Job satisfaction is one of the methods used to establish and maintain a healthy organisational structure. It has been frequently investigated in studies that deal with organisational strategies because of its potential impact on work attitudes such as job performance, productivity and organisational commitment. Although researchers have identified many factors that relate to job satisfaction, the majority of these factors can be grouped into two broad categories: (a) personal factors, and (b) environmental factors. Although personal and environmental factors are utilised as distinctly competing models of job satisfaction, researchers argue that the work environment is a better predictor of job satisfaction. Most, if not all, scales used to measure job satisfaction have been developed in Western countries. The aim of this study is to identify the determinants of job satisfaction in one of the largest public sector organisations in the United Arab Emirates, namely, the Dubai Police Force (DPF), and then, to develop a model of job satisfaction linking antecedents and consequences to job satisfaction. The police, like any other public sector organisation, needs to develop and maintain a strong relationship with its human resources in order to effectively perform crime fighting and service provider roles. The issue of job satisfaction, particularly amongst Middle East police force employees, has received only limited research attention. Although some studies have tried to identify the indicators of job satisfaction among police employees, empirical findings on those indicators have generally been sparse and inconclusive. The study employed a mixed method approach to meet its aims and to increase the reliability and validity of the results. The research strategy adopted involved sequential procedures. A qualitative study was conducted first to explore the research issue and to provide in-depth evidence for the research objectives (stage one). The results from the qualitative study were used to develop a scale. The quantitative study was carried out to explore the determinants of job satisfaction among the DPF employees (stage two). Five separate data collections (in-depth interviews, focus group, expert panel, pilot testing, and survey-DPF employees) were conducted, involving a total of 1,075 respondents. The results of this study support the conclusions of previous research that the work environment is a better predictor of job satisfaction than individual demographic variables and that personal factors are of little value to understanding job satisfaction. The results show that 47% of the variance in job satisfaction scores can be explained by eleven environmental and four personal variables (in order of importance): salary and incentives, nature of the work, public perception, organisational policy and strategy, relationships with co-workers, supervision, promotion opportunity, performance appraisal, professional development, communication, job stress, nationality, sex, shift work and public contact. Accordingly, several policy implications of the findings and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Les établissements théâtraux ont naturellement des relations suivies avec le droit, que cela soit en histoire administrative, politique, institutionnelle ou juridique. L’étude de l’Hôtel des Spectacles de Metz au XVIIIe siècle nous permet d’analyser les enjeux du théâtre au sein d’une ville de province dans le cadre de l’aménagement des loisirs et des divertissements urbains. Le théâtre occupe une place particulière dans les divertissements du XVIIIe siècle, d’autant plus dans les villes de garnison. Le spectacle de Metz, au sein du bâtiment qui lui est destiné, répond à une logique spécifique aux villes de garnison. Il faut occuper la population militaire, tout en contentant le désir de divertissement de la société en général. La construction du théâtre de Metz est encouragée par le pouvoir central, représenté au niveau local par l’intendant et le gouverneur. Le théâtre, en tant qu’institution et de par son fonctionnement, constitue un enjeu politique. La construction du théâtre permet d’analyser l’affirmation politique individuelle des diverses forces au sein de la province et à la Cour. La phase de fonctionnement et de gestion de l’Hôtel des Spectacles permet au pouvoir militaire de s’octroyer une place majeure dans le fonctionnement des institutions municipales et locales. Ces aspects politiques sous-tendent cette étude et permettent d’éclairer divers aspects juridiques sur lesquels s’appuient les autorités politiques pour affirmer leur pouvoir. / The theatrical establishments have by nature direct links with the law, be it in administrative, political or institutional history. The analysis of the theatre of Metz in the 18th century allows us to study the powers at stake within the theatre in a provincial town as far as the organization of leisure for town people is concerned. The theatre represents a major art of leisure in the 18th century, all the more so in garrison towns. The organization of spectacles in Metz within the allocated building is the response to needs specific to garrison towns. The military population needs to be entertained while the expectations of society in general needs to be satisfied. The construction of the theatre of Metz is encouraged by both the intendant and the governor on behalf of the central power. What is at stake on a political level is the institution of the theatre as such together with the way it is managed. The construction of the theatre allows us to analyse how individuals invested with power compete in order to assert political precedence within the province and the royal court. The successive procedures of management of the theatre enable the military authorities to get hold of a major share in the management of municipal and local institutions. These political aspects underlie this study and allow us to shed a light on the different legal aspects that the local authorities use in a bid to assert their power.

