Les régions émergent comme des acteurs de plus en plus importants dans la gouvernance territoriale de la culture. Ce travail entend reconstruire l'évolution de leur rôle par l'examen des processus de décentralisation et de modernisation qui ont eu lieu à partir des années '70 dans deux états européens, la France et l'Italie, et qui ont eu un impact conséquent sur l’émergence de l'intervention régionale dans le domaine culturel. La région est ici appréhendée à la fois comme échelle et comme institution en action, en combinant des approches et des disciplines différentes. Reposant sur une analyse comparative de Rhône-Alpes et du Piémont, concernant notamment les acteurs majeurs et les enjeux de leur coopération ainsi que les dynamiques de gouvernance de la culture à l'échelle régionale, ce travail permet également de dégager le déploiement d'une policy capacity comme spécificité de l'intervention de ces deux régions. / Regions have been emerging as important actors in the territorial governance of culture. This research is an attempt to retrace their role through the analysis of the decentralisation and modernization processes occured in two European countries, France and Italy, after the 70s, which deeply affected the regional intervention in the cultural sector. Region is thus considered both as a scale and as an institution, through a combination of different approaches and disciplines. With a comparative analysis of Rhone-Alpes and Piedmont as regards to the main actors and dynamics of governance of culture at regional level, the research points out the emergence of a policy capacity as a specificity of these two regions.

The Ethiopian government believes the mission of its civil service is to introduce to the country a better economic and democratic system. In achieving this, the government has recognised policy capacity setbacks in its civil service and embarked on a comprehensive Civil Service Reform Programme (CSRP) to address the issue with a national capacity building strategy. The human resource administration aspect of the reform programme however lacks a closer and direct integration with civil service education and training programmes. Being aware of this, the government opened Departments of Public Administration in some universities and restructured training institutions in the country. Nevertheless, the level of policy competence, skill and attitude of civil service personnel leaves much to be desired as far as ensuring effective and efficient policy development and delivery is concerned, which otherwise could have been changed through proper public policy education and training. This research topic was selected after the Ministry of Civil Service had identified this problem in 2011. Public policy education and training in public administration entail improvement of employee policy performances in the civil service system. Public policy education and training in a civil service system imply obtaining new policy knowledge, policy abilities and policy skills, and, introducing public servants to and involving them in important public policy decisions. Nevertheless, public institutions frequently fail to achieve their programme objectives due to a lack of personnel trained and qualified in public policy, which is often at the root of public policy failures. This can contribute to the notion of public policy education and training receiving a wider acceptance in the civil service. It is generally accepted that universities and other training institutions provide public administration education to incumbent civil servants and students who will become the future work force in the civil service. It is the duty of such institutions to provide scientifically inspired career education and training to students of the future and incumbent civil servants. The institutions undertake to provide policy knowledge, policy attitude as well as policy skills to students in order for them to perform their role effectively in the public policy process. A student studying for a public policy career should be able to gain policy knowledge about the field of study and obtain the necessary public policy skills to be used in practice. Thus, students in public administration should not only have policy knowledge and policy attitude about the subject Public Policy, but also the public policy skills to act as professional public policy proposers and advisors to the government in power. The question can however be asked whether the curricula of public administration education and training programmes aimed at Ethiopian civil servants include modules on public policy to meet the requirements of the Ethiopian civil service in strengthening the policy capacity of the Ethiopian government. / Public Administration / D.P.A.

The Ethiopian government believes the mission of its civil service is to introduce to the country a better economic and democratic system. In achieving this, the government has recognised policy capacity setbacks in its civil service and embarked on a comprehensive Civil Service Reform Programme (CSRP) to address the issue with a national capacity building strategy. The human resource administration aspect of the reform programme however lacks a closer and direct integration with civil service education and training programmes. Being aware of this, the government opened Departments of Public Administration in some universities and restructured training institutions in the country. Nevertheless, the level of policy competence, skill and attitude of civil service personnel leaves much to be desired as far as ensuring effective and efficient policy development and delivery is concerned, which otherwise could have been changed through proper public policy education and training. This research topic was selected after the Ministry of Civil Service had identified this problem in 2011. Public policy education and training in public administration entail improvement of employee policy performances in the civil service system. Public policy education and training in a civil service system imply obtaining new policy knowledge, policy abilities and policy skills, and, introducing public servants to and involving them in important public policy decisions. Nevertheless, public institutions frequently fail to achieve their programme objectives due to a lack of personnel trained and qualified in public policy, which is often at the root of public policy failures. This can contribute to the notion of public policy education and training receiving a wider acceptance in the civil service. It is generally accepted that universities and other training institutions provide public administration education to incumbent civil servants and students who will become the future work force in the civil service. It is the duty of such institutions to provide scientifically inspired career education and training to students of the future and incumbent civil servants. The institutions undertake to provide policy knowledge, policy attitude as well as policy skills to students in order for them to perform their role effectively in the public policy process. A student studying for a public policy career should be able to gain policy knowledge about the field of study and obtain the necessary public policy skills to be used in practice. Thus, students in public administration should not only have policy knowledge and policy attitude about the subject Public Policy, but also the public policy skills to act as professional public policy proposers and advisors to the government in power. The question can however be asked whether the curricula of public administration education and training programmes aimed at Ethiopian civil servants include modules on public policy to meet the requirements of the Ethiopian civil service in strengthening the policy capacity of the Ethiopian government. / Public Administration and Management / D.P.A.

