Orientador: Jose Carlos de Souza Braga / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T12:10:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bueno_FabioMarvulle_M.pdf: 708476 bytes, checksum: b0c673a7ce0d2ab6d303fc22f7ad184c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho analisa as transformações na economia brasileira decorrentes dos acordos com o Fundo Monetário Internacional entre 1998 e 2002, focando as mudanças de papel desempenhado pelo Fundo na evolução da economia internacional e as repercussões em um dos principais instrumentos da instituição, as condicionalidades. Analisa também as características gerais dos acordos de 1998, 2001 e 2002, destacando tanto o processo de internalização dos parâmetros dos acordos, pelo uso das condicionalidades, visando a eliminação da discricionaridade da política econômica em relação às principais características da macroeconomia brasileira do período / Abstract: This dissertation analyses the transformations in Brazilian economy as a result of International Monetary Fund programs from 1998 to 2002, emphasizing the role change played by Fund in evolution of the international economy and the repercussions in one of the main instruments of the institution: conditionalities. It also analyses the general characteristics of the agreements in 1998, 2001 and 2002, with emphasis in the process of internationalizing the agreement, by using conditionalities, in order to eliminate the discricionarity of political economy, as well as the main characteristics of the Brazilian macroeconomy in this period / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas

Seminario para optar al título de Ingeniero Comercial, Mención Ciencias Económicas / El presente trabajo habla de la importancia del efecto “Path Dependency”, para explicar la evolución de tres economías de Europa Oriental que durante adoptaron un régimen socialista; Polonia, República Checa y Eslovaquia. Para ello se realiza una revisión de literatura referente a la estructura productiva de cada una de estas economías, centrando el estudio en dos períodos principales; socialismo y transición al sistema de mercado, segregando la estructura productiva en tres sectores; agricultura, industria y servicios. Se encuentra que el efecto Path Depedency ayuda a explicar la evolución de la estructura productiva de los tres países estudiados. Además, el efecto se manifiesta en tramos de tiempo de diversa longitud; de tal forma que tanto decisiones tomadas en períodos previos al socialismo, como durante el socialismo, tienen influencia en el devenir actual de la economía. La conclusión anterior se ve reforzada al estudiar la experiencia de dos países de América Latina

For more than 10 years, from the launch of the Single Currency to the global financial crisis, the process of deepening European integration stagnated, while emphasis was on widening the borders of the Union. In the wake of the Eurocrisis, however, two phenomena have captured the attention of political economists interested in European integration: the outstanding amount of new institutions, policies, and legislation which have been set in place to counter the crisis, and the rising popular rejection of the very concept of European unity. The old functionalist adage that “integration advances through crises” appears to be, prima facie, corroborated; nevertheless, the dynamics of (political) fragmentation seems to follow a similar pattern, as Postfunctionalists would expect. Two interrelated questions emerge: is the Eurocrisis a true functional crisis? Did the Eurocrisis trigger a new, “transformative” cycle of integration, embodied in its Postfunctional dynamics? In the attempt to address this research puzzle, this doctoral dissertation attempts to operationalize the research problem through six standalone papers clustered in two parts. In addition, Chapter 1 reconstructs the key elements of systemic functionalism, guiding the reader through the theoretical pillars of this work presenting its overall logic – questions, methodologies, and chapter connections. Part One of the dissertation (Chapters 1-4) deals with the fundamental question concerning the Neofunctional nature of the Eurocrisis, attempting to clarify to what extent the Eurocrisis can be really qualified as a “functional crisis”. Chapter 2 provides a comprehensive historical account of functional crises through the first 60 years of European Integration; Chapter 3 provides an econometric test of the endogenous nature of the Eurocrisis; Chapter 4 provides a qualitative assessment of the functional nature of the institutions introduced during the crisis. Part Two of the dissertation (Chapters 5-7) dives into the possible Postfunctional implications of the Eurocrisis, analyzing to what extent the crisis is contributing to create a mobilized European public sphere. In particular, Chapter 5 provides a theoretical analysis of how the crisis is changing the legitimacy of the EU; Chapter 6 provides an econometric assessment of the crisis’ impact on citizens’ preferences for further economic integration; finally, Chapter 7 provides an analysis of the crisis’ impact on the performance of extreme Eurosceptic parties.

