The thesis deals with the testing and optimization of hydrodynamic conditions of the electrochemical detector, which consists of a flow cell containing the electrochemical sensor with an array of electrodes. The flow cell includes a rotating disc-shaped component, which allows radial flow of analytes along the sensor electrodes. This principle imitates the rotating disk electrode, with the difference that here the electrodes are immobile. Hydrodynamic phenomena in this case are similar to RDE. Therefore, the theoretical part of my work deals with hydrodynamics and mass transfer for the well-described case of rotating disk electrode. It was found that in the current set-up under certain conditions, an analyte flowed back from the output cell channel to the sensor, even at the laminar flow. This causes a nonlinear response of the electrodes and their low reproducibility. The solution is to reduce the distance between the rotation component and the electrodes surface and reduce flow speed of analyzed liquid towards the sensor. A novel type of sensor with annular electrodes was designed and tested. It showed four times higher conversion rate of the analyte compared with the originally used AC9 electrochemical sensor having electrodes in the form of full circles lying on a circumference of a common circle. Based on calculations, conversion of the analyte on the plane electrode can be increased up to 100% when using this annular sensor, adjusting flow cell and reducing of the input flow rate. The detector was connected to the liquid chromatograph and its function was tested on two substances - ascorbic acid and dopamine. For the current detector these parameters were set: dynamic range, linearity, noise, detection limit, time constant and the temperature range at which the detector can be operated.

As relações entre sociedade e natureza ampliaram-se nas últimas décadas, devido, entre outros fatores, ao fenômeno de urbanização. No Litoral Norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul esse processo impulsionou a diversificação econômica e a ocorrência de problemas em um ambiente caracterizado por ecossistemas raros e de grande vulnerabilidade. Nesse sentido, a diretriz investigatória fundamenta-se na hipótese de que a urbanização é um vetor potencial de desenvolvimento sustentável para o Litoral Norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O trabalho objetiva a proposição de diretrizes e instrumentos de ação baseados no marco da sustentabilidade, para subsidiar políticas de desenvolvimento regional e urbano. A metodologia que norteou a pesquisa caracteriza-se pela análise das interações entre sociedade e natureza em duas escalas de abordagem, a regional e a local. Entre as conclusões do trabalho na escala regional, salienta-se que: a) as políticas de Estado, as emancipações, as migrações e o empreendedorismo são os principais condicionantes da urbanização; b) a região apresenta quatro perfis sócio-econômicos de municípios; c) a maior carência urbana ambiental é o saneamento básico; d) a diversidade sócio-ambiental do Litoral Norte constitui-se em importante elemento para o seu desenvolvimento e para a construção de uma identidade regional. Como contribuições originais destacam-se a elaboração de dois modelos gráficos sobre a dinâmica territorial e a proposição de diretrizes de caráter regional. Na escala local, analisa-se a dinâmica urbana ambiental do município de Capão da Canoa propondo-se estratégias e instrumentos de ação integrados às diretrizes regionais. Através da análise espacial identificaram-se três setores prioritários de intervenção: o saneamento básico, a preservação ambiental e cultural e o controle do uso e ocupação do solo. Constatou-se que a impermeabilização do solo, além de ampliar o escoamento superficial, provoca, entre outros fatores, o seccionamento do campo de dunas no pós-praia, comprometendo a qualidade sanitária da areia de praia e a balneabilidade das águas. As medidas propostas caracterizam-se pela multifuncionalidade, baixo custo de implantação e amplo alcance social. Entre as contribuições originais para a escala local propõe-se: a) bacias de amortecimento nos lotes (reservatórios) e nas áreas verdes (lagos) para minimizar os impactos do escoamento superficial em direção ao sistema praial; b) uma zona de proteção à costa com uma faixa mínima de não ocupação de 50 m de largura à retaguarda da praia (curto prazo) para diminuir os impactos decorrentes da energia de ondas e uma faixa de 150 m de largura (longo prazo) como prevenção a uma elevação do nível médio do mar nos próximos cem anos; c) a adoção de medidas preventivas e de controle do uso e ocupação do solo urbano, através de instrumentos urbanísticos previstos no Estatuto da Cidade. Conclui-se que a decisão política para a adoção ou não das medidas e ações aqui explicitadas depende