This thesis analyses one of the less explored areas of Swedish politics: the political appointees in the ministerial staffs of the Swedish core executive. The study draws attention to the everyday life of the ministerial staff in order to give an idea of their function: What do the political appointees do? How is the work of the ministerial staffs organized? How is policy coordinated at the political level? The main empirical focus of this thesis is the 2002-2006 term of office. The study contributes to an understanding of the role of political advisers in steering and policy making, and, in the light of this, their potential influence on the policy capacity of the government is considered. Political advisers occupy an ambiguous place within the political system. They play a vital political role, but their presence also challenges the traditional relationship between ministers and public servants. The study shows that political advisers certainly have a leeway to participate in the steering of the ministry's civil servants: they can be said to have a number of steering functions. At the same time, it is made clear that this does not mean that the political advisers are in the position to influence government policy to any great extent. In conclusion, it is suggested that the ministerial staffs do have importance for the government's policy capacity in the sense that they reduce the work load of both the minister and the state secretary and thereby make space for them to govern. The research questions are answered by means of empirical material gathered through a combination of methods, providing data with a range as well as depth and context rarely found in studies of core executives: a survey, participatory observations, focus groups and a series of interviews. The dissertation demonstrates that the ethnographic method is a useful tool for anyone who seeks to highlight and explain the relationships within political organizations. / Avhandlingen analyserar en av de mer outforskade delarna av svensk politik: de politiskt anställda i Regeringskansliets politiska staber. Regeringskansliet betraktas i studien som en politisk organisation, snarare än som enbart en politiskt styrd organisation. Avhandlingen utgör ett bidrag till The Core Executive Approach, som definierar exekutiven i termer av funktion och ställer frågor om vem som gör vad i exekutiven. Studien uppmärksammar vardagslivet i de politiska staberna för att ge en bild av deras funktion: Vad gör de politiskt anställda? Hur är arbetet i de politiska staberna organiserat? Hur samordnas politiken på politisk nivå i Regeringskansliet? Ansatsen är organisationsteoretisk och de olika aktörernas funktion och plats i organisationen står i centrum. Studien bidrar även till förståelse av de politiskt sakkunnigas roll i policyskapande och i styrning av departementen. I ljuset av detta, diskuteras de politiskt sakkunnigas betydelse för regeringens styrningskapacitet. De politiskt sakkunniga spelar en betydande roll för statsrådets politiska och personliga stöd, men deras närvaro i Regeringskansliet utmanar även det traditionella förhållandet mellan statsråd och tjänstemän. Eftersom de politiskt sakkunniga inte ingår i departementens linjeorganisation ingår de inte i den parlamentariska styrningskedjan som helhet, d.v.s. de kan inte utkrävas ansvar av riksdagen. Ur ett demokratiskt perspektiv är det därför angeläget att analysera denna grupps deltagande i skapandet av politiken. Därutöver studeras empiriskt hur de politiskt anställda själva resonerar om styrning och vilka styrningsstrategier de lyfter fram. Avhandlingens huvudsakliga empiriska fokus är begränsat till mandatperioden 2002-2006. Studiens tillvägagångssätt utgörs av en kombination av metoder som ger material med såväl bredd som djup och kontext, vilket är ovanligt i studier av regeringskanslier: en enkätundersökning, deltagande observation, fokusgrupper och kvalitativa intervjuer. Avhandlingens etnografiska inslag är särskilt tydliga i de dagboksutdrag som kompletterar analysen. Avhandlingen visar att etnografisk metod är ett användbart verktyg för den som vill belysa och förklara relationer inom politiska organisationer. Den empiriska undersökningen visar att statssekreterare, planeringschefer och pressekreterare har olika funktioner, som inte överlappar varandra i större utsträckning. De kan snarare sägas komplettera varandra. De politiskt sakkunniga har å andra sidan en bredare funktion, som överlappar de övriga politiskt anställdas funktioner i förhållandevis stor grad. De kan påverka policyprocesser, och i egenskap av statsrådets nära medarbetare, även statsrådets inställning. Studien visar också att politiskt sakkunniga deltar i styrningen av departementen: de kan sägas ha en rad olika styrningsfunktioner. Samtidigt innebär inte detta att de politiskt sakkunniga har möjlighet att påverka regeringens politik i större utsträckning. Styrning från de politiskt sakkunniga betraktas endast som legitimt när den överensstämmer med och kan härledas till statsrådets eller statssekreterarens styrning.  Närhet och möjligheten att ta reda på statsrådets åsikt är en viktig förutsättning för att detta ska fungera. Om de politiska staberna är för stora finns en risk att de politiskt anställdas förmåga att agera i enighet med statsrådets vilja minskar. Sammanfattningsvis föreslås att de politiska staberna har betydelse för regeringens styrningskapacitet i den meningen att de avlastar såväl statsrådet från statssekreteraren, och därigenom skapar utrymme för dem att styra. / Regeringskansliet och samhällets organisering (Reko)