O sistema de controle por alocação dos pólos com filtro foi utilizado para controlar a atitude de um modelo de veículo lançador de satélites. Com este intuito, foram confeccionados um modelo e uma base de fixação que permite a movimentação nos três graus de liberdade. Utilizando a resposta à entrada degrau em conjunto com um sistema de controle PID obtido de forma empírica para estabilizar o sistema, as características da planta foram identificadas e então o sistema de controle por alocação de pólos foi projetado. Este sistema apresentou uma oscilação em torno da referência com amplitude menor do que 0,5° e tempo de pico para a entrada degrau na ordem de 2,17 segundos. Um segundo controlador PID foi projetado de forma analítica para se obter uma referência, porém apresentou resposta com características inferiores ao controlador por alocação de pólos. Os dois sistemas de controle projetados conseguem manter o modelo estável mesmo quando um dos motores é desligado. / Pole placement control system with filter was implemented to control the attitude of a satellite launch vehicle model. With this purpose, a model and a fixing base with three degrees of freedom was made. Utilizing the system response to step input with PID controller empirically designed to stabilize the system, the model characteristics were identified and the pole placement control system was designed. This system oscillated around the reference with amplitude smaller than 0.5° and peak time around 2.17 seconds. Another PID controller was designed analytically for reference, however the pole placement controller had better response characteristics than the PID controller. Both controllers can stabilize the system even when one engine is shut off.

Cette étude s’intéresse aux modes de transport terrestre utilisés pour les biens et marchandises dans l’ancienne Égypte. On en dénombre plusieurs, dont les plus importants sont la palanche, la barre de portage, le traîneau, et le transport à dos d’âne. Cette recherche s’appuie principalement sur des ressources documentaires iconographiques et plastiques, provenant de mastabas et d’hypogées datés de l’Ancien et du Moyen Empire. Elle a pour enjeu de préciser les conditions d’utilisation des différents modes de transport, tant sur un plan chronologique, que sociologique, ou topographique. / This study deals with means of land transport used for goods and merchandises in ancient Egypt. We can count a few, among which the most important are yoke, carrying pole, sledge and donkeys. This research is mainly based on iconographic and sculptural documentary resources from mastabas and hypogea dating from the Old and Middle Kingdom. Its main concern is to explain the conditions of use of the different means of land transport, on a chronological, sociological as well as on a topographical level.

Because of an eventual ban of creosote-impregnated products, alternative materials for poles used in the electrical grid are needed. Concrete is one alternative and spun concrete poles have been manufactured for the Swedish grid before. These poles are still in use since the high strength and good functioning. However, they weigh too much in terms of the way that poles are assembled on the grid today. Therefore, a study comparing the capacity of different geometries, resulting in lower weight, is of interest.  In this Master’s Thesis, crack initiation and compressive failure in concrete poles are examined by creating FE-models in the software BRIGADE/Plus, using concrete damage plasticity. Thus, guidance is provided about how thin the concrete walls can be made without risking failure – which also means how low the weight of such a pole can be. The failure most likely to occur is a compressive failure in the concrete with a ductile behavior. The result shows that a geometry change, which implies a thinner concrete wall, is possible. This means a weight reduction between 30-75 % or even more, depending on which network the poles are designed for.

