Since diffusion models of social network are widely used in studying epidemiology, in this thesis, we apply diffusion models to study the contact immunity generated by attenuated vaccines.Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is a typical attenuated vaccine for polio that can produce contact immunity and therefore help protect more individuals than vaccinees. / To better capture the utilization of OPV’s contact immunity, we model the community as a social network, and formulate the task of maximizing the contact immunity effect as an optimization problem on graphs, which is to find a sequence of vertices to be “vaccinated” to maximize the total number of vertices “infected” by the attenuated virus. Furthermore, as immune defiicient patients may suffer from the live attenuated virus in the vaccine, we develop models in consideration of this restriction, and study related problems. / We present polynomial-time algorithms for these problems on trees, and show the intractability of problems on general graphs. / 社交網絡的擴散模型被廣泛運用于對流行病學的研究，在本文中，我們使用擴散模型對減毒活疫苗產生的接觸性免疫進行研究。口服脊髓灰質炎疫苗（OPV）是一種典型的減毒活疫苗，它可以在人群中產生接觸性免疫，使得更多未接種疫苗的人獲得免疫力。 / 爲了更好的刻畫OPV 產生的接觸性免疫，我們將社區模型化為社交網絡，從而將接觸性免疫效應最大化的任務轉化爲圖優化問題，即通過發現頂點的一個「接種」序列來最大化被減活病毒「感染」的頂點數量。此外，因爲減毒疫苗中的活病毒會使患有免疫缺陷的病人患病，我們考慮在此因素限制下的模型，并研究相關的問題。 / 我們給出這些問題在樹上的多項式時間算法，并證明其在一般圖上的複雜性。 / Ma, Chenglong. / Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 40-47). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 12, September, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

The survival of three enteroviruses (polio 1, coxsackie B3 and echo 1) and a rotavirus (SA-11) was studied under laboratory conditions. The effects of temperature, dissolved oxygen, detention time, sludge source and virus type on virus inactivation were determined. Temperature was the single most important factor influencing the rate of virus inactivation. No significant differences were found for virus inactivation rates at dissolved oxygen levels between 0.9 and 5.8 mg/l. However, the inactivation rate of the viruses under aerobic conditions was found to be significantly greater than the inactivation rate under anaerobic conditions (−0.77log10/day vs −0.33 log10/day). Sludge source, detention time and virus type did not significantly influence the rate of virus inactivation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-26T17:15:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 106.pdf: 11011427 bytes, checksum: 47de23ce5361c89a3fe418a1ea675e43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde / Cinco cepas P1/Sabin, 20 cepas P2/Sabin e 2 cepas P3/Sabin isolados a partir de amostras do meio ambiente no Brasil foram analisadas. Neste estudo todos os isolados foram caracterizadas pelo seqüenciamento parcial da região 5 não codificante (NCR) e pelo seqüenciamento completo do gene da proteína VP1, com o objetivo de demonstrar mutações, as quais são importantes para a reversão à neurovirulência. O seqüenciamento parcial da região 5'NCR revelou que todos os poliovírus isolados do sorotipo 1 apresentaram populações de revertentes G480 ->A e os 2 isolados do sorotipo 3 apresentaram a reversão U472 ->C. Nenhum isolado do sorotipo 2 apresentou mutação A481 ->G. O completo seqüenciamento da região de VP1 demonstrou que nenhum isolado P1/Sabin apresentou substituição nucleotídica, as 2 cepas P3/Sabin apresentaram VP1-6 (Thr ->Iso) e 16 cepas P2/Sabin apresentaram VP1-109 (Lys ->Arg). O isolado P2/26183 também apresentou mutações VP1-103 (Ser ->Lys) e VP1-116 (Val ->Gly), enquanto P2/26184 apresentou VP1-155 (Cys ->Tyr). As regiões 2C e 3D do genoma foram investigadas pelo uso de primers que hibridizam nestas áreas com o objetivo de verificar a presença de recombinação. Nenhuma cepa envolvida no estudo foi identificada como recombinante. Nenhum poliovírus derivado da vacina foi detectado. / Five strains of P1/Sabin, 20 strains of P2/Sabin and 2 strains of P3/Sabin isolated from environmental samples in Brazil were analyzed. In this study all isolates were characterized by partial genomic sequencing of the 5’ noncoding region (NCR) and the complete VP1 protein gene VP1, with the objective of finding mutations, which are important for neurovirulence reversion. Partial sequencing of 5’NCR revealed that all type 1 poliovirus isolates had the G→A substitution at the nt 480 and the 2 type 3 poliovirus isolates had the U→C substitution at the nt 472. None type 2 isolate had A→G substitution 481. The complete sequencing of the VP1 region showed that none P1/Sabin strain had nucleotide substitution, the 2 P3/Sabin strain had VP1"6 (Thr→Iso) and 16 P2/Sabin strain had VP1"109 (Lys→Arg). The isolate P2/26183 also presented mutations VP1"103 (Ser→Lys) and VP1"116 (Val→Gly), while P2/26184 showed VP1"155 (Cys→Tyr). The 2C and 3D regions of the viral genome were investigated by the use of primers that hybridize in these areas with the objective to verify the presence of recombination. None of the strain involved in this study was identified as recombinant. None vaccine derived poliovirus was detected.

Arrabidaea chica Verlot (Bignoniaceae), conhecida como crajiru, fornece pigmentos vermelhos utilizados pelos índios no Brasil como corante e agente cicatrizante. Este estudo visou otimizar a extração de compostos fenólicos de A. chica e avaliar sua atividade farmacológica. Extratos de A. chica foram obtidos através de tratamento com xilanases de Bacillus pumilus previamente à extração. Os ensaios foram monitorados por CLAE e ESI-MS. O tratamento enzimático forneceu extratos enriquecidos em antocianidinas. Extratos sem tratamento enzimático apresentaram maior teor de antocianosídeos. O estudo farmacológico demonstrou que as atividades anticâncer e antioxidante in vitro estão diretamente relacionadas ao maior teor de agliconas. O ensaio in vitro de indução de crescimento de fibroblastos indicou que o maior teor da aglicona carajurina é inversamente proporcional à ação cicatrizante. Portanto, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia inovadora, através de processos biotecnológicos, para extração de antocianidinas que apresentam propriedades corantes e terapêuticas. / Arrabidaea chica Verlot (Bignoniaceae), known as crajiru, produces red pigments used by Brazilian indians as dye and as healing agent. This study has aimed the optimization of phenolic compounds extraction from A. chica and to evaluate its pharmacological activities. Extracts from A. chica were obtained through treatment with xylanases from Bacillus pumilus before the extraction. The assays were monitored by HPLC and ESI/MS-MS. The enzymatic treatment has produced more concentrated in anthocyanidins extracts. Those obtained without enzymatic treatment have presented higher glycosilated anthocyanins content. The pharmacologic study has demonstrated that the antitumoral and the antioxydant in vitro properties for A. chica are directly related to the higher contents of aglycones. In vitro assay for fibroblasts growth induction has demonstrated that a higher content of carajurin is inversely proportional to the healing action. In conclusion, a novel approach has been developed, through biotechnological process, aiming the extraction of anthocyanidins presenting dye and therapeutic properties.

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