the middle cerebral artery by evaluating the endothelial function and on cerebral microvessels by evaluating their structure and the interactions between leukocytes and the vascular wall. Preventive and acute treatments with AT induce a reduction in lesion volumes, functional recovery was improved in acutely treated animals. The acute treatment with AT preserves the endothelial function and the microvascular integrity, and reduces the interactions between leukocytes and the endothelium. PPARα is necessary for AT neuro- and vasculoprotective effects to take place. This works highlights the interest of atorvastatin as a pleiotropic neuroprotective agent in ischemic stroke.
24

Ocorrência de interações QTL x Sexo, de epistasias e de QTLs pleiotrópicos em aves (Gallus gallus) / QTL by Sex Interactions, epistasis and pleiotropic QTLs in chicken (Gallus gallus)

Luis Fernando Batista Pinto 27 April 2007 (has links)
Este estudo teve por objetivo mapear QTLs para características de desempenho e de carcaça em Gallus gallus . Foram estudadas 350 aves F2 oriundas de um cruzamento, na primeira geração, de machos de corte da linhagem TT com fêmeas de postura da linhagem CC. O peso vivo com 1, 35 e 42 dias de idade; o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar de 35 a 41 dias de idade; os pesos dos pulmões, fígado, coração, moela, peito, coxas (peso de coxas e sobre-coxas), carcaça (sem vísceras, pés e cabeça), carcaça residual (peso da carcaça sem peito, asas e coxas), asas, cabeça, pés e gordura abdominal; o comprimento do intestino e o percentual de hematócrito, foram os fenótipos analisados. Foram utilizados 79 marcadores microssatélites, os quais cobriram 1510,7 cM dos cromossomos 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11 e 13. Primeiramente, foram realizadas análises isoladas de cada fenótipo original e de variáveis canônicas obtidas por análise de componentes principais dos fenótipos. O teste razão de verossimilhanças (LRT) entre um modelo incompleto (apenas com efeitos fixos de sexo, incubação e o efeito aleatório de valor genético infinitesimal) e um completo (todos os efeitos anteriores mais os efeitos de QTL) foi o procedimento utilizado nas análises, exceto para testar modelos com interações epistáticas, onde a metodologia de quadrados mínimos foi utilizada. Modelos com interação QTL x sexo também foram testados. Posteriormente, foram feitas análises de múltiplos fenótipos simultaneamente, onde foi possível testar a hipótese de QTL pleiotrópico x QTLs ligados, além dos testes descritos acima, com exceção de efeitos epistáticos. As análises descritivas e de componentes principais foram obtidas no SAS, enquanto o mapeamento de QTL foi realizado no programa QxPak, exceto para análise de efeitos epistáticos, em que um código em Fortran 90 foi empregado. O modelo univariado, sem interações, permitiu mapear oito QTLs altamente significativos (cinco no GGA1 para PV35, PV42, gordura abdominal, comprimento do intestino e peso da cabeça; dois QTLs no GGA2 para PV35 e PV42; e um QTL no GGA3 para gordura abdominal) seis significativos (dois no GGA1 para conversão alimentar e ganho de peso; dois no GGA3 para peso das asas e das coxas; um no GGA4 para peso da cabeça; e um no GGA8 para peso da moela), além de 13 ligações sugestivas para diversas características. Dez QTLs apresentaram interação com sexo, sendo cinco específicos para machos. O modelo com busca simultânea de dois QTLs mapeou seis QTLs anteriormente perdidos (cinco para PV35 e PV42; e um para peso da cabeça). Interações epistáticas foram observadas para PV35 e PV42 entre um QTL em 69 cM do GGA1 com QTLs em 333 cM do GGA1, 272 cM do GGA3 e 77 cM do GGA5. Dois QTLs e seis ligações sugestivas foram mapeados na análise de variáveis canônicas, os quais não haviam sido mapeados com as variáveis originais. Com o procedimento de múltiplas características foi possível mapear nove QTLs pleiotrópicos e o aumento de poder do teste foi evidenciado, principalmente, no GGA2. / This study aim to map QTL for performance and carcass traits in (Gallus gallus) . There were used 350 F2 chickens developed by crossing a broiler male line (TT) with a layer line (CC). The body weight with 1, 35 and 42 days of age, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion from 35 to 41 days, weights of lung, liver, heart, gizzard, breast, drums and thighs, carcass (without giblets, feet and head), residual carcass (weight of carcass without breast, drums, thighs, and wings), wings, head, feet, and abdominal fat, intestine length and hematócrito value were the phenotypes analyzed. Seventy nine microssatellite markers were used, which covered 1510.7 cM of chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, and 13. Firstly, QTL analysis was carried out for each original trait and for canonical variables, obtained from principal components analysis of the phenotypes. The likelihood ratio test (LRT) between a reduced model (only fixed effects of sex, hatch and random effect of infinitesimal genetic value) and a full model (all anterior effects and QTL effects) was applied to map QTL, but mean square approach was used for mapping QTL with epistatic effect. Besides, models with QTL by sex interaction were also tested. Finally, multi-trait analysis was used to test the hypothesis of pleiotropic x linkage QTLs, besides of the tests previously described, except models with epistatic effects. For descriptive and principal components analysis the SAS software was used. QTL mapping was carried out with QxPak software and a fortran 90 source code to test models with epistatic effect. The univariate model, without interactions, allowed to map eight highly significant QTLs (five in the GGA1, for PV35, PV42, abdominal fat, intestine length, and head weight; two QTLs in the GGA2, for PV35 and PV42; and one QTL in the GGA3 for abdominal fat), six significant QTLs (two in the GGA1 for feed conversion and weight gain; two in the GGA3 for wings and drums and thighs weights; one in the GGA4 for head weight; and one in the GGA8 for gizzard weight), besides 13 suggestive linkages for several traits. Ten QTLs interacted with sex, being five of them male specific QTLs. The model with simultaneous search for two QTLs was important to map six QTLs previously lost (five for body weight at 35 and 42 days; and one for head weight). Epistatic Interactions were observed for body weight among a QTL in 69 cM of GGA1 with QTLs in 333 cM of GGA1, 272 cM of GGA3 and 77 cM of GGA5. Two QTLs and six suggestive linkages were mapped with the analysis on canonical variables, which have not been mapped with the original variables. With the multi-trait approach nine pleiotropic QTLs were mapped and an increase in the test power was observed mainly in the GGA2 chromosome.
25

Evolution of Hybrid Incompatibilities in Gene Regulatory Networks

Tulchinsky, Alexander Y. 01 September 2013 (has links)
Under the Dobzhansky-Muller model, postzygotic isolation results from incompatibility between interacting genes. Evidence points to regulatory networks as a rich source of incompatibilities that impact hybrid fitness. Pleiotropy is a natural feature of regulatory networks because regulatory elements generally have multiple targets. Both pleiotropy and hybrid incompatibility arise due to genetic interactions; therefore we can expect an intimate association between them. In the following chapters, I investigate the relationship between pleiotropy and hybrid incompatibility in the context of regulatory networks. In chapter one, I extend a general network-based study of hybrid incompatibility by incorporating a sequence-based thermodynamic model of transcriptional regulation. In the absence of pleiotropy, hybrid misregulation of a positively selected trait evolves quickly as a consequence of non-recognition or spurious binding in regulatory interactions across species boundaries. In a conserved trait, hybrid incompatibility evolves much slower as a product of compensatory drift. In chapter two, I show that pleiotropy can promote or constrain the evolution of hybrid incompatibility in a regulatory network depending on its fitness landscape, which emerges from the thermodynamic properties of molecular binding. Pleiotropy may promote hybrid incompatibility in accordance with the "selection, pleiotropy, and compensation model" of evolution, in which compensation for the pleiotropic side-effects of adaptation accelerates incompatibility in conserved traits. Pleiotropy can limit the evolution of hybrid incompatibility by constraining change in trans-acting regulatory elements in favor of adaptation at less pleiotropic downstream cis-regulatory targets. Without change in both interactors, incompatibility does not occur under the Dobzhansky-Muller model. In chapter three, I evaluate the hypothesis that pleiotropy facilitates the onset of hybrid incompatibility under antagonistic coevolution, an ubiquitous and persistent source of natural selection. When infectivity and resistance in a host-parasite system are determined epistatically by network interactions, reciprocal selective pressure results in a genotypic chase. This causes pleiotropic mutations to accumulate and be compensated over time, producing intrinsic hybrid incompatibility in both species independent of local adaptation. Thus, cyclical antagonistic coevolution eventually overcomes constraint on pleiotropic loci, facilitating the evolution of regulatory incompatibilities commonly observed in hybrids.
26

Implications of Pleiotropy for Clinical Genetic Testing: Assessing the Patient Perspective