Agricultural cooperatives emerge as tools through which individual farmers meet their economic and social needs and they do so in a manner that allows them both to economize on costs and to disperse the risks associated with pursuing these needs individually. They are particularly useful for enhancing economic development of transition countries in which basic market economy infrastructure is either underdeveloped or is altogether missing. However, agricultural cooperatives do not always deliver the desired level of rural development. Although the literature sometimes takes this to mean that the model itself is defective, I argue to the contrary. In this thesis, I propose that it is the evolutionary path of cooperative idea, its implementation in reality and the way in which it interacts with its institutional surroundings that condition the ability of the model to perform. In other words, cooperative idea is not immune to its political and economic context but rather it is molded by it, and sometimes to the point that it no longer resembles its original substance. In line with that, the main objective of this thesis is to look into factors that either stimulate or discourage development and functioning of agricultural cooperatives in a context of post-socialist and post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). In doing so, the thesis adopts a new institutionalist frame of analysis combining it with the insights from the economics of the third sector and the cooperative theory to highlight both the evolutionary nature of cooperative idea as well as its embeddedness in the socio-economic context. The research relied on quantitative and qualitative approaches and gathered data from field work and secondary sources. The main findings can be summarized in the following several points: both formal and informal institutions have shaped the way in which cooperatives are understood and utilized by farmers in BiH; cooperatives in post-socialist and post-conflict settings require legal clarity that not only sets them apart from other types of firms in the market but also from degenerated forms of cooperatives that exist to serve interests of few individuals rather than cooperative members and their communities; when judged by the standards that apply to cooperatives in economically advanced societies, it is safe to state that there are very few true cooperatives in BiH; given the structure of agricultural market and number of farmers, there is a lot of potential in utilizing the cooperative model for purposes of rural development. However, using cooperatives for development purposes requires a basic alignment between the features of institutional environment and cooperative organizational characteristics. If stimulated properly through positive policy changes, cooperatives can exhibit transformative potential that is best reflected in how they empower their patrons as well as contribute to the development of their communities.

Labor standards have been introduced in both developed and developing countries with the presumption that there is synergy at work in the relationship of labor standards and workers’ rights. Standards translate into workers’ rights, and enhance workers’ economic security. The question I address in this dissertation is whether the inherent link in the nexus makes the transformation towards workers’ economic security possible, and what factors do shape standards to transform into rights, and in turn, influence economic security. Focusing on the forms of labor standards, I argue that the choice of instruments and the transformation process determine whether the link automatically creates synergy, or produces tensions /conflicts. The dissertation shows that synergistic or conflicting relationship depends upon the internal dynamics of the institutional mechanisms, and myriad of interest groups through which workers’ interests are (mis)represented. Taking labor standards installation in Bangladesh and the concomitant transformation mechanisms for the increasingly globalized garment sector workers as a case in point, I claim that the issue of workers’ economic security has been lost in the whirlpool of standards, rights, and representation. This study shows that labor standards in Bangladesh installed through three routes— rights legislation, rights conditionality, and corporate codes—have hardly translated into workers’ rights, and these provisions largely have failed to promote the workers’ economic security. The failure to transform labor standards into workers’ rights and workers’ economic security is best explained by the lack of adequate and effective representation of the working poor by the various interest groups. I argue that the inability of the institutional mechanisms to address the needs of the working poor is due to acts of omission and/or commission by both the state and non-state actors. The ‘standards-rights-economic security’ nexus can only work for an equitable outcome for workers if there are adequate and effective forms of workers’ representation in the institutional mechanisms. The politics of representation drives the outcome of the nexus.