essencialmente de mudanças culturais. O engajamento do poder público, da sociedade civil e de suas instituições é fator decisivo para a transformação do Litoral Norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul em um Pólo de Sustentabilidade Ambiental. / The relationships between society and nature have broadened in the last decades, owed, among other factors, to the phenomenon of urbanization. In the Northern Coast of Rio Grande do Sul this process drove the economical diversification and the incident of problems in rare ecosystems and of great vulnerability. In this sense, the main inquirenment is based on the hypothesis that urbanization is a potential vector of sustainable development for the Northern Coast of Rio Grande do Sul. The aim of this work is the proposition of directives and instruments of action based on the sustentability landmark, to subsidize politics of regional and urban development. The methodology that has orientated this research is characterized for the analysis of the interactions between society and nature in two scales of approach, the regional and the local. Among the conclusions of the work in the regional scale which include 21 municipalities, could be pointed out that: a) the politics of State, the emancipations, the migrations and the entrepeneurship are the principal factors of the urbanization process; b) the region presents four municipal socioeconomic profiles; c) the biggest urban environmental lack is the basic sanitation; d) the environmental social diversity of the Northern Coast sets itself up as important element for his development and for the construction of a regional identity. The production of two graphic models on the territorial dynamic and the proposition of directives of regional character stand out as original contributions. Three priority sectors of intervention were identified through the spacial analysis in the local scale (Capão da Canoa municipality): the basic sanitation, the environmental and cultural preservation and the control of the use and occupation of the land. It was noticed that the soil impermeabilization, besides enlarging the superficial drainage leads, among other factors, cause the seccionment of the dune fields in backshore, compromising the sanitary quality of the beach sand and the balneability of the water. The proposed measures are characterized by multifunctionality, implantation low cost and spacious social search. Among the original contributions for the urban scale could be proposed: a) basins of deadening in the shares (reservoirs) and in the green areas (lakes) to minimize the impacts of the superficial drainage towards the beach system; b) a protection zone to the coast with a least bealt of not occupation of 50 m of width to the rearguard of the beach (short term) to reduce the impacts resulting from the waves energy and a belt of 150 m of width (long term) as prevention to an elevation of the medial sea level in the next one hundred years; c) the adoption of preventive measures and of the use control and occupation of the urban land, through urbanistic instruments predicted in the City Statute. Through the methodology and the development of the work and his objectives in the regional and local scales, was possible to confirm the initially formulated hypothesis. The conclusion is that the political decision for the adoption or not of the measures and actions here set out depends essentially on cultural changes. The commitment of the public power, of the civil society and of his institutions is a decisive factor to transform the Northern Coast of Rio Grande do Sul in an Environmental Sustentability Pole.

The purpose of this essay is to examine how the adventure is accomplished as a project, and how this is vindicated, through science or by other means. The scientists of today are not seen as adventurers or heroes, at least not as they used to, but this image lives on as a sort of role or social institution, that can be used by anyone and in any purpose. These roles could be seen as a type of rules for the modern adventurer, and act both as a limit or a possibility. This essay compares two North Pole travelers, Ola Skinnarmo and Salomon August Andrée. / Denna uppsats syfte är att undersöka hur man genomför äventyret som ett projekt och hur detta legitimeras, genom vetenskap eller på annat sätt. Vetenskapsmännen ses idag inte som äventyrare eller hjältar, i alla fall inte på samma sätt som förr, men den bilden lever kvar i form av en "rollbeskrivning" eller en sorts "social institution" som kan användas av vem som helst och i alla möjliga syften. Dessa"rollbeskrivningar"skulle kunna ses som en sorts "spelregler" för dagens moderna äventyrare och verka både begränsande och möjliggörande. I uppsatsen jämförs två polarfarare, Ola Skinnarmo och Salomon August Andrée, och deras respektive expeditioner.