After decades of consistency in the organizational practices of police departments, the public has come to demand a reform that reflects the advancements in technology and research. However, the durability of these organizations is largely due to an internal resistance to change. This study argues that the most effective avenue for police to effectively induce this change is through the cultivation of positive leadership and justice perceptions. Prior literature has proven that both transformational leadership and organizational justice play a significant role within organizations in the development of improved attitudes and behaviors. As such, this project took a holistic approach to assess the presence of a primary relationship between transformational leadership and organizational justice perceptions. Using a secondary data set, the current study analyzed the responses of thirty-eight officers from a single police department and found a significant relationship between these two concepts. Results showed that the total model of transformational leadership significantly predicted perceptions of procedural justice, interactional justice, and overall organizational justice. The intricacy of this connection, however, may only run through one of the four transformational leadership facets. This argues that these findings could aid in the creation of a prospective avenue for inducing organizational change by establishing the foundation for effective supervisor-officer relationships based on the paralleled importance of individualized consideration.

abstract: Individuals with high levels of neighborhood attachment provide a multitude of positive factors to neighborhoods. Research has demonstrated that increases in informal social controls, maintaining a well-kept area, and positive social ties are improved with higher levels of neighborhood attachment. Identifying the factors that lead to higher levels of neighborhood attachment has thus become an area in the literature that scholars have frequently studied. One aspect of neighborhood life that has been neglected in research is the role of police on neighborhood attachment. This study addresses the gap by exploring the role of police in influencing levels of neighborhood attachment. Data from the Seattle Neighborhood and Crime Survey are used to examine perceptions of police effectiveness on overall levels of neighborhood attachment, and the three different sub-concepts of neighborhood attachment. Results demonstrated that perceptions of police effectiveness had a positive relationship on all forms of neighborhood attachment. Suggestions for the roles of police in developing neighborhood attachment will be discussed, as well as the theoretical applications for future testing of neighborhood attachment. This study demonstrates the influence of police on daily neighborhood life. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Criminology and Criminal Justice 2016

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Esta dissertação analisa o uso da força não letal pela polícia nas ações de policiamento e o papel que a qualificação profissional pode desempenhar como fator inibidor da violência policial e da exposição ao risco dos atores envolvidos nessas ações, retomando a discussão sobre a ação não-letal da polícia sob outro foco: a relação treinamento-performance. Embora a característica militar seja um fator preponderante nas relações entre os policiais, para efeito desta pesquisa, não é considerada determinante da violência policial. Este estudo visa explorar o cotidiano da relação polícia-cidadão e os determinantes do comportamento individual do policial nesses encontros. A hipótese central deste trabalho estabelece que o treinamento tem um papel significativo como um fator capaz de reduzir o emprego abusivo de força nos encontros do policial com o público e de melhorar a qualidade do trabalho policial de uma maneira geral, aumentando o grau de proteção, tanto do profissional quanto do público, e diminuindo a exposição de ambos ao risco. Esta dissertação O Uso da Força Não Letal Pela Polícia nos Encontros com o Público, introduz uma inovação metodológica, e representa um teste do método que utiliza a técnica da Observação Social Sistemática (OSS) do trabalho policial - a grande contribuição dessa pesquisa, em razão de ser uma técnica inédita em pesquisas acadêmicas no Brasil. / This text analyzes the use of non lethal force for the police in the policing and the role that the professional qualification can carry out as factor that can to inhibit the police violence and of the exhibition risk to the actors involved in those actions, retaking the discussion about the non lethal action of the police under other focus: the relationship training-performance. Although the military characteristic is a preponderant factor in the relationships among the policemen, for effect of this research, it is not considered determinant of the police violence. This study seeks to explore the daily of the relationship policecitizen and the determinant of the policeman\'s individual behavior in those encounters. The central hypothesis of this work establishes that the training has a significant role as a factor capable to reduce the abusive employment of force in the policeman\'s encounters with the public and of improving the quality of the police work in a general way, increasing the protection degree, so much of the professional as of the public, and decreasing the exhibition of both to the risk. This text - Use of the Non Lethal Force For the Police in the Encounters with the Public, introduces a methodological innovation, and it represents a test of the method that uses the technique of the Systematic Social Observation (SSO) of the police work - the great contribution of that research, in reason of being an original technique in academic researches in Brazil.

