In this thesis we investigate several methods how to improve the quality of statistical machine translation (MT) by using linguistically rich information. First, we describe SemPOS, a metric that uses shallow semantic representation of sentences to evaluate the translation quality. We show that even though this metric has high correlation with human assessment of translation quality it is not directly suitable for system parameter optimization. Second, we extend the log-linear model used in statistical MT by additional source-context model that helps to better distinguish among possible translation options and select the most promising translation for a given context.

Title: Density of Minkowski functionals of stationary random sets Author: Bc. Filip Dohnálek Department: Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Jan Rataj, CSc., Mathematical Institute of Charles University Abstract: In the presented work we can find the created theory of random closed excursion set generated by means of Gaussian real random field. We specialize in a real random field, which is defined on the regular stratified manifold. The text includes a determination of conditions for a random field and stratified manifold in which densities of the intrinsic volumes for excursion sets exist. Then subsequently attributes and relations of the excursion set are derived for the existence of densities of the intrinsic volumes. Finally, a simulated study is made where we compare theoretical and estimated values of densities. This is followed by a discussion on the results, which we compare to the Boolean model. Keywords: Densities of the intrinsic volume, Excursion set, Manifold, Real random field

A basic requirement for all therapeutic applications of ionizing radiation is the high accuracy of delivery of the prescribed dose to the target volume of tissue healing. Each radiotherapy department must have in the quality assurance program developed methodology for testing the operational stability, which are reviewed and approved by The State Office for Nuclear Safety (SÚJB). A part of testing the operational stability of linear accelerators is also a regular assessment and measurement of parameters of radiation field, which is done by measuring the dose profiles. The thesis presents the results of measurement and evaluation of photon beam dose profiles of a linear accelerator, measured using the line-semiconductor detector (LDA-99SC company IBA) in the automatic water phantom under the reference conditions and their comparison with results obtained from measurement with the ionization chamber under the same terms of reference. The advantage of using a linear detector is a semiconductor that consists of 99 individual detectors in one line at a distance of 5 mm from each other and is able to measure the radiation dose profile field in a much shorter time than using an ionization chamber, where only one detector output can measure dose point after point. Usage of any other independent system for...

This thesis deals with so called normalization of Czech literature which took place after the Prague Spring of 1968 in the perspective of literary field theory formulated by Pierre Bourdieu. Based on various textual data it reconstructs the literary field refraction focusing on the relationship between literary field and the field of power, position which newly appeared and habitus formulated. It offers few findings which might be subject to further verification in more detailed analysis.

The thesis deals with optimization of the continuous slab casting process. The thesis summarizes the basic analytical and empirical findings concerning to the solidification process, the numerical modeling and the selected optimization techniques. Physical conditions and factors that affect the quality of steel including their relationships are also described. The basis of the solution strategy is the original numerical model of the temperature field in its off-line version. The numerical model was verified by the real historical data. The optimization part is based on the fuzzy logic implemented above the numerical model. The optimization algorithm is used for the optimal control of the casting process. The universal usage of the optimization model is demonstrated on several cases, e.g. the finding of optimal casting parameters that ensure the high quality of products, the optimal reactions on breakdown situations, the determination of an optimal relationship between casting parameters, etc. Based on optimization results, the suitable caster modification to increase the surface temperature at the unbending point was proposed. The whole concept of the numerical and optimization model is general and it can be applied to arbitrary slab or billet continuous casting.

On décrit dans cette thèse les dimensions des groupes quotients gradués associés à la cohomologie du complémentaire d'une courbe plane par rapport à la filtration de Hodge en fonction de certains invariants géométriques. Le cas des courbes à singularités ordinaires est détaillé. En particulier, on trouve le polynôme de Hodge-Deligne d'une courbe C quelconque à singularités isolées et celui de son complémentaire duquel on déduit les nombres de Hodge mixtes ainsi que les nombres de Betti correspondants. Dans le cas des courbes dont les singularités sont des nœuds et des points triples ordinaires, on donne des relations importantes avec l'algèbre de Milnor du polynôme homogène f qui définit C, les syzygies de l'idéal Jacobien de f et la filtration par l'ordre de pôle du groupe cohomologique d'ordre 2 du complémentaire de la courbe. / We describe in this thesis the dimensions of the graded quotients of the cohomology of a plane complement curve with respect to the Hodge filtration in terms of simple geometric invariants. The case of curves with ordinary singularities is discussed in details. In particular, we find the Hodge-Deligne polynomial of any curve C with isolated singularities and that of its complement, from which we can compute the mixed Hodge numbers of the second cohomology group of the complement of the curve, and consequently the correspondant Betti numbers. Furthermore, in the case of curves with ordinary double and triple points, we give relations to the Milnor algebra of the homogeneous polynomial f defining C, to the syzygies of the Jacobian ideal of f and pole order filtration on the second cohomology group of the curve complement.