Butson, Melissa B. 22 May 2012 (has links)
No description available.
27

Post-GWAS Investigations for discovering pleiotropic gene effects in cardiovascular diseases / Études post-pangénomiques de la pléiotropie des gènes associés aux maladies cardiovasculaires

Aldasoro, Alex-Ander 19 December 2017 (has links)
Les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) sont d’une étiologie complexe et elles sont soumises à de nombreux facteurs environnementaux ainsi que génétiques. Malgré les succès obtenus, pendant la dernière décennie, et pour réduire la mortalité CV il est nécessaire l’identification de nouveaux biomarqueurs en utilisant des approches différentes. Cette thèse propose une approche intégrative pour découvrir de nouvelles associations génétiques associés avec les MCV. Nous avons d’abord réuni les résultats existants grâce à des GWAS précédents, puis nous avons recherché la pléiotropie de ces gènes et nous avons dirigé nos efforts vers une possible traduction des résultats obtenus dans l’application clinique. Nous avons détecté les effets pléiotropiques de différent gènes (IL-6R et ABO) avec différents phénotypes lipidiques et inflammatoires. Par ailleurs, nous avons trouvé quelques associations gène-genre intéressantes pour certains gènes étudiés (ABO et GNB3). Concernant l’implémentation clinique des connaissances obtenues par cette thèse, une SNP dans le gène TREM-1, pourrait être utilisé comme un marqueur de risque pour différentes maladies, et nous avons déposé un brevet Européen et nous envisageons de mener des essais cliniques de chez les patients. D’autre part, nous avons détecté une haplotype du gène IL6R qui pourrait être utilisés dans la médecine personnalisée. Nos résultats aident à mieux comprendre comment les gènes étudiés exercent leurs effets au niveau moléculaire, en influant finalement sur l’état des patients souffrant de MCV. Nous espérons que nos résultats vont être pris en compte pour faire progresser la médecine personnalisée / Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are complex diseases where many environmental and genetic factors are involved. Although the genetic aetiology of the CVD has been extensively investigated the last two decades, alternative approaches are needed in order to keep advancing in the pathophysiology of CVD. In this thesis, we propose an integrative approach to discover new genetic associations potentially involved in CVD. We chose previous GWAS hits and we centred our efforts in studying the pleiotropic and gene-gender interaction effects. Finally, we focused on the implementation of personalized genome-based therapy of the results obtained. New pleiotropic effects were discovered in the IL-6R and ABO genes relating them with different inflammatory and lipid phenotypes. In addition, we studied the gene-gender interaction effects, finding some sex-specific associations in two of the genes studied (ABO and GNB3). Further, we centered our efforts in implementing the results obtained during the thesis at the clinical level. One SNP within the TREM-1 gene was associated with increased levels of its protein and could be used as a predictor or risk biomarker for different diseases. Due to the high potential of this SNP, we applied a European patent and we are planning to start clinical trials in patients. Also, one haplotype in the IL-6R gene could be used in the treatment of personalized medicine. During this thesis, we discovered new gene-phenotype associations involved in CVD and other diseases. Our results help to better understand how the studied genes are exerting their effects at the molecular level. Our results will hopefully be taken into account in future personalized treatments
28

Mapeamento de QTL's e base genética da correlação entre caracteres em uma população de milho tropical / QTL Mapping and the genetic basis of the correlation between traits in a tropical maize population