Depuis une quinzaine d’années, de nouveaux médias sociaux ont fait leur apparition, écorchant l’image de la police dans la population, des interventions policières étant filmées par des citoyens et répandues sur ces réseaux. Aux fins de notre recherche, nous avons effectué une analyse du contenu de la page Facebook du Service de Police d’Ottawa et du Service de Police de la Ville de Gatineau pour l’année 2014 afin de mieux comprendre les démarches utilisées par la police pour reprendre le contrôle de son image et légitimer ses interventions. Nos résultats de recherche démontrent que la police a repris le contrôle de son image en faisant participer les usagers aux nouvelles qui y sont contenues, sélectionnant les rôles les plus communautaires pour montrer sa proximité avec les citoyens, et les interventions et crimes qui correspondent à leurs activités et avec lesquels elle se montre efficace.

This Ph.D. thesis provides an analysis of "ordered statements" in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ("R.C.M.P."). Statements can be compelled from R.C.M.P. members who are under "internal" investigation for misconduct. Ordered statements from police officers raise a number of difficult and complex questions that have not been thoroughly examined in Canada. Accountability in policing consists of a complex web of criminal, internal, administrative, public, and civil mechanisms to review misconduct. In order to properly consider ordered statements four threads of analysis are utilized. First, by way of background, context and comparison, this thesis describes and evaluates internal management, culture and discipline in policing, in particular the R.C.M.P. Second, this thesis examines and evaluates the role of various external mechanisms that regulate police conduct. Third, various models of civilian oversight are compared and contrasted to position the R.C.M.P. regime internationally. Fourth, the working environment of police officers and R.C.M.P. members is explored, demonstrating that it is significantly different from other occupations, calling into question the applicability of traditional management practices. The thesis concludes that the legal and constitutional position of ordered statements is uncertain, adding to morale and organizational problems in the R.C.M.P. Based on interviews with 107 members, and an examination of other sources, this thesis reveals how ordered statements in the R.C.M.P. work in actual practice, and how this mechanism impacts upon individual members and the organization itself. The results reveal marked disparity between official and member accounts. The material and findings not only challenge basic theoretical premises that inform the employment context of R.C.M.P. members, they seriously question the function of and need for ordered statements. They also establish that the specific employment and organizational context must be more adequately considered by academics and policy-makers when examining the issue of ordered statements. These findings fill gaps in the literature and hopefully contribute to theory on police accountability. The thesis ends with a number of recommendations to improve the current R.C.M.P. regime. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

A study was conducted to evaluate the ability of police dog teams to identify "guilty" subjects in a simulated crime situation and to compare their accuracy with that of a polygraph examination. Research on the olfactory acuity of dogs, and on the role of olfactory cues such as pheromones in social communication, implies that the detection of guilt by experienced police dogs could occur as reliably as police dog handlers believe. The literature on polygraph investigations shows high reliability in detecting guilt. This was one of the reasons for using the polygraph as the comparison technique. Three experienced dog teams from the Vancouver Police Dog Squad and two expert polygraph field examiners were used. The subjects were 64 male volunteers, all university or college students. Subjects randomly assigned to the "guilty" condition were instructed to "steal" and conceal a $10 bill that had been left in an empty office, and to deny throughout the rest of the experiment that they had done so. Volunteers in the "not guilty" condition were told nothing about the "crime" Both groups were told that police dog teams and polygraph operators would try to find out whether they were guilty. They were promised $5.00 for participating plus a bonus of $10 if they succeeded in establishing that they were innocent. Police dog team performance was about chance level, while the polygraph examination was significantly more accurate than chance and than the dog teams. No individual difference was found among the dog teams. The failure of the dog teams could be attributed either to the impossibility of detecting guilty by smell cues or to some aspect of the simulation procedure. Further research should be directed at developing more realistic field studies. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate