Framtiden kommer att sätta städer på prov i och med att världens befolkning och urbanisering ökar. Detta utsätter livsviktiga förutsättningar som ekosystemtjänster och pollinering för stora hot, då en ökande urbanisering gör att grönytor i städer minskar. Samtidigt som att de som finns oftast är av en karaktär som inte är speciellt gynnsam för den biologiska mångfalden. Det har påvisats att det kan finnas ett positivt samband mellan biologisk mångfald och människans välmående. Samtidigt poängterar flertalet studier de hälsofrämjande effekter naturen har på människor, sett till både det fysiska och det mentala. Om rätt förutsättningar ges för städer kan det skapa möjligheter som bidrar med positiva effekter för en hållbar stadsutveckling. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka effekter småskalig odling i urban miljö kan ha för att öka biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster i staden, samt boendes relation till naturmiljöer. Studien fokuserade på miniträdgårdar/blomurnor som placerats ut i ett bostadsområde i Gävle, Sverige. Dessa delades ut till hushåll som ville ta hand om dem under 2019. Resultatet av både en enkätundersökning och en litteraturundersökning visar på att miniträdgårdar kan ses som en förbättringsåtgärd/ett verktyg för att främja hållbarheten i städer gällande både de ekologiska och sociala aspekterna. En analys av en inventeringsstudie som skedde mellan år 2018 och 2019 gällande pollinerande insekter för området i Gävle, visade på att förekomsten av pollinatörer hade ökat. Enkätstudien av 39 svaranden visade på att de som tyckte att det skett en förändring i och med tillkomsten av miniträdgårdar/blomurnor, tyckte att det varit i en positiv mening. Det visade sig även att i jämförelse mellan år 2019 och 2020 hade de boendes inställning till olika inslag i naturen ökat i en positiv mening. Detta skulle kunna förklaras som att exponeringen av miniträdgårdar/blomurnor har lett till mer pro-ekologiska attityder. Slutligen konstateras att vidare studier inom ämnet behöver genomföras för att kunna ge ett tydligare svar av vad för slags mini-odlingar som är bäst lämpade och i vilken utsträckning dessa är nödvändiga för att uppnå positiva resultat. / The future will put cities to test as the world's population and urbanization increases. This may lead to threats to vital conditions for ecosystem services and pollination as such. As a result of increasing urbanization, green spaces in cities are declining and those of existence are usually of a character that is not particularly favorable for biodiversity. It has been shown that there can be a positive relationship between biodiversity and human well-being. At the same time, several studies point out the health-beneficial effects that nature has on humans, regarding both physical and mental health. As well as providing right conditions for cities, it can create opportunities that contribute with positive effects for sustainable urban development. The aim of this study is to investigate what effects small-scale cultivation in an urban environment has on biodiversity and ecosystem services in the city, as well as the resident’s relationship to natural environments. The study has focused on arrangements of miniature gardens/flower urns placed in a residential area in Gävle, Sweden. These were distributed to households who wanted to take care of them in 2019. The result of both a questionnaire survey and a literature study show that such an arrangement can be seen as an improvement action/tool to promote sustainability in cities regarding both the ecological and social aspects. An analysis of an inventory study which occurred between the years 2018 and 2019 that looked at pollinators in the resident area in Gävle, showed that the abundance of pollinators had risen. The questionnaire survey of 39 answers showed that of those who felt that a change had occurred with the presence of the miniature gardens/flower urns thought that it had been in a positive way. Compared to 2019, the residents' attitudes towards natural elements had been increasingly positive in 2020. This could be explained by the fact that the presence of the miniature gardens/flower urns has affected their values in a pro-ecological manner. Finally, it is concluded that to give a clearer answer of what kinds of small-scale cultivations that are best suited and to what extent these are necessary to achieve positive results, further studies in the subject are needed.

L’environnement a un effet considérable sur les végétaux par différents facteurs abiotiques (climat, sol, urbanisation) ou biotiques (pollinisateurs, herbivores). Les fortes pressions de sélection exercées par ces facteurs sur certains traits phénotypiques aboutissent souvent à des adaptations chez les plantes. Les pollinisateurs exercent une pression de sélection sur les traits floraux qui résultent en des adaptations convergentes que l’on appelle syndromes de pollinisation. L’étude de ses syndromes, mais aussi de la performance de pollinisation de chaque visiteur, permet de mieux comprendre l’intensité de cette pression de sélection ainsi que l’évolution florale. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes appuyés sur l’utilisation de deux modèles d’études végétaux : la famille des Gesneriaceae des Antilles et l’Impatiente du Cap. Ces deux modèles, de par leurs stratégies de pollinisation et leurs variations florales, sont appropriés pour étudier l’adaptation florale aux pollinisateurs. Nous avons ainsi pu tester 1) si la forme florale est expliquée par la forme du bec des colibris pollinisateurs chez les Gesneriaceae antillaises ; 2) si l’espèce Rhytidophyllum bicolor Urb. est généraliste en pollinisation et si ses différents types fonctionnels de pollinisateurs ont une performance de pollinisation similaire ; 3) si l’urbanisation affecte la forme florale de l’espèce Impatiens capensis Meerb., à travers des changements dans les communautés de pollinisateurs. Pour tester ces hypothèses, des approches de morphométries géométriques ont été utilisées (hypothèses 1 et 3), ainsi que des observations de pollinisation in situ et la mesure du taux de visite (hypothèses 2 et 3). La mesure de performance de pollinisation a été réalisé via le comptage des grains de pollen déposés sur le stigmate après chaque visite, et à la mesure du taux de visite. Enfin, des tests statistiques (ANOVA, régressions linéaires) et analyses multivariées (analyses de redondance, analyse en composantes principales) ont été réalisées sur les données obtenues pour chaque étude. Les résultats de la première étude montrent une corrélation positive entre la longueur de la corolle de fleurs spécialistes aux colibris et la longueur du bec des pollinisateurs. Bien que moins significatifs, les résultats des comparaisons de formes globales, obtenues par application de morphométrie géométrique, indiquent que cette approche est prometteuse pour ce genre d’analyse. Nous avons démontré que la forme florale des fleurs généralistes est impactée par les colibris pollinisateurs, bien que d’une manière différente des spécialistes. 