Environmental education (EE) programs strive to develop an environmentally literate citizenry capable of addressing the world's environmental problems. However, environmental concerns have become increasingly politically polarizing. As middle school-age youth are developing their own identities, they are likely becoming aware of the dominant political attitudes and environmental messages within their own communities. This thesis investigates the influence of sociopolitical context on student learning outcomes following participation in EE field trips and whether particular approaches produce more positive learning outcomes for students from different contexts. We used a quantitative approach employing pre-existing databases and geographic information systems to create measures of sociopolitical context for each school in our sample based on political partisanship and socioeconomic status. I have organized my research in three chapters: Chapter 1 presents a more comprehensive introduction to the field of EE and extended literature review regarding the question this research intends to address. Chapter 2 presents a quantitative study exploring the influence of sociopolitical context on student outcomes following participation in an EE field trip. Chapter 3 presents a reflection of my graduate learning experience and what I hope to achieve in the future. Results suggest that EE field experiences lead to less positive outcomes for students from wealthier Democratic contexts. While we also found some differences in program characteristics associated with outcomes for each sociopolitical subgroup, effect sizes were small and thus warrant further investigation. We discuss potential explanations for these trends and call for further research on the influence of sociopolitical context and socioeconomic status with relation to EE. / Master of Science / Environmental education (EE) programs strive to develop an environmentally literate future citizenry capable of addressing the world's most pressing environmental problems. However, these environmental concerns have becoming increasingly political polarized in recent decades. As adolescence is a critical period for identity development, middle school-age youth are likely aware of the political attitudes and environmental messages that dominate within their own communities. This thesis investigates the influence of sociopolitical context on student learning outcomes following participation in EE field trips and whether particular approaches to EE produce more positive learning outcomes for students from these different contexts. We used a quantitative approach employing pre-existing databases and geographic information systems to create measures of sociopolitical context for each school in our sample based on the political partisanship of a particular geographic area, as well as its interaction with socioeconomic status. Results suggest that EE field experiences lead to less positive outcomes for students from wealthier Democratic contexts; however, the authors call for further research on which approaches lead to better outcomes for students from different contexts.

Social media is becoming an increasingly studied phenomenon in recent years, with a rise in users and the wide variety of content. Political socialization covers mass media and social media, though it only discusses the implications of how attitudes are developed from media forms. While politics and political content occur on different social media platforms, the literature and research of this subject is lacking. Life-altering events can work to change one's political outlook, where motherhood, traumatic experiences, and first-time experiences can affect political opinions. Converging the two together, with specific groups on social media platforms discussing politics, will help to expand the knowledge of how politics and social media work with one another. This study seeks to examine first-year teachers and teachers on social media platforms, the types of content they post, the types of political content they post, and how they work to discuss political topics. I scraped different first-year teacher posts on social media platforms, coded the posts into different categories, and analyzed the trends in these posts. Then I take these first-year teacher posts and compare them with Florida teachers in the same context. This will help to understand how each of these groups vary from another in discussions of political content. With these findings working to expand the previous knowledge of how political socialization is within social media, how different teachers discuss political content, and the types of possible interactions work to socialize children in schools.

Woo, Chun Kit. / Thesis (M. Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-86). / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction page --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Political Socialization: Concept and its Application --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Political Culture --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Political Socialization --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Application --- p.14 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Education and Modernization: Review on the Development of Chinese Higher Education since1949 / Chapter 3.1 --- Prologue --- p.18 / Chapter 3.2 --- Higher Education Policy since1978 --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3 --- Educational Reform: 1985 Reform Document --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Search for Harmony ( I ): Understanding University Students / Chapter 4.1 --- Prologue: The Rise of Survey Research in Post-Mao China --- p.33 / Chapter 4.2 --- Value Change among University Students: The Evidence from Survey Research --- p.40 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- The Search for Harmony (II): Reforming the Ideological-Political Education --- p.60 / Chapter 5.1 --- Criticism on the Current Ideological-Political Education --- p.61 / Chapter 5.2 --- Reform of the Political Education --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.75 / Bibliography --- p.79

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Empirical research on the impact of membership in voluntary associations as a dimension of social capital on political participation has been conducted in a number of countries in Europe as well as North America. With the aid of quantitative analysis of survey data, these studies found that members of voluntary associations were more likely to participate both formally and informally in their country’s political processes than those who were not members. This was due to the role played by voluntary associations in the generation of human capital in the form of self-efficacy and participatory skills or values, as well as bridging social capital in the form of increased networking and trust. Existing research by Marion Keim, Cora Burnett and others have indicated that social capital, and particularly the voluntary association of sport, can have a profound societal impact on South African communities. However, no quantitative study has been conducted on the relationship between membership in voluntary associations and the level of formal political participation in the South African context. Therefore, this study applied the social capital theory as developed in the literature on European and North American studies to the South African context in order to determine whether there is a relationship between the variables of membership in voluntary associations, membership in multiple associations, membership in sports as a voluntary association and the level of formal political participation. Using quantitative methodology, a cross-section of 2006 World Values Survey data was analysed. The findings indicated that the social capital theory on political participation did not apply to the South African context in the same way as to the European or North American contexts due to explanatory differences in South Africa’s socio-political climate. Questions were then raised over whether, due to South Africa’s current political culture, membership in voluntary associations is conducive to encouraging informal channels of participation. The findings reached had implications for social capital theory by indicating its uneven application to the South African context. Moreover, the study highlighted the need for a more context-specific understanding of social capital and its impact upon South Africa’s political processes. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Empiriese navorsing oor die uitwerking van lidmaatskap aan vrywillige verenigings as 'n dimensie van maatskaplike kapitaal op politieke deelname is in 'n aantal lande in Europa asook Noord-Amerika uitgevoer. Met behulp van kwantitatiewe analise van opname-data het hierdie studies bevind dat lede van vrywillige verenigings op beide formele en informele wyse meer geneig was om aan hulle land se politieke prosesse deel te neem as diegene wat nie lede was nie. Dit kon toegeskryf word aan die rol wat vrywillige verenigings speel by die ontwikkeling van menslike kapitaal in die vorm van selfwerksaamheid en deelnemende vaardighede of waardes, asook tussentydse maatskaplike kapitaal in die vorm van groter netwerkvorming en vertroue. Bestaande navorsing deur Marion Keim, Cora Burnett en ander het daarop gedui dat maatskaplike kapitaal, en in die besonder die vrywillige verbintenis van sport, 'n diepgaande uitwerking op Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskappe kan hê. Geen kwantitatiewe studie is egter nog oor die verhouding tussen lidmaatskap aan vrywillige verenigings en die vlak van formele politieke deelname in die Suid-Afrikaanse opset uitgevoer nie. Hierdie studie het dus die maatskaplike kapitaalteorie soos in die literatuur oor Europese en Noord-Amerikaanse studies ontwikkel, op die Suid-Afrikaanse opset toegepas ten einde te bepaal of daar 'n verhouding tussen die veranderlikes van lidmaatskap aan vrywillige verenigings, lidmaatskap aan veelvuldige verenigings, lidmaatskap aan sport as 'n vrywillige verbintenis en die vlak van formele politieke deelname bestaan. Met behulp van kwantitatiewe metodologie is 'n dwarssnit van data uit die 2006- Wêreldwaardes-peiling geanaliseer. Die bevindinge het daarop gedui dat die maatskaplike kapitaalteorie ten opsigte van politieke deelname nie op dieselfde wyse op die Suid-Afrikaanse opset as op die Europese of Noord- Amerikaanse opsette van toepassing is nie weens verklarende verskille in Suid-Afrika se sosiopolitieke klimaat. Vrae is toe gevra of lidmaatskap aan vrywillige verenigings weens Suid-Afrika se huidige politieke kultuur bevorderlik is vir die aanmoediging van informele kanale van deelname. Die bevindinge wat bereik is, het implikasies gehad vir maatskaplike kapitaalteorie deur die ongelyke aanwending op die Suid-Afrikaanse opset aan te dui. Daarbenewens het die studie die behoefte aan ’n meer konteks-spesifieke begrip van maatskaplike kapitaal en die uitwerking daarvan op Suid-Afrika se politieke prosesse beklemtoon.

兩岸關係對台灣政治、經濟之影響甚鉅！台灣地區國中生對於兩岸關係之看法主要是受到大眾媒體之影響，其次則為家庭之影響，歷史課程對於國中生兩岸關係之看法的影響僅次於傳媒及家庭。根據統計分析，對歷史課程興趣越高、成績越好的學生對中國大陸之看法越正面，同時也較支持兩岸更積極之交流。此外，公民課程及同儕對國中生兩岸關係之看法也有影響，但不如傳媒、家庭及歷史課程重要。 / Development of cross-strait relations has considerably affected Taiwan’s politics as well as economy for decades. Therefore, it plays a very significant role of people’s perspectives on political and economic issues in Taiwan. During the process of political socialization, junior high students in Taiwan mainly cultivate their views on cross-strait relations under the influences of family, mass media, peers and school education. Findings of the survey conducted for this thesis reveal that the mass media is the main source of influences on students’ views about cross-strait relations. Parents’ educational level, party identification, ethnicity and socio-economic status also affect students’ views on the same issue remarkably. Regarding influences of course of History, it ranks the third most important factor affecting students’ attitudes towards cross-strait relations. Students with higher interest in history and better grades of history tend to have more positive impressions on China (except for its democratic development) and take a more open stance toward Taiwan’s cross-strait policies. Besides, they are more enthusiastic about interaction across the Taiwan Strait. As for peers and course of Civics, they are able to affect students’ views on cross-strait relations as well, yet, not as influential as mass media, family and course of History. In addition to these factors, whether students have visited China or have family in China also influences their attitudes towards Chinese government and people. In general, mainland experience increases students’ good impressions on China along with will to have interaction with Chinese people.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2018-01-31T21:34:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O - H?LIO DE CRISTO.pdf: 1683839 bytes, checksum: e13e82bc51e9b67445cc46415207269f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-31T21:34:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O - H?LIO DE CRISTO.pdf: 1683839 bytes, checksum: e13e82bc51e9b67445cc46415207269f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This paper aims to understand and reflect on processes of socialization that represent the paths and juvenile trajectories as dispositions to engage in militancy in groups, collectives, organizations and environmental movements. Therefore, the imbrication of the school is considered as a space of formal education and socialization of the generations regarding the discussions about the environment. The research is qualitative and structured in two stages: first, with the application of a socioeconomic profile questionnaire; later, semi-structured interviews, as key points for the construction of oral narratives of young people research subjects. The relationship between youth and the environment is studied - in this research - considering the categories militant engagement and political socialization for tools that contribute to the formation and construction of projects and life trajectories of young environmentalists like social and political subjects, starting from the historical and plural concept underlying the concept of youth. Because of the peculiarity of the categories discussed, the research is conducted with young people from the state of Bahia who actively participate in movements, groups and environmental projects located in different municipalities of Bahia. Thus, research is made from a socio-historical perspective, in which the environment is understood while a field of struggles and conflicts permeated by social, political, cultural, ethical and economic issues. The path of arrival to the processes of socialization that lead or motivate young people to engage in environmental activism is marked in this paper by the discussion of issues that intersect the encounter between youth and the environment as identity and life project, ethics and environmental education, youth condition and influence of socializing agencies in the training of ecological subjects. For this, the research focuses on the theoretical ideas and assumptions that constitute a broad and significant field for the construction of dialogues between sociological and pedagogical theories, which allow us to perceive which socialization processes compose and construct the juvenile dispositions in the field of militant environmentalist engagement. Through the narratives, it has been observed that school, family, social groups, participation in unions, youth associations and youth ministries influence the youth environmental activism engagement, as well as it has been shown that reflecting and developing actions that evokes the institutionalized political participation of youth environmentalist are needed. / O presente estudo busca compreender e refletir os processos de socializa??o que figuram os percursos e trajet?rias juvenis como disposi??es ao engajamento na milit?ncia em grupos, coletivos, organiza??es e movimentos ambientalistas. Neste sentido, pensa-se tamb?m na imbrica??o da escola enquanto espa?o educativo formal e de socializa??o das gera??es no que tange ?s discuss?es sobre meio ambiente. A pesquisa ? de cunho qualitativo e se estrutura, em duas etapas, quais sejam: a primeira, com a aplica??o de question?rio de perfil socioecon?mico e, posteriormente, a realiza??o de entrevistas semiestruturadas, enquanto eixo-chaves para a constru??o das narrativas orais dos jovens sujeitos da pesquisa. A rela??o entre juventude e meio ambiente ? estudada ? nesta pesquisa - considerando as categorias engajamento militante e socializa??o pol?tica como ferramentas que contribuem para a forma??o e constru??o dos projetos e trajet?rias de vida dos jovens ambientalistas enquanto sujeitos sociais e pol?ticos, partindo da natureza hist?rica e plural subjacente ao conceito de juventude. Dada ? peculiaridade das categorias abordadas, a pesquisa ? realizada com jovens do estado da Bahia que participam, ativamente, de movimentos, grupos e projetos ambientalistas situados em diferentes munic?pios baianos. Por isso, a pesquisa ? tecida em uma perspectiva s?cio-hist?rica, em que o meio ambiente ? entendido como campo de lutas e conflitos perpassado por quest?es sociais, pol?ticas, culturais, ?ticas e econ?micas. O caminho de chegada at? os processos de socializa??o que levam ou motivam os jovens a se engajarem na milit?ncia ambientalista ? marcado, neste trabalho, pela discuss?o de quest?es que interceptam o encontro entre a tem?tica juventude e meio ambiente como identidade e projeto de vida, ?tica e educa??o ambiental, condi??o juvenil e influ?ncia das ag?ncias socializadoras na forma??o dos sujeitos ecol?gicos. Para tal, a pesquisa se debru?a nas ideias e pressupostos te?ricos que se constituem como campo amplo e significativo ? constru??o de di?logos entre teorias sociol?gicas e pedag?gicas, que permitem perceber quais processos de socializa??o tecem e constroem as disposi??es juvenis no campo do engajamento militante ambientalista. Por meio das narrativas, percebeu-se que as rela??es escolares, familiares, com grupos de sociabilidades, participa??o em sindicatos, associa??es e pastorais da juventude influenciam no engajamento militante juvenil ambientalista, bem como h? necessidade de refletir e desenvolver a??es que evoquem a participa??o pol?tica institucionalizada da juventude ambientalista.

Essa tese se insere no emergente campo dos estudos sobre a juventude no Brasil. Seu problema de investigação está orientado para a busca de compreensão sobre a experiência de jovens militantes de partidos políticos. Encontram-se em transformação as formas e modos de agir político; novos grupos e demandas políticas engendram maneiras alternativas de mobilização em relação ao que ocorre em espaços tradicionais de engajamento, tais como partidos, sindicatos, etc. Contudo, os partidos continuam arregimentando jovens para seus quadros. Em linhas gerais, investigou-se as experiências militantes, os caminhos percorridos até o engajamento em um partido, as práticas dos jovens nos partidos e sua relação com o tempo. Buscou-se compreender, ainda, a maneira como as experiências partidárias incidem sobre os demais aspectos da vida desses jovens. O estudo foi desenvolvido adotando a perspectiva de investigação qualitativa baseada na realização de entrevistas individuais com jovens universitários que revelaram, através de um questionário inicial, seu engajamento em partidos políticos. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 21 jovens, sendo 10 deles entrevistados em uma segunda etapa, cerca de um ano depois da realização da primeira entrevista. Os jovens estavam engajados em 5 diferentes partidos, todos do espectro político de esquerda: PT, PSOL, PSTU, PCdoB e PDT. A escolha por jovens universitários se deu pela necessidade de realização de recorte que permitisse a entrada em um campo que tivesse alguma delimitação espacial e temporal. Além disso, a militância partidária juvenil é tradicionalmente iniciada no âmbito da escola. A elaboração de critérios de seleção dos jovens a serem entrevistados, que considerou o grau de seletividade dos cursos universitários cursados pelos jovens, permitiu reunir um grupo bastante diverso sob o ponto de vista das origens sociais; jovens de elites intelectuais, de camadas médias e populares estão presentes entre os 21 militantes entrevistados. Os jovens militantes se inserem em diferentes espaços de militância Movimento estudantil, movimentos populares, organizações sociais, espaços internos do partido, etc; e as experiências incidem de maneiras variadas sobre amizades, relacionamentos afetivos, família, escolhas profissionais e inserção no mercado de trabalho. O tempo de engajamento, as variações de investimento militante e os trânsitos por diferentes espaços de militância partidária compõe um mosaico de experiências que, em alguns casos, permite uma análise do engajamento sob a perspectiva de carreiras militantes. / Part of the emerging field of youth studies in Brazil, this thesis explores and analysizes the experience of young political party activists. These activists are changing how we understand political action. They are creating new groups and political demands engendering alternative ways of mobilizing political activism and transforming what occurs in traditional politically engaged civic practices, such as political parties, trade unions, etc. Interestingly however, the parties continue to rally the support of these young people. This research focuses on the experience of the young activists, the paths they took in joining the political parties, their actual experience in the parties, the time invested and how the party experiences relate to other aspects of their lives. The study was developed by adopting the perspective of qualitative research based on individual interviews with university students that revealed, through an initial questionnaire, their engagement in political parties. Interviews were conducted with 21 young people, 10 of which were interviewed a second time about a year after the completion of the first interview. The young people were engaged in five different parties, all left of center: PT, PSOL, PSTU, PCdoB e PDT. The choice of university students was based on the necessity to limit the field of research, given spatial and temporal boundaries. Moreover, most youth political party activism is traditionally engaged in during university years. A range of selection criteria was developed that enabled bringing together a very diverse group drawing from all social backgrounds; young people of the intellectual elite, the middle and lower classes were among the 21 activists interviewed. The young militants fall into different categories of activism Student Movement, grassroots organizations, social organizations, internal workings of the party, etc. They also relate their experiences: friendships, romantic relationships, family, career choices and labor market. The thesis tracks the political engagement of these young activists, changes in their investment and mobility through various aspects of party activism composing a mosaic of experiences that, in some cases, allows an analysis of political engagement from the perspective of an activist career.

La thèse porte sur les effets des usages des réseaux sociaux d’Internet dans la socialisation politique des jeunes au Brésil. Le but de l’étude est de vérifier comment les jeunes à l’âge du lycée, dans leurs pratiques ordinaires, traitent des sujets politiques dans leurs profils personnels Facebook. La question qui guide cette étude est la suivante : comment les profils personnels Facebook participent-ils à la socialisation politique des jeunes à l’âge du lycée ? L’hypothèse adoptée ici est que les jeunes construisent leurs opinions et valeurs depuis un travail de construction de leurs identités numériques. Celles-ci sont porteuses d’une quête de reconnaissance par les membres des groupes auxquels ils participent ou désirent participer. Ces jeunes se consacrent à affirmer leurs positions politiques et leurs valeurs de citoyen depuis un travail de filtrage des informations auxquelles ils ont accès sur Internet, en retenant celles nécessaires à cette reconnaissance. Le terrain de recherche choisi est la région du Nord-Est du Brésil, pendant la période de polarisation politique autour du gouvernement de Dilma Rousseff (Parti des Travailleurs) - entre novembre 2014 et juillet 2017. Le matériel empirique qui donne corps à cette analyse est issu d’une ethnographie en ligne et d’entretiens semi-directifs avec un groupe de lycéens d’une même ville - João Pessoa. Cette enquête démontre que l’importance des espaces numériques dans la socialisation politique des jeunes est liée, non seulement au fait qu’ils permettent le contact avec une grande diversité d’opinions et de visions du monde, mais surtout au fait qu’ils permettent la production d’une image de soi qui façonne les expériences politiques des usagers. La participation politique en ligne - en particulier celle des jeunes qui s’exposent le plus - se trouve associée à un besoin de reconnaissance des identités numériques. Les exigences de maintien d’une image tendent à imposer une organisation des valeurs pour être en conformité avec les exigences des publics choisis par les jeunes. / This thesis studies the effects of the uses of social networks on the political socialization of Brazilian high school students. The goal of the research is to observe how high schoolers address, by their