Sabadin, Priscilla Karen 04 March 2008 (has links)
Os caracteres quantitativos normalmente têm elevada importância agronômica e econômica, sendo geralmente os mais importantes nos programas de melhoramento das mais diversas espécies, como é o caso do milho (Zea mays L.). Dentre os vários caracteres considerados, destaca-se a produção de grãos e seus componentes. Dessa forma, o objeto de estudo do presente trabalho foi mapear QTL´s relacionados à vários caracteres de importância agronômica, estimar seus efeitos genéticos e entender as causas da correlação genética (pleiotropia ou ligação), em uma população de milho tropical. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma população com 400 progênies F2:3, foram avaliadas em quatro delineamento látice 10 x 10 em cinco ambientes. Os métodos de mapeamento utilizados foram o Mapeamento por Intervalo Composto (CIM), de forma univariada e multivariada considerando múltiplos caracteres (mCIM). O mapa de ligação previamente construído possui 117 locos marcadores microssatélites, com distância média de 14 cM entre eles em média. Os caracteres avaliados foram: produção de grãos (PG), peso da espiga (PE), prolificidade (PROL), número de espigas (NE), número de ramificações do pendão (NRP), rendimento (REND); altura de planta (AP), altura da espiga (AE), comprimento da espiga (CE), diâmetro da espiga (DE), número de fileiras da espiga (NFI), número de grãos por fileira (NGFI), número de folhas acima da primeira espiga (NFO), posição relativa da espiga (PR), porcentagem de acamamento de plantas (ACP) e porcentagem de quebramento do colmo (QUE). Em geral poucos QTL´s foram mapeados devida à alta interação G x A, e esses resultados foram consistentes com os apresentados na literatura. Usando o mCIM, foi possível separar QTL´s ligados de QTL´s com efeito pleiotrópico, permitindo melhor entendimento das causas genéticas da correlação. De forma geral, caracteres mais correlacionados como PG e AP tiveram predomínio de QTL´s pleiotrópicos, enquanto que caracteres menos correlacionados (como por exemplo, CE e NGFI) tiveram QTL´s segregando de forma independente ou com ligação entre si, ou seja, com baixa presença de efeitos pleiotrópicos. Caracteres correlacionados negativamente com os demais em geral apresentaram efeitos aditivos com sinais opostos aos dos demais caracteres. Dessa forma, foi possível identificar regiões que podem ser manipuladas para realizar seleção assistida de forma mais eficiente. De forma geral, foi difícil localizar QTL´s de grande efeito, principalmente com uso do mCIM, dada a presença de elevada interação entre genótipos e ambientes, que fez que que apenas os QTL´s mais estáveis fossem mapeados. / Quantitative traits normally are the most important ones in plant breeding programs for several species, such as maize (Zea mays L.). Several traits are commonly evaluated and grain yield and its components are normally the major focus of selection. The objective of this study was to map QTL related to the several traits of agronomic importance, estimating their genetic effects and genomic locations, aiming to understand the genetic causes of correlation (pleiotropy or linkage) in tropical maize population. A population with 400 F 2:3 inbred lines was used and the progenies were evaluated in five different environments in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. QTL were mapped using Composite Interval Mapping (CIM) for several traits in a univariate way, and also using an extension of CIM allowing QTL mapping for several traits simultaneously (multivariate CIM, or mCIM). The genetic map was previously estimated and had 117 microsatelite loci, with average distance of 14 cM between them. The traits considered were: grain yield (GY), ear weight (EW), prolificacy (PROL), ear number (EN), tassel branch number (TBN), plant height (PH), ear height (EH), ear length (EL), ear diameter (ED), kernel row number (KRN), kernels per row (KR), leaf number (LN), ear position (EP) and stalk lodging (SL). In general, few stable QTL were mapped due to high G x E interaction, and the results were consistent with previous ones reported on the literature. Using mCIM, it was possible to separate linked QTL from QTL with pleiotropic effects, allowing a better understand of the genetic causes of the correlation. In general, traits with higher correlation such as GY and PH tend to have more pleiotropic QTL than low correlated traits, such as EL and KR, which have some linked QTL. Negative correlated traits in general had QTL with additive effects with opposite signs. Based on the results, it was possible to identify regions that can be manipulated to do marker assisted selection in a more efficient way, combining QTL alleles in order to build favorable genotypes.
29

Mapeamento de QTL's e base genética da correlação entre caracteres em uma população de milho tropical / QTL Mapping and the genetic basis of the correlation between traits in a tropical maize population

Priscilla Karen Sabadin 04 March 2008 (has links)
Os caracteres quantitativos normalmente têm elevada importância agronômica e econômica, sendo geralmente os mais importantes nos programas de melhoramento das mais diversas espécies, como é o caso do milho (Zea mays L.). Dentre os vários caracteres considerados, destaca-se a produção de grãos e seus componentes. Dessa forma, o objeto de estudo do presente trabalho foi mapear QTL´s relacionados à vários caracteres de importância agronômica, estimar seus efeitos genéticos e entender as causas da correlação genética (pleiotropia ou ligação), em uma população de milho tropical. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma população com 400 progênies F2:3, foram avaliadas em quatro delineamento látice 10 x 10 em cinco ambientes. Os métodos de mapeamento utilizados foram o Mapeamento por Intervalo Composto (CIM), de forma univariada e multivariada considerando múltiplos caracteres (mCIM). O mapa de ligação previamente construído possui 117 locos marcadores microssatélites, com distância média de 14 cM entre eles em média. Os caracteres avaliados foram: produção de grãos (PG), peso da espiga (PE), prolificidade (PROL), número de espigas (NE), número de ramificações do pendão (NRP), rendimento (REND); altura de planta (AP), altura da espiga (AE), comprimento da espiga (CE), diâmetro da espiga (DE), número de fileiras da espiga (NFI), número de grãos por fileira (NGFI), número de folhas acima da primeira espiga (NFO), posição relativa da espiga (PR), porcentagem de acamamento de plantas (ACP) e porcentagem de quebramento do colmo (QUE). Em geral poucos QTL´s foram mapeados devida à alta interação G x A, e esses resultados foram consistentes com os apresentados na literatura. Usando o mCIM, foi possível separar QTL´s ligados de QTL´s com efeito pleiotrópico, permitindo melhor entendimento das causas genéticas da correlação. De forma geral, caracteres mais correlacionados como PG e AP tiveram predomínio de QTL´s pleiotrópicos, enquanto que caracteres menos correlacionados (como por exemplo, CE e NGFI) tiveram QTL´s segregando de forma independente ou com ligação entre si, ou seja, com baixa presença de efeitos pleiotrópicos. Caracteres correlacionados negativamente com os demais em geral apresentaram efeitos aditivos com sinais opostos aos dos demais caracteres. Dessa forma, foi possível identificar regiões que podem ser manipuladas para realizar seleção assistida de forma mais eficiente. De forma geral, foi difícil localizar QTL´s de grande efeito, principalmente com uso do mCIM, dada a presença de elevada interação entre genótipos e ambientes, que fez que que apenas os QTL´s mais estáveis fossem mapeados. / Quantitative traits normally are the most important ones in plant breeding programs for several species, such as maize (Zea mays L.). Several traits are commonly evaluated and grain yield and its components are normally the major focus of selection. The objective of this study was to map QTL related to the several traits of agronomic importance, estimating their genetic effects and genomic locations, aiming to understand the genetic causes of correlation (pleiotropy or linkage) in tropical maize population. A population with 400 F 2:3 inbred lines was used and the progenies were evaluated in five different environments in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. QTL were mapped using Composite Interval Mapping (CIM) for several traits in a univariate way, and also using an extension of CIM allowing QTL mapping for several traits simultaneously (multivariate CIM, or mCIM). The genetic map was previously estimated and had 117 microsatelite loci, with average distance of 14 cM between them. The traits considered were: grain yield (GY), ear weight (EW), prolificacy (PROL), ear number (EN), tassel branch number (TBN), plant height (PH), ear height (EH), ear length (EL), ear diameter (ED), kernel row number (KRN), kernels per row (KR), leaf number (LN), ear position (EP) and stalk lodging (SL). In general, few stable QTL were mapped due to high G x E interaction, and the results were consistent with previous ones reported on the literature. Using mCIM, it was possible to separate linked QTL from QTL with pleiotropic effects, allowing a better understand of the genetic causes of the correlation. In general, traits with higher correlation such as GY and PH tend to have more pleiotropic QTL than low correlated traits, such as EL and KR, which have some linked QTL. Negative correlated traits in general had QTL with additive effects with opposite signs. Based on the results, it was possible to identify regions that can be manipulated to do marker assisted selection in a more efficient way, combining QTL alleles in order to build favorable genotypes.
30

Plasticidade fenotípica em Drosophila mediopunctata : não-linearidade e correlações com valor médio / Pigmentation in Drosophila mediopunctata: phenotypic and heritability : nonlinearity and correlation with mean value

Rocha, Felipe Bastos, 1981- 28 January 2013 (has links)
Orientador: Louis Bernard Klaczko / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T03:22:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rocha_FelipeBastos_D.pdf: 4246569 bytes, checksum: 8297db94661890abb9ddc71ef0280318 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Apesar de descrever a dinâmica populacional da variação genética, a teoria da genética de populações não descreve como a interação entre genótipos e os ambientes onde estes se desenvolvem gera distribuições fenotípicas. As normas de reação representam uma possível estratégia para tal descrição; elas representam a resposta fenotípica de cada genótipo para uma variável ambiental e, com isso, expõem a variação causada pela plasticidade fenotípica e capturam o fenômeno da interação genótipo-ambiente. Neste trabalho, Drosophila mediopunctata foi utilizada como organismo modelo. Ela é uma espécie do grupo tripunctata, do gênero Drosophila, polimórfica para inversões do segundo cromossomo e para um padrão de pigmentação conspícuo nos tergitos abdominais, formado por fenótipos que podem apresentar de zero a três pintas escuras. Na primeira parte deste trabalho, é apresentado um teste da independência genética entre a plasticidade fenotípica e o valor médio do polimorfismo de pigmentação. Foram utilizadas oito estirpes homocariotípicas para inversões do cromossomo II com diferentes valores fenotípicos médios para analisar a variação de normas de reação do número de pintas à temperatura. As normas de reação desse caráter foram parábolas cujas curvaturas estão correlacionadas ao valor médio, indicando que a variação dessas duas características pode ser determinada por pleiotropia. O mesmo padrão foi observado em heterozigotos resultantes de cruzamentos entre estirpes com normas de reação de curvaturas diferentes, evidenciando que a variação das normas de reação do número de pintas de D. mediopunctata é previsível por uma regra simples de associação entre forma (curvatura) e valor médio. Na segunda parte deste trabalho é apresentada uma análise de 40 normas de reação de cinco caracteres diferentes na qual se buscou estabelecer um padrão geral de forma das normas de reação e verificar as consequências desse padrão para estudos que investigam a variação da plasticidade fenotípica com modelos e métodos baseados na linearidade. Os resultados apresentados mostram que a forma típica das normas de reação é não-linear. Quando analisadas com um desenho experimental apropriado apenas para curvas lineares, i.e. com somente três ambientes, tais curvas apresentam um padrão imprevisível de variação, fundamentando um conceito de interação genótipo-ambiente associado à imprevisibilidade. Além disso, o uso de um modelo linear para descrever a variação da plasticidade fenotípica em normas de reação não lineares leva à perda de informação e, em alguns casos, a artefatos que embasam conclusões falsas. Considerando os resultados e conclusões obtidos, é proposta uma nova visão sobre normas de reação e plasticidade fenotípica, baseada no uso de um modelo parabólico e em desenhos experimentais mais abrangentes e detalhados, que permitiriam descrever a forma e variação das normas de reação sem perder fenômenos e padrões importantes / Abstract: Despite describing the population dynamics of genetic variation, the theory of population genetics lacks a description of how genotype and developmental environment interact to generate a phenotypic distribution. Such a description could be achieved through reaction norms, which give the phenotypic response of individual genotypes to a given environmental variation and describe the variation due to phenotypic plasticity and genotype-environment interaction. Here, we used Drosophila mediopunctata as a model organism. This species belongs to the tripunctata group of the genus Drosophila, and is polymorphic for second chromosome inversions. D. mediopunctata specimens display a conspicuous pigmentation polymorphism in the abdomen, with phenotypes ranging from zero to three dark spots in the last three tergites. In the first part of this study, we describe a test of the genetic independency between phenotypic plasticity and mean phenotypic value for the pigmentation polymorphism of D. mediopunctata. We analyzed the reaction norms of the number of abdominal spots in response to temperature of eight strains homozygous for second chromosome inversions and with different mean phenotypic values. The reaction norms were parabolic, and their curvature was correlated with the mean phenotypic value, suggesting that the variation of these two traits may be determined by pleiotropy. The same pattern was observed in heterozygous genotypes resulting from crosses between strains with different reaction norm curvatures. These results show that the variation of reaction norms of the number of dark abdominal spots of D. mediopunctata is predictable by a simple association rule between shape (curvature) and mean value. In the second part of this study we show the results from the analysis of 40 reaction norms of five different traits, which had two aims: establishing a general pattern of reaction norms shape; and verifying the impact of this pattern for studies that investigate the variation of phenotypic plasticity using models and methods based on a linearity assumption. The results show that the typical reaction norm shape is nonlinear. A pattern of unpredictable variation emerges when these curves are analyzed with only three environments, suggesting that the association of genotype-environment interaction with unpredictability may be due to the use of an experimental design only suitable for linear curves. Furthermore, the use of a linear model to describe the variation of nonlinear reaction norms leads to loss of information and, in some cases, artifacts which support false conclusions. Considering these results, we propose a new vision of reaction norms and phenotypic plasticity which is based on the use of a parabolic model and on more comprehensive and detailed experimental designs which would describe the shape and variation of reaction norms without losing important patterns and phenomena / Doutorado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

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