Negli ultimi dieci anni siamo stati testimoni di una delle più grandi crisi che il mondo ha visto. Il lavoro dei macroeconomisti è diventato più attivo, nell'urgenza di trovare la via d'uscita, molti degli strumenti applicati per la professione di economista sono stati rispolverati ed aggiornati per le nuove esigenze della crisi economica. Tra gli strumenti per la ricerca economica c'è lo modello dinamico stocastico di equilibrio generale (DSGE). Questa tesi è composta da quattro capitoli che coinvolgono l'intermediazione e/o politiche condotte dai governi o banche centrali finanziarie. I primi tre capitoli partono sul modello DSGE mentre l' ultimo su un modello macroeconomico principale-agente. Il primo (scritto come una rassegna delle principali indagini in DSGE) trata dei cicli di credito, di acceleratori finanziari, del mercato immobiliare, del settore bancario, dell'assunzione dei rischi e delle politiche monetarie. Il secondo analizza l'impatto delle variazioni tra il rapporto di leva e le riserve necessarie all'interno, che al giorno d'oggi regolano alcune delle politiche popolari. Il terzo capitolo incorpora un mercato dei prestiti interbancari per l'analisi degli shock di rischio generato nel settore bancario e come si sviluppa l'economia. Il quarto invece è un'indagine che si scosta dal modello macroeconomico principale-agente; comprende un governo attivo con le tasse e sussidi di disoccupazione. / During the last decade we were witness of one of the biggest crises that the world has seen. The job of the macroeconomists became more active, in the urgency for finding the way out; many of the tools applied for the economist profession were dusted off and updated for the new needs of the economic crisis. Among the tools for economic research there is the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Model (DSGE). This dissertation consists of four chapters involved in financial intermediation and/or policies conducted by the governments or central banks. The first three chapters depart from the DSGE model while the last is a macroeconomic agent based model. The first, written as a review of the main investigations in the DSGE, covers several fields as credit cycles, financial accelerator, housing market, banking sector, risk taking and monetary policies. The second chapter analyses the impacts of changes in the leverage ratio and the required reserves within, some of the popular regulation policies nowadays. The third chapter incorporates an interbank lending market for the analysis of risk shocks generated in the banking sector and how it is spread to the economy. The fourth chapter is an investigation that departs from the macroeconomic agent based model; it incorporates an active government with taxes and unemployment subsidies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Muricca Galipolo.pdf: 408189 bytes, checksum: 04bfc2a8769beb5ce005c945f03018d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The concentration of income and social inequality are the characteristics that, despite the economic growth played throughout the twentieth century, still make Brazil a country underdeveloped. Historically the insertion of the Brazilian economy in the international division of labour, presented opportunities for external financing that limit the development: trade surpluses, especially on the export of agricultural products, which impact negatively on productivity of wages-goods and aggravate the concentration of income; or debt that end up raising the need for international currencies in the long term, supporting the vice of origin. These relations do not stem from the lack of capitalist development, rather the contrary, respond fully to the attention of the law of value. His reversal and overrun, therefore, can not result from private and individual decisions, but of the mediation of the state in organizing the production process, stimulating it in favour of social needs / A concentração de renda e a desigualdade social são as características que, apesar do crescimento econômico desempenhado ao longo do século XX, ainda fazem do Brasil um país subdesenvolvido. Historicamente a inserção da economia brasileira na divisão internacional do trabalho, apresentou possibilidades de financiamento externo que limitam o desenvolvimento: superávits comerciais, em especial pela exportação de produtos agrícolas, que impactam negativamente na produtividade de bens-salário e agravam a concentração de renda; ou endividamentos que acabam elevando a necessidade por divisas internacionais no longo prazo, realimentando o vício de origem. Estas relações não derivam da falta de desenvolvimento capitalista, ao contrário, respondem plenamente ao atendimento da lei do valor. Sua reversão e superação não podem, portanto, resultar das decisões privadas e individuais, mas sim da mediação do Estado na organização do processo produtivo, estimulando-a em favor das necessidades sociais

Questo lavoro analizza le determinanti dell’abbandono scolastico nel settore della Further Education in Inghilterra. In particolare, il primo capitolo descrive i modelli teorici per l’analisi dell’abbandono scolastico e fornisce una revisione della letteratura sulle principali determinanti dell’abbandono scolastico. Il secondo capitolo si concentra sugli effetti della dimensione delle scuole e delle aree di insegnamento sulla probabilita’ di abbandono parziale e totale. Introduce il concetto di abbandono parziale, dimostrando che gli studenti che hanno abbandonato lo studio di alcune ma non tutte le materie a cui si erano iscritti reagiscono a cambiamenti nella dimensione delle scuole e delle aree di insegnamento in maniera simile agli studenti che abbandonano completamente gli studi. Il terzo capitolo analizza l’effetto causale dell’iscrizione a istituzioni di Further Education che sono state recentemente fuse sulla probabilita’ di non completare gli studi. Utilizziamo la tecnica del propensity score matching e controlliamo la qualita’ del matching e la sensibilita’ delle stime al fallimento dell’assunzione di unconfoundedness. I nostri risultati dimostrano che iscriversi ad una scuola oggetto di fusione riduce la probabilita’ di abbandonale gli studi. / This work analyses the determinants of dropout behavior in the Further Education sector in England. More specifically, the first chapter describe the theoretical framework for the analysis of student withdrawal and provides a review of the literature on the main determinants of dropout behavior. The second chapter focuses on the effect of college and programme area size on the probability of dropping out both partially and completely. It introduces the concept of partial dropout showing that students that dropped out of some modules but not all the ones they were enrolled on react to changes in college and programme area size similarly to the ones that dropped out completely. The third chapter analyses the causal effect of enrolling in a recently merged Further Education college on the probability of dropping out. We employ the propensity score matching approach and check the quality of our matching and the sensitivity of the estimates to the failure of the unconfoundedness assumption. Our findings show that enrolling in a merged college reduces the probability of dropping out.