4 Pour l’hypothèse 2, la prédiction de stratégie de pollinisation de l’espèce Rhytidophyllum bicolor a été validée, puisque cette plante est pollinisée par des colibris, chauves-souris et abeilles. Cependant, face au déclin des populations de colibris après le passage de l’ouragan Matthew sur Haïti, seules les performances de pollinisation des abeilles et des chauves-souris ont pu être mesurées. Les résultats montrent que les chauves-souris sont des pollinisateurs efficaces et conséquents, bien que la performance des abeilles ne soit pas négligeable. Il a ainsi pu être mis de l’avant que la stratégie de pollinisation généraliste semble être un avantage pour les plantes présentes dans les zones sujettes aux fluctuations de populations de pollinisateurs, comme cela peut souvent être le cas sur les îles à la suite du passage d’un ouragan. La troisième étude montre que l’urbanisation n’a pas d’effet direct sur la forme florale de l’Impatiente du Cap, mais qu’elle a des effets indirects significatifs via les changements causés sur les communautés de pollinisateurs. Sur les six sites échantillonnées les pollinisateurs principaux, Bombus sp. Latreille et Apis mellifera Linnaeus, sont les mêmes. Cependant les taux de diversité obtenus montrent une variation entre les sites, due à la présence de certaines espèces de pollinisateurs occasionnels dans certains sites et pas dans d’autres. Ces taux ne sont pas plus faibles dans les sites les plus urbains. Les résultats indiquent que certaines formes florales sont associées à des espèces de pollinisateurs particulières. Les différentes espèces de pollinisateurs ayant une pression de sélection différente sur les traits floraux, l’urbanisation a ainsi un impact indirect sur la forme florale chez l’espèce étudiée. À travers trois études différentes, cette thèse a mis en avant l’impact que l’environnement peut avoir sur les traits floraux, de manière indirecte, via les pollinisateurs. Alors que la deuxième et troisième étude ont montré la pression exercée par les pollinisateurs sur les traits floraux dans différents cas de perturbations de l’habitat, la première étude a permis de mieux comprendre l’adaptation remarquable des fleurs à leurs pollinisateurs, même pour des espèces généralistes en pollinisation. / The environment has a considerable effect on plants through various abiotic (climate, soil, urbanization) or biotic (pollinators, herbivores) factors. The strong selection pressures exerted by these factors on phenotypic traits often results in adaptations. Pollinators exert selection pressure on floral traits that result in converging adaptations called pollination syndromes. The study of syndromes, as well as the pollination performance of each floral visitor, allows us to better understand the intensity of a/biotic selection pressure and floral evolution. In this thesis, we relied on two plant models: the Gesneriaceae family in the Antilles, and the common Jewelweed, Impatiens capensis Meerb. Due to their pollination strategies and their floral variation, both of these models are suitable for studying floral adaptation to biotic factors, specifically, their pollinators. We were thus able to test the following hypotheses: 1) whether the floral form is explained by the beak shape of pollinating hummingbirds in West Indies Gesnericeae; 2) whether the Gesnericeae Rhytidophyllum bicolor Urb. has a generalist strategy for pollination and whether their different functional types of pollinators have similar pollination performances; 3) whether urbanization affects the floral form of the common Jewelweed, through changes in pollinator communities. To test these hypotheses, geometric morphometric approaches were used (hypotheses 1 and 3), as well as in situ pollination observations, and estimation of the visitation rate (hypotheses 2 and 3). Pollination performance was measured by counting pollen grains deposited on the stigma after each visit, and by measuring the visitation rate. Finally, statistical tests (ANOVA, linear regressions) and multivariate analyses (redundancy analysis, principal component analysis) were carried out on the data obtained to test each hypothesis. The first results show a positive correlation between the length of the corolla of flowers specialized for hummingbirds and the beak length of pollinators. Although less significant, our results of the comparisons of global shapes, obtained by applying geometric morphometry, indicate that this approach is promising for this kind of analysis. We show that the floral form of generalist flowers is impacted by pollinating hummingbirds, albeit in a different way from specialists. For the second hypothesis, our prediction that R. bicolor has a generalist pollination strategy was validated, since this plant is pollinated by hummingbirds, bats and bees. However, faced with the decline in hummingbird populations after Hurricane Matthew hit Haiti in 2016, only the pollination performance of bees and bats could be measured. Our results show that bats are efficient and consistent pollinators of R. bicolor, although the performance of bees is not negligible. Thus, it has been possible to put forward that the generalist pollination strategy seems to be an advantage for plants present in areas subject to fluctuations in their pollinator populations, as can often be the case on hurricane-prone islands. The third study shows that urbanization does not have a direct effect on the flower form of common Jewelweed, but that urbanization does have significant indirect effects through changes caused on pollinator communities. At the six sites sampled, the main pollinators, Bombus sp. Latreille and Apis mellifera Linnaeus, are the same. However, diversity rates show variation between sites, due to the presence of certain species of occasional pollinators in some sites and not in others. These rates are not lower in the most urban sites. Our results indicate that certain floral forms are associated with particular pollinator species. Since different pollinator species have different selection pressures on floral traits, urbanization has an indirect impact on the floral form in the species studied. Through three different studies, this thesis highlighted the impact that the environment can have