Data centres are key to high availability and around the clock access to information. As the number of data centres increases to satisfy the demand for data, so does their energy consumption. This thesis is a case study of the data centres located in the Node Pole region in the North of Sweden. It aims to look at aspects of both the energy supply of Norrbotten and the actual technologies used by the data centres to utilise this energy supply. Using a literature review to gather primary data, the first research question analyses the energy supply of Norrbotten, investigating its specificities through energy security theories, particularly looking through the aspects of availability, accessibility and affordability. The second question examines the Node Pole’s implementation response to the specific energy supply of the North of Sweden, and whether this response is efficient and sustainable, using the four Rs theory and the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED). The results of the analysis show that the North of Sweden is currently in a privileged position: the energy produced in Norrbotten benefits from high availability criteria, is in oversupply, and thanks to the prevalence of hydropower and wind power in the energy mix, is very low in GHG emissions. The Swedish grid is reliable and robust, and Norbotten is no exception to that rule, providing the Node Pole with an accessible “plug and play” module to the electricity grid. In addition, the recent tax rebate aimed at the data centre industry means that the energy is affordable, more so in fact than in many other European countries. This assessment makes for a favourable breeding ground for data centres in the region from an energy security perspective. Meanwhile, the Node Pole data centres use ground-breaking cooling technologies consisting of airside cooling combined with adiabatic pads for humidity control (no separate humidification system), simple air filtration facilities (thanks to the outstanding air quality of the area),  and aerodynamic architectural premises layouts for better flow, reducing the cooling costs by increasing the efficiency of the overall air conditioning system. This technology is paired with innovative power distribution solutions (non-standard voltage and less UPS batteries), thereby considerably reducing the electricity consumption again and the waste of energy caused by voltage conversion. Combining the auspicious energy offerings of the Norrbotten region with the ingenious practical implementations of the data centres thus unleashes a new potential for more efficient and sustainable data centres.

This thesis main topic is the social-economic polarization in Czech Republic and its development process within past two decades. The main aim is to define growth poles with positive social-economic development and peripheric areas with stagnating or negative development. Consequently the secondary aim of this thesis is to confirm or disprove hypothesis resulting from Myrdal's theory of cumulative causation: "Growth poles grow faster over time and conversly peripheric areas decline further over years." In next step growing and peripheric regions are described and the possible causes of develepment within this areas are interpreted. Leading theories of regional development focusing on social-economic growth polarization are described in the theoretical part. The emphasis is on core -- periphery theories with main focus on theory of cummulative causation by Gunnar Myrdal.

L'alternateur à griffes est l'alternateur le plus utilisé dans l'industrie automobile. Afin d'augmenter sa puissance volumique, une solution classique consiste à utiliser des aimants NdFeB entre les griffes. Ces dernières années, le prix des aimants NdFeB a beaucoup augmenté remettant en question leur utilisation. Ce contexte implique de trouver de nouvelles solutions techniques permettant de conserver la même puissance volumique sans utiliser d'aimant NdFeB. Dans le cadre de ces travaux de thèse la solution proposée consiste a utiliser des matériaux magnétiques doux nobles tels que les FeCo (AFK18, AFK1 et AFK502). De part leur coût élevé, nous avons limité leur utilisation au noyau de l'alternateur même si leur utilisation au rotor est également évaluée. Ces travaux s'appuient sur une démarche de dimensionnement multi-niveaux (modèle reluctant et modèle éléments finis) ce qui apporte un bon compromis temps de calcul/précision. Une série d'études a été réalisée avec dans un premier temps, l'identification d'une géométrie de noyau favorable à l'utilisation de noyau en FeCo. Dans un second temps, une étude compare les courants batteries en fonction du FeCo utilisé au noyau avec une optimisation du rotor. Ensuite une étude présente le dimensionnement complet de l'alternateur (optimisation du rotor et du stator avec une étude sur le nombre optimal de paires de pôles) avec un noyau en AFK502 ce qui d'identifier le gain maximal en courant batterie apporté par l'utilisation d'un noyau en FeCo. Pour finir, une dernière étude compare les courants batteries en fonction du FeCo utilisé au rotor avec une optimisation du rotor et du stator. / Claw-pole alternators are often used in automotive industry. Permanent magnets like NdFEB are currently integrated to increased the power density of claw-pole machine. However their higher price brings into question their usage. This tight context implies finding new technical solutions to keep the same power density without NdFeB magnets. The solution adopted consists to evaluate the potential of gain with different soft magnetic materials and more especially FeCo family (AFK18, AFK1 et AFK502). Their higher price imposed us to use FeCo just at the core of the alternator but we have also evaluate their usage at the rotor. This work is based on an adapted design methodology including two modeling level (magnetic equivalent circuit model and finite element model) in order to obtain a good compromise between time computation/accuracy. Several studies have been made with, as a first step, the identification of new core geometry customized for FeCo core. As a second step, a study comparing output current according to FeCo used at the core is presented, rotor is optimized only. As a third step, is exposed the global optimization of the alternator with an AFK502 (rotor and stator optimization with a study on the optimal poles pairs number) in order to identify the maximum output current gain with an FeCo core. Finally, the last study compare output current according to FeCo used at the rotor, rotor and stator are optimized .