grassroots practices, political subjects on their Facebook profile pages. The question that guided this study is: how do the personal Facebook profile pages contribute to the political socialization of high schoolers? The hypothesis was that youngsters build their opinions and values throughout the process of constructing their digital identities. They search for recognition from the other members of their group or of the group they wish to belong to. These youngsters affirm their political positions and their values by selecting information on internet and retaining those which are necessary for their recognition. The empirical research took place in the northeastern region of Brazil from November 2014 to July 2017, during a period of political polarization regarding Dilma Rousseff's government (Labour Party). Data is drawn from an online ethnography and semi-structured interviews with a group of high schoolers who live in the same town: João Pessoa. The results point that the relevance of social networks for the political socialization of youngsters lies not only on the possibility to be in touch with a great diversity of opinions and world views but also on the fact that they allow the construction of a self image that shapes the political experiences of social media users. The online political participation, specially those of youngsters who expose themselves the most, is linked to their need of having their online identity recognized. The need to preserve a self-image tends to impose a certain organization of values that conform to the demands of the students' target public.

Essa tese se insere no emergente campo dos estudos sobre a juventude no Brasil. Seu problema de investigação está orientado para a busca de compreensão sobre a experiência de jovens militantes de partidos políticos. Encontram-se em transformação as formas e modos de agir político; novos grupos e demandas políticas engendram maneiras alternativas de mobilização em relação ao que ocorre em espaços tradicionais de engajamento, tais como partidos, sindicatos, etc. Contudo, os partidos continuam arregimentando jovens para seus quadros. Em linhas gerais, investigou-se as experiências militantes, os caminhos percorridos até o engajamento em um partido, as práticas dos jovens nos partidos e sua relação com o tempo. Buscou-se compreender, ainda, a maneira como as experiências partidárias incidem sobre os demais aspectos da vida desses jovens. O estudo foi desenvolvido adotando a perspectiva de investigação qualitativa baseada na realização de entrevistas individuais com jovens universitários que revelaram, através de um questionário inicial, seu engajamento em partidos políticos. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 21 jovens, sendo 10 deles entrevistados em uma segunda etapa, cerca de um ano depois da realização da primeira entrevista. Os jovens estavam engajados em 5 diferentes partidos, todos do espectro político de esquerda: PT, PSOL, PSTU, PCdoB e PDT. A escolha por jovens universitários se deu pela necessidade de realização de recorte que permitisse a entrada em um campo que tivesse alguma delimitação espacial e temporal. Além disso, a militância partidária juvenil é tradicionalmente iniciada no âmbito da escola. A elaboração de critérios de seleção dos jovens a serem entrevistados, que considerou o grau de seletividade dos cursos universitários cursados pelos jovens, permitiu reunir um grupo bastante diverso sob o ponto de vista das origens sociais; jovens de elites intelectuais, de camadas médias e populares estão presentes entre os 21 militantes entrevistados. Os jovens militantes se inserem em diferentes espaços de militância Movimento estudantil, movimentos populares, organizações sociais, espaços internos do partido, etc; e as experiências incidem de maneiras variadas sobre amizades, relacionamentos afetivos, família, escolhas profissionais e inserção no mercado de trabalho. O tempo de engajamento, as variações de investimento militante e os trânsitos por diferentes espaços de militância partidária compõe um mosaico de experiências que, em alguns casos, permite uma análise do engajamento sob a perspectiva de carreiras militantes. / Part of the emerging field of youth studies in Brazil, this thesis explores and analysizes the experience of young political party activists. These activists are changing how we understand political action. They are creating new groups and political demands engendering alternative ways of mobilizing political activism and transforming what occurs in traditional politically engaged civic practices, such as political parties, trade unions, etc. Interestingly however, the parties continue to rally the support of these young people. This research focuses on the experience of the young activists, the paths they took in joining the political parties, their actual experience in the parties, the time