As relações entre sociedade e natureza ampliaram-se nas últimas décadas, devido, entre outros fatores, ao fenômeno de urbanização. No Litoral Norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul esse processo impulsionou a diversificação econômica e a ocorrência de problemas em um ambiente caracterizado por ecossistemas raros e de grande vulnerabilidade. Nesse sentido, a diretriz investigatória fundamenta-se na hipótese de que a urbanização é um vetor potencial de desenvolvimento sustentável para o Litoral Norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O trabalho objetiva a proposição de diretrizes e instrumentos de ação baseados no marco da sustentabilidade, para subsidiar políticas de desenvolvimento regional e urbano. A metodologia que norteou a pesquisa caracteriza-se pela análise das interações entre sociedade e natureza em duas escalas de abordagem, a regional e a local. Entre as conclusões do trabalho na escala regional, salienta-se que: a) as políticas de Estado, as emancipações, as migrações e o empreendedorismo são os principais condicionantes da urbanização; b) a região apresenta quatro perfis sócio-econômicos de municípios; c) a maior carência urbana ambiental é o saneamento básico; d) a diversidade sócio-ambiental do Litoral Norte constitui-se em importante elemento para o seu desenvolvimento e para a construção de uma identidade regional. Como contribuições originais destacam-se a elaboração de dois modelos gráficos sobre a dinâmica territorial e a proposição de diretrizes de caráter regional. Na escala local, analisa-se a dinâmica urbana ambiental do município de Capão da Canoa propondo-se estratégias e instrumentos de ação integrados às diretrizes regionais. Através da análise espacial identificaram-se três setores prioritários de intervenção: o saneamento básico, a preservação ambiental e cultural e o controle do uso e ocupação do solo. Constatou-se que a impermeabilização do solo, além de ampliar o escoamento superficial, provoca, entre outros fatores, o seccionamento do campo de dunas no pós-praia, comprometendo a qualidade sanitária da areia de praia e a balneabilidade das águas. As medidas propostas caracterizam-se pela multifuncionalidade, baixo custo de implantação e amplo alcance social. Entre as contribuições originais para a escala local propõe-se: a) bacias de amortecimento nos lotes (reservatórios) e nas áreas verdes (lagos) para minimizar os impactos do escoamento superficial em direção ao sistema praial; b) uma zona de proteção à costa com uma faixa mínima de não ocupação de 50 m de largura à retaguarda da praia (curto prazo) para diminuir os impactos decorrentes da energia de ondas e uma faixa de 150 m de largura (longo prazo) como prevenção a uma elevação do nível médio do mar nos próximos cem anos; c) a adoção de medidas preventivas e de controle do uso e ocupação do solo urbano, através de instrumentos urbanísticos previstos no Estatuto da Cidade. Conclui-se que a decisão política para a adoção ou não das medidas e ações aqui explicitadas depende essencialmente de mudanças culturais. O engajamento do poder público, da sociedade civil e de suas instituições é fator decisivo para a transformação do Litoral Norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul em um Pólo de Sustentabilidade Ambiental. / The relationships between society and nature have broadened in the last decades, owed, among other factors, to the phenomenon of urbanization. In the Northern Coast of Rio Grande do Sul this process drove the economical diversification and the incident of problems in rare ecosystems and of great vulnerability. In this sense, the main inquirenment is based on the hypothesis that urbanization is a potential vector of sustainable development for the Northern Coast of Rio Grande do Sul. The aim of this work is the proposition of directives and instruments of action based on the sustentability landmark, to subsidize politics of regional and urban development. The methodology that has orientated this research is characterized for the analysis of the interactions between society and nature in two scales of approach, the regional and the local. Among the conclusions of the work in the regional scale which include 21 municipalities, could be pointed out that: a) the politics of State, the emancipations, the migrations and the entrepeneurship are the principal factors of the urbanization process; b) the region presents four municipal socioeconomic profiles; c) the biggest urban environmental lack is the basic sanitation; d) the environmental social diversity of the Northern Coast sets itself up as important element for his development and for the construction of a regional identity. The production of two graphic models on the territorial dynamic and the proposition of directives of regional character stand out as original contributions. Three priority sectors of intervention were identified through the spacial analysis in the local scale (Capão da Canoa municipality): the basic sanitation, the environmental and cultural preservation and the control of the use and occupation of the land. It was noticed that the soil impermeabilization, besides enlarging