Este trabalho buscou avaliar a qualidade da água subterrânea de poços ponteira, que captam água do Sistema Aquífero Quaternário Costeiro (SAQC) na região de Osório (RS), através da aplicação de diferentes métodos. Para a realização do estudo foi feito um inventário e cadastramento de poços, o levantamento e interpretação de dados geológicos e hidrogeológicos, além da coleta e análise de amostras de água. Para este trabalho foram utilizados dados físico-químicos e bacteriológicos, obtidos através das análises de água (campo e laboratório), que foram coletadas em 26 poços. A avaliação dos resultados foi realizada através dos diagramas de Piper e Stiff, da comparação com os Valores Máximos Permitidos (VMP) em portarias de potabilidade e da aplicação de métodos de avaliação da qualidade da água e risco a saúde. Os resultados obtidos permitiram evidenciar que no município, a principal forma de captação da água subterrânea, ocorre por meio de poços ponteira que possuem profundidades na sua maioria, inferiores a 20 metros e que captam água de aquíferos granulares livres associados a camadas de sedimentos arenosos. Além disso, a maior parte das águas subterrâneas apresentaram valores de pH entre 5,6 e 6,5 e valores de condutividade elétrica (CE) entre 0 a 200 uS/cm. As concentrações de nitrato variaram entre 0 e 2 mg/L N-NO3, de cloretos e sódio não ultrapassam 30 mg/L, os sólidos totais dissolvidos entre 0 e 200 mg/L, indicando a ocorrência de águas doces com baixa mineralização. Os resultados das análises bacteriológicas indicaram a presença de Escherichia coli e coliformes totais. A comparação dos resultados das análises com os VMP da portaria do Ministério da Saúde Nº 2914/11 (Brasil, 2011), indicaram a ocorrência de poços que apresentam alterações nos parâmetros pH, amônia, ferro, cor, manganês, turbidez, bem como presença de Coliformes Totais e E.coli. Com o uso do Índice de Qualidade da Água Subterrânea (IQUAS), foram classificadas amostras de água como ótimas, boas e péssimas. Já o cálculo do Índice Relativo de Risco (IRR) evidenciou a ocorrência de amostras que apresentaram valores altos, a Avaliação de Risco à Saúde, indicou a ocorrência de amostras que apresentaram Risco não Carcinogênico. Por fim a partir deste estudo pode-se verificar que o uso de diferentes métodos para avaliação da qualidade da água, tem grande importância, pois torna mais consistente essa avaliação, já que cada método envolve a análise de diferentes parâmetros. / The aim objective of this work was to evaluate the groundwater quality of wells, which capture water from the Coastal Quaternary Aquifer System (SAQC) in the region of Osorio (RS), by applying different methods. In order to carry out the study, an inventory and registration of wells, the survey and interpretation of geological and hydrogeological data, as well as the collection and analysis of water samples. For this work, physicochemical and bacteriological data were obtained through water analysis (field and laboratory), which were collected in 26 wells. The evaluation of the results was carried out through the Piper and Stiff diagrams, the comparison with the Maximum Permitted Values (VMP) in potable water consumption and the application of water quality and health risk assessment methods. The results obtained showed that in the municipality, the main way of captation of groundwater occurs through pointer wells that have a depth of less than 20 meters and capture water from unconfined granular aquifers associated with layers of sandy sediments. In addition, most groundwater had pH values between 5.6 and 6.5 and values of electrical conductivity (EC) between 0 and 200 uS/cm. Nitrate concentrations ranged from 0 to 2 mg / L NNO3, with sodium chloride not exceeding 30 mg/L, total solids dissolved between 0 and 200 mg/L, indicating the occurrence of fresh water with low mineralization. The results of the bacteriological analyzes indicated the presence of Escherichia coli and total coliforms in 4 wells. The comparison of the results of the analyzes with the MPV of Ministry of Health No. 2914/11 (Brazil, 2011) indicated the occurrence of wells that present alterations in pH, ammonia, iron, color, manganese, turbidity and presence of Total Coliforms and E. coli. With the use of the Underwater Water Quality Index (IQUAS), 9 water samples were classified as optimal, 2 as good and 4 bad. The calculation of the Risk Index (IRR) evidenced the occurrence of 7 samples that presented high values, the Health Risk Assessment, indicating the occurrence of 2 samples that presented non-Carcinogenic Risk. Finally, from this study we can verify that the use of different methods to evaluate water quality, is of great importance, since it makes this evaluation more consistent, since each method involves the analysis of different parameters.

This thesis deals with the idea of energy harvesting from mechanical vibration. It describes the magnetostrictive principle as a possibility to obtain an electrical energy. It is about a generator made of a beam with Terfenol-D material and a coil. The model of this device is created in Matlab/Simulink and FEMM application. For various values of measured vibration, these methods are then compared. In FEMM, you can improve energy gain by modeling of various environmental conditions and with using of another materials (e.g. by adding of permanent magnets). The outcome of the this thesis expresses the ability to harvest the energy with designed magnetostrictive generator compared to the already created models of the piezoelectric and electromagnetic generator. Based on these results, it is possible to determine which generator is more suitable for particular application.

Fouling of tube bundles in boilers on the flue gas side affects not only the service life, but also the boiler heat output and increases maintenance and operating costs. Therefore, it is necessary to minimize or completely eliminate this process. This thesis focuses on comparison of the service life and the heat output of the tube bundles with and without deposit in the coal fired boiler. Simulations of flue gas flow in area of tube bundles with and without deposit are performed using ANSYS Fluent software, which shows that the surface of tube bundles with deposit is much less heated than the surface without deposit. The thermal loads of tubes obtained by the CFD analysis are applied to the model, which is created in the program ANSYS Mechanical, where the calculation of the temperature field in the cross section of the pipe is realized. The effect of fouling on creep life and heat output is then evaluated based on simulation results. The results show that fouling increases creep life, but significantly reduces heat output of heavily fouled tubes. Hence the flue gas flows at a higher temperature to the rest of the tube bundle, and the service life of those tubes will therefore probably decrease.

This thesis deals with the effect of magnetic field and organic substances, namely benzene and p-nitrophenol, on cell of PHA producing bacteria Cupriavidus necator H16 and mutant strain Cupriavidus necator PHB4, which does not produce polyhydroxyalkanoates. Static magnetic field was generated by both permanent magnet and electromagnet. The effect of magnetic field on the growth of bacterial cells was studied using growth curves. It was found that cultivation in magnetic field and mineral medium mostly inhibits bacterial growth. Also the amount of polyhydroxyalkanoates was observed using FT-IR, flow cytometry and microscopy with fluorescent dye. Growth curves and flow cytometry were also used to study the influence of organic substances on bacterial cells. It was found that while benzene does not affect either C. necator H16 or C. necator PHB4, p-nitrophenol acts as the inhibitor of bacterial growth for both cultures. Finally the impact of p-nitrophenol on the accumulation of PHA was studied using gas chromatography.