invested and how the party experiences relate to other aspects of their lives. The study was developed by adopting the perspective of qualitative research based on individual interviews with university students that revealed, through an initial questionnaire, their engagement in political parties. Interviews were conducted with 21 young people, 10 of which were interviewed a second time about a year after the completion of the first interview. The young people were engaged in five different parties, all left of center: PT, PSOL, PSTU, PCdoB e PDT. The choice of university students was based on the necessity to limit the field of research, given spatial and temporal boundaries. Moreover, most youth political party activism is traditionally engaged in during university years. A range of selection criteria was developed that enabled bringing together a very diverse group drawing from all social backgrounds; young people of the intellectual elite, the middle and lower classes were among the 21 activists interviewed. The young militants fall into different categories of activism Student Movement, grassroots organizations, social organizations, internal workings of the party, etc. They also relate their experiences: friendships, romantic relationships, family, career choices and labor market. The thesis tracks the political engagement of these young activists, changes in their investment and mobility through various aspects of party activism composing a mosaic of experiences that, in some cases, allows an analysis of political engagement from the perspective of an activist career.

Dans un contexte de diversification des configurations familiales, cette thèse analyse d’abord l’impact des bifurcations familiales sur la socialisation politique secondaire des femmes. Elle permet ensuite de comprendre comment ces bifurcations influent sur la façon dont les femmes conçoivent leur rôle d’agent socialisateur auprès de leurs (beaux-) enfants. L’enquête s’appuie sur une double comparaison, d’une part entre trois structures familiales - nucléaires, monoparentales et recomposées - et d’autre part entre des contextes associatifs et non associatifs. Une analyse quantitative des données ÉRFI de l’INED vient compléter le recours à des méthodes qualitatives plurielles : une enquête ethnographique dans trois associations et une enquête par entretiens auprès de 88 femmes, mères en famille nucléaire ou monoparentale et belles-mères en famille recomposée. Les résultats montrent que les configurations familiales influent sur le processus de socialisation politique. Les expériences de recomposition, et encore plus de séparation, suscitent chez les femmes des socialisations de transformation ; celles-ci sont marquées par une modification de leurs valeurs à l’égard de la famille et des rôles de genre, de leur perception de la justice, des politiques de la famille et des politiques sociales. Ces transformations influent in fine sur le rapport des femmes à l’offre politique. La trajectoire familiale affecte ensuite la façon dont les femmes conçoivent leur rôle d’agent socialisateur. L’analyse montre que le contenu qu’elles souhaitent diffuser à leurs (beaux-) enfants ainsi que les mécanismes et l’intentionnalité à agir qu’elles décrivent varient selon la structure familiale. / In a context of diversification of family structures, this thesis begins by analyzing the impact of familial turning points on the political socialization of women. In addition, it provides an understanding of how these turning points impact the way women see themselves as agents of socialization for their children or stepchildren. This study is based on a twofold comparison in France: on the one side, an examination of three different family structures (nuclear families, single-parent families and stepfamilies) and, on the other side, a comparison of associative and non-associative contexts. A quantitative analysis of ERFI data provided by INED complements the use of several qualitative methods: an ethnographic study within three associations and an interview study carried out with 88 women, mothers in nuclear or single-parent families and stepfamilies. The results of this thesis show that family structures influence the political socialization process of women. Experiences of family blending, and even more those of separation, arouse the transformation of socialization among women. These transformations are marked by a change in their values regarding family and gender roles, their perception of justice as well as of familial and social policies. They finally affect women’s attitude toward the political offer. Family trajectory therefore impacts the way women see themselves as agents of socialization. The analysis demonstrates that family structure influences what women want to pass on to their children or stepchildren, the way they do it and their degree of intentionality.