the superficial drainage leads, among other factors, cause the seccionment of the dune fields in backshore, compromising the sanitary quality of the beach sand and the balneability of the water. The proposed measures are characterized by multifunctionality, implantation low cost and spacious social search. Among the original contributions for the urban scale could be proposed: a) basins of deadening in the shares (reservoirs) and in the green areas (lakes) to minimize the impacts of the superficial drainage towards the beach system; b) a protection zone to the coast with a least bealt of not occupation of 50 m of width to the rearguard of the beach (short term) to reduce the impacts resulting from the waves energy and a belt of 150 m of width (long term) as prevention to an elevation of the medial sea level in the next one hundred years; c) the adoption of preventive measures and of the use control and occupation of the urban land, through urbanistic instruments predicted in the City Statute. Through the methodology and the development of the work and his objectives in the regional and local scales, was possible to confirm the initially formulated hypothesis. The conclusion is that the political decision for the adoption or not of the measures and actions here set out depends essentially on cultural changes. The commitment of the public power, of the civil society and of his institutions is a decisive factor to transform the Northern Coast of Rio Grande do Sul in an Environmental Sustentability Pole.

The transmission line (TL) tower is an important component in electrical network system. These towers consist of members (angle sections) and connections (bolted connections) plus foundation, which act together to resist externally applied loads. The latticed towers are used to support conductors in transmission network for transmission and distribution of electricity. These towers are constructed in large numbers all over the world. The connections in electric TL classical latticed towers are peculiar compared to other types of bolted connections in buildings and bridges because (i) the angle members are connected directly or through gusset plates with bolts, (ii) the eccentric application of load due to the non-coincidence of centroid axes of angle members near the connection and (iii) members are designed as beam column element to sustain tensile or compressive forces. Bearing type bolts are used in TL towers in preference to friction type bolts, because they (i) connect thin walled angle members, (ii) are easy to use for erection at all heights, (iii) can be galvanized, (iv)erosion of galvanizing can be remedied and (v) do not require skilled personnel for installation. However, these connections are subjected to reversal of stresses due to wind load. Damage in the bolted connections generally occur due to loosening of bolts due to stress reversals (Feenstra et al. (2005) [23). The damage induced after extreme wind and earthquake may lead to collapse of the whole tower. The failure of a TL tower results in power shut down, which has huge impact on national economy. Hence, the structural safety and reliable performance of these towers are extremely important. The design of TL tower is based on minimum weight philosophy. The TL towers are highly repetitive and therefore, their designs need to be commercially competitive. The TL tower design has the following deficiencies such as misappropriate design assumptions, deficit detailing, defects in material, errors in fabrication, force fitting of members during erection, variation in grade of bolts, improper gusset plate detailing, notch cutting of member, vocalization of bolt holes, etc. Hence, to check the design and detailing aspects of members along with bolted connections and to study the behavior of tower under complex loading conditions, the prototype testing of tower is made mandatory requirement in many countries throughout the world. The structural behavior of TL tower is determined from its deflection response. Thus, the full scale testing of the towers is the only way that one can counteract the un conservatism due to structural analysis. The premature failure of TL towers occurs during prototype testing due to deficiencies in joint detailing, uncertainties in framing eccentricity, force fitting of members, unequal force distribution in bolts and gusset plate connections, etc. To have better structural response of TL tower to be tested, there is need to develop reliable model for bolted connections in TL towers. The bolted connection model plays an important role in determining the deflection response and predicting the premature member buckling failure of TL towers. The issues related to prototype testing of full scale TL towers such as fabrication errors, force fitting and notch cutting of members, application of loads, joint and crossarm detailing are discussed. The need to develop bolt slip model to simulate the actual behaviour of bolted connection in TL towers is also discussed. The bolted connections in TL towers play an important role in determining its structural behavior. The angle members used in TL towers are subjected to bi-axial bending in addition to axial load. The slip will occur in the bolted connections, due to the provision 1.5 mm bolt hole clearance. In the conventional Finite Element Analysis (FEA), the bolted connections are modeled as pin joint assuming the axial load transfer. The deflection predicted from pin joint analysis in TL towers generally does not match with experimental results. The analytical and experimental deflection value varies in the range of 30 to 50%. Hence, there is need to develop model to account bolt slip for accurate deflection and dynamic characteristic prediction of TL towers. Experimental and analytical investigations have been carried out to develop and validate bolt slip model for bolted connections in TL towers. All six degrees of freedom (both translational and rotational) have been considered to simulate the exact behaviour of bolted connections in TL towers. The model is developed based on experimental results of Ungkurapinan’s bolt slip model for axial stiffness. The rotational stiffness is formulated based on the component level experiment conducted on lap joint made of steel angle with single and double bolt subjected to tensile loading. The axial and rotational stiffness for different stages of bolt tightening is also formulated based on component level experimental investigation on lap joint. The proposed model is validated by comparing with experimental results at sub-structural level on full scale king post truss subjected to tensile loading. Further the bolt slip model is validated for different bolt tightening and failure prediction of TL tower sub panel subjected to tensile loading. Finally the proposed model is also validated for full scale TL tower for deflection prediction. NE NASTRAN, a nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) software is used for analytical simulation and the load-deflection predictions, which are compared with the corresponding experimental results. The experimental and analytical results are in good agreement with each other. The steel pole structures are replacing the conventional lattice towers, because they have smaller plan dimension and occupy less space, when compared to lattice towers. The steel pole structures are dynamically sensitive structures and the determination of their natural frequency is extremely important. For the calculation of wind load through gust factor method, the preliminary estimation of natural frequency is required. Hence, the primary step involved in dynamic analysis is the evaluation of its natural frequency. Hence, a simplified model is proposed based on model order reduction technique for the evaluation of natural frequency of TL towers and steel pole structures. For the development of base line model to detect damage in TL towers, the natural frequency has to be updated. A semi empirical approach is proposed based on the deflection by using the proposed bolt slip model. The proposed approach of updating natural frequency is validated for different cases of member damage in TL tower sub panel, such as removal of tension, compression and hip bracing members. The transmission pole structures accumulate damage during their service life. Damage in these structures will cause a change in stiffness of the system and the physical properties of these structures, such as modal frequencies and mode shapes. Hence in the present study, the damage localization study based on modified modal strain energy approach is carried out for steel pole structures and the location of damage is identified correctly. To prevent premature failure of towers during its service life testing and failure analysis of TL towers is a mandatory requirement. In the present study, forensic failure investigation of a full scale TL tower due to deficient design of a redundant member is emphasized and the remedial measures are explained in detail. The stub failure of TL tower due to reduction in cross sectional area due to unfilled bolt hole is also discussed. To investigate the effect of unfilled bolt holes on the compression capacity of leg member, detailed FEA is carried out and compared with experimental results. The reason for failure of 9 m roof top communication tower due to redundant member deficiency is also discussed. The importance of guyed tower accessories in the guy rope design of 7 m roof top guyed pole structure is also investigated. Finally, failure investigation of compression bracing member, which has failed during testing of TL tower sub panel has been investigated. The failure load is predicted by using the proposed bolt slip model in the analysis. Thus the overall research contributions emerging from this thesis are, i) development of bolt slip model accounting for rotational stiffness, ii) development of direct method of damage detection for steel pole structures based on modified modal strain energy approach, iii) development of simplified model for prediction of natural frequency of TL tower and steel pole structures, iv) development of model updating technique through natural frequency based on semi-empirical approach and v) prediction of failure load for TL tower panel using the proposed bolt slip model.

La Provincia Constitucional del Callao alberga el puerto más importante del Perú, el cuál ha ido convirtiendo la Zona Monumental del Callao en un polo industrial que ha dejado de lado el valor histórico y cultural de la ciudad portuaria. El Centro Cultural busca revalorizar la zona con una propuesta urbano – paisajista que conecta la ciudad con el mar por medio de un proyecto de carácter cultural- recreativo cuyo diseño toma de partida la flexibilidad espacial como estrategia principal para el desarrollo del programa. La propuesta parte de un eje central como espacio articulador, que conecta con todas las actividades programáticas duras del centro convirtiendo las circulaciones, en espacios de jerarquía que pasan de ser espacios de tránsito a espacios abiertos de permanencia que generan actividades de ocio, cultura y arte las cuales varían dependiendo del programa en el que se las inserte. / Callao Constitutional Province houses the most important port in Peru, which has been turning Callao´s Monumental Zone into an industrial hub that has neglected the historical and cultural value of the city. Callao´s Cultural Centre seeks to revalue the area with an urbanistic landscape proposal that connects the city with the sea; through a cultural and recreational project whose design takes spatial flexibility as the main strategy for the development of the program. The proposal is based on a central axis that works as an articulating space, which connects with all the hard-programmatic activities of the center, turning the circulations into hierarchy spaces that transforms from transit spaces into open spaces for permanence that promotes leisure, cultural and art activities which can vary depending on the program in which they are inserted into. / Tesis

Tato diplomov prce se zabv anal­zou rznch napjec­ch struktur pro 2x2 fl­Äkov© antenn­ pole. Evaluace prob­h na stedn­ frekvenci 25.5GHz, kter spad do psma piazen©ho pt© generaci mobiln­ch komunikaÄn­ho standardu. Zvolen© napjec­ struktury byly napjen­ bl­zkm polem, napjen­ aperturou a napjen­ mikropskem.

This diploma thesis covers the topic of magnetic fluids and their utilisation in hydrodynamic dampers. The first part of the work consists of research on the current state of technology in hydraulic dampers with the focus on dampers using magnetorhelogical fluid. This chapter is followed by research on magnetic fluids with regard to their physical properties and mathematical description, which is used for CFD simulation of flow. The second part deals with the computational simulation of the flow of MR liquid in real MR damper in order to determine the damping characteristic and it's comparison with the experimental data.

This diploma thesis focuses on strength design of steam condenser. The goal of the thesis is to make strength calculations for the specific operation conditions, introduce possible solutions, provide recommendations and refer to weak points of such calculation procedures. First, thermal-hydraulic design in HTRI software is performed. Strength calculations respect ČSN EN 13445 standard. Strength calculation with imported temperature field is performed in ANSYS Workbench software. In the next step, another strength calculation is realized in Sant´ Ambrogio software. Results are evaluated in conclusion chapter, including recommendations for the possible following work.

This diploma thesis deals with methods used to determine the temperature field distribution within an electric machine. The first part is focused on methods of temperature measurement, generation and transfer of the thermal energy within the electric machine, asynchronous motor in particular. The thesis describes classical methods of temperature measurement and it also deals with ANSYS Workbench finite element method for thermal analysis of the motor. The final part of the thesis is focused on a comparation of all discussed methods with respect to results of thermal test for real asynchronous motor and concludes the most proper method.