Utilizzando un modello ZTNB, questa analisi verifica empiricamente come la presenza di oro, pietre preziose, droghe e idrocarburi possa interagire con l'intensità di un conflitto civile. Si propone un'analisi disaggregata a livello spaziale che permette di esplorare la presenza di tali risorse naturali all'interno delle zone coinvolte da conflitti. I dati sui depositi di oro sono stati estratti da un dataset originale che codifica la presenza globale della risorsa attraverso coordinate geografiche. I risultati ottenuti suggeriscono che le produzioni di oro, pietre preziose e idrocarburi tendono ad aumentare la durata del conflitto così come la sua intensità, mentre la coltivazione di droghe riduce il numero totale di morti. I risultati sono considerevolmente distorti quando la presenza di risorse naturali è codificata a livello paese e non più a livello delle aree di conflitto, a conferma della validità dell'approccio disaggregato applicato. Il risultato generale è che la collocazione e la tipologia delle risorse sono elementi fondamentali per definire l'impatto sull'intensità dei conflitti, poiché l'essere depredabili ed effettivamente accessibili può determinare in quale misura i ricavi delle stesse risorse possano essere deviati a sostegno dei costi militari o a fini privati. Infine, questa analisi conferma che la disponibilità di risorse naturali influenza l'intensità di un conflitto civile modificando gli incentivi dei combattenti, e che le tipologie di risorse e la loro posizione geografica sono elementi critici nel determinare la violenza dei conflitti. / By using a ZTNB model, this analysis empirically tests whether the presence of gold, gemstones, drugs and hydrocarbons interact with civil conflict intensity. I propose a spatially disaggregated analysis which allows to explore the presence of such natural resources within the zones involved by conflicts. Data on gold deposits are extracted from an original dataset which codes the global presence of gold resource through geographic coordinates. The results obtained suggest that gold, gemstones and hydrocarbons productions tend to increase conflict duration as well as its intensity, whereas drug cultivation reduces the number of total conflict deaths. Conversely, the outcomes are seriously affected when I shift natural resources variables from conflict level data to country level data, confirming the validity of the spatially disaggregated approach applied. The general finding is that the location and type of resources are crucial to define their impact on conflict intensity, since their lootability and accessibility can largely determine to what extent natural resource revenues can be diverted and misused during wartime. Above all, this analysis confirms that the availability of natural resources affects civil conflict intensity by altering fighters incentives, and that resources types and geographical location matter in determining conflict violence.

Questa tesi esplora i meccanismi che possono portare una società a cadere in trappole di disuguaglianza. Essa si focalizza sull’istruzione, il capitale umano e la redistribuzione. Il Capitolo 1 studia la recente letteratura sull’istruzione gerarchica, l'ineguaglianza e la mobilità sociale. Il Capitolo 2 propone una analisi positiva delle decisioni di voto maggioritario sulla quantità di risorse assegnate alla pubblica istruzione e la loro allocazione per l'istruzione di base e quella avanzata. L’analisi mostra che l'esito del voto maggioritario sulle aliquote fiscali e tipi di istruzione possono incrementare la disparità di reddito e la scarsa mobilità sociale. Se l'istruzione terziaria non può essere fornita per tutti dal sistema pubblico, e se i bambini provenienti da famiglie benestanti hanno più possibilità di entrare in una università statale, ne consegue che l'equilibrio di voto corrobora una trappola disuguaglianza. Il Capitolo 3 si concentra su una prospettiva normativa. Si dimostra che, diminuendo gli standard economici in materia di istruzione avanzata si aumenta l’equità nell'economia, ma si possono anche ridurre il capitale umano prodotto presso le università e la crescita economica. I migliori risultati economici in termini di equità ed efficienza si ottengono sia dalla fornitura pubblica sia privata dell’istruzione. Il Capitolo 4 analizza come le trappole di disuguaglianza possano emergere a causa dei diversi livelli di capitale umano nella società e di trasmissione intergenerazionale. Si ipotizza che la disuguaglianza nella distribuzione del capitale umano colpisca sia i prezzi dei beni "di partecipazione" sia le preferenze degli agenti. Se ne deduce che, per evitare le trappole di disuguaglianza non è sufficiente investire in istruzione, ma è anche importante compensare gli ingiusti vantaggi. / This thesis explores the mechanisms that can lead society to be caught in inequality traps. It focuses on education, human capital and redistribution. Chapter 1 surveys recent literature on hierarchical education, inequality and social mobility. Chapter 2 proposes a positive analysis of majority voting decisions on the amount of resources assigned to public education and their allocation to basic and advanced education. It shows that the outcome of majority voting on tax rates and types of education can aggravate income inequality and low social mobility. If tertiary education cannot be publicly provided for all, and if children from wealthy families have more chance to enter state university, then voting equilibrium supports an inequality trap. Chapter 3 focuses on a normative perspective. It is shown that decreasing economic standards in advanced education increases equity in the economy, but can also reduce the human capital produced at universities and economic growth. The best economic outcomes in terms of equity and efficiency are obtained by both the public and private provision of education. Chapter 4 analyzes how inequality traps may emerge due to the different levels of human capital in society and intergenerational transmission. We assume that inequality in human capital distribution affects both the prices of the “participation goods” and agents' preferences. We deduce that to avoid inequality traps it is not enough to invest in education, but it is also important to offset unfair advantages.