Semi-natural grasslands are among the most threatened habitats in Europe, endangered mainly by cessation of former management practices and conversion into other types of land use. Extensive research has been carried out in European grasslands in last decades, to explain origins of diversity and to provide guidelines for its conservation. However, the very slow response of perennial plants to landscape changes often impedes to accurately evaluate why species occur just where they occur and not elsewhere. Abandoned fields are perceived as potential habitats for species from declining grasslands. Indeed, many species are able to spontaneously colonise abandoned fields, but many other species are absent from communities that develop there. An important question remains what limits their successful establishment. By answering this question, we can gain also important insights into factors determining species distribution in grasslands because colonization of recently abandoned fields by grassland species is the ongoing process which is not obscured by historical changes in landscape structure. The very basic aim of this thesis was to evaluate the status quo of dry grassland plants in fields abandoned in last two decades. And in the second step, to identify what are the main constrains of successful...

De acordo com o Plano Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos - PNRS, a destinação de resíduos industriais é de responsabilidade do seu gerador. Serrarias do estado de Roraima enfrentam uma série de dificuldades para cumprimento desta norma, principalmente, pela falta de informações e ausência de estudos que comprovem alternativas viáveis específicas para a região. Sabe-se, contudo, que de uma forma ampla e genérica, alternativas poderiam ser propostas. Dentre elas, a conversão direta dos resíduos para geração de energia e a pirólise visando a produção de carvão vegetal e seus co-produtos. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral deste estudo foi identificar, caracterizar e realizar análises a isto vinculadas, considerando os resíduos madeireiros gerados nas serrarias localizadas no pólo de Rorainópolis, Roraima, Brasil. Foram realizadas aferições da granulometria, umidade, composição química, densidade e poder calorífico do material in natura (CAPÍTULO 1). Ainda sobre este material foram realizadas carbonizações à temperatura de 450°C e 650°C e avaliação do carvão vegetal e gases do processo (CAPÍTULO 2). Além disso, foram avaliadas as características físicas, químicas, energéticas dos resíduos obtidos em diferentes seções das pilhas preexistentes nas serrarias (CAPÍTULO 3). / According to the National Solid Waste Plan - PNRS, a destination of industrial solid waste is responsibility of it generator. Roraima\'s sawmills face a series of difficulties to comply this standard, mainly for lack of studies proving feasible alternatives specific to region. It is known, however, that of broad and generic form can be applied alternatives. Among them, the direct conversion of the waste to the generation of energy and pyrolysis for the production of charcoal and co-products. In this sense, the general objective of this study was to identify, characterize and carry out related analyzes, considering the wood residues generated at sawmills located at the Rorainópolis Timber Hub, state of Roraima, Brazil. The granulometry, moisture, chemical composition, density and calorific value of the in natura material were measured (CHAPTER 1). Carbonisations were also carried out at 450°C and 650°C and charcoal and process gases were evaluated (CHAPTER 2). In addition, the physical, chemical and energetic characteristics of residues obtained in different sections of the pre-existing piles in the sawmills were evaluated (CHAPTER 3).

This diploma thesis deals with the conceptual knowledge of primary school pupils about field ecosystems. In the analyzed textbooks, ecological relations are represented only to a limited extent. They are not sufficiently explained or practiced during lessons. Test questions focus on a complex understanding of field ecosystem matters; they test the extent of understanding of relationships between organisms and their environment, between different organisms, and the extent to which field ecosystems are affected by human activity. Analysis results reflect the level of the pupils' knowledge regarding field ecosystem interrelations. Test questions designed by the author of the thesis examine fourth grade primary school pupils and their understanding of relationships between organisms and their environment, as well as relationships between different organisms. Results show that pupils understand relationships between organisms and their environment better than relationships between different organisms and the effects of human activity on field ecosystems. These differences are, however, not significant. In general, the research shows that fourth grade pupils do not understand field ecosystem relationships in an entirely correct way.

O sistema de controle por alocação dos pólos com filtro foi utilizado para controlar a atitude de um modelo de veículo lançador de satélites. Com este intuito, foram confeccionados um modelo e uma base de fixação que permite a movimentação nos três graus de liberdade. Utilizando a resposta à entrada degrau em conjunto com um sistema de controle PID obtido de forma empírica para estabilizar o sistema, as características da planta foram identificadas e então o sistema de controle por alocação de pólos foi projetado. Este sistema apresentou uma oscilação em torno da referência com amplitude menor do que 0,5° e tempo de pico para a entrada degrau na ordem de 2,17 segundos. Um segundo controlador PID foi projetado de forma analítica para se obter uma referência, porém apresentou resposta com características inferiores ao controlador por alocação de pólos. Os dois sistemas de controle projetados conseguem manter o modelo estável mesmo quando um dos motores é desligado. / Pole placement control system with filter was implemented to control the attitude of a satellite launch vehicle model. With this purpose, a model and a fixing base with three degrees of freedom was made. Utilizing the system response to step input with PID controller empirically designed to stabilize the system, the model characteristics were identified and the pole placement control system was designed. This system oscillated around the reference with amplitude smaller than 0.5° and peak time around 2.17 seconds. Another PID controller was designed analytically for reference, however the pole placement controller had better response characteristics than the PID controller. Both controllers can stabilize the system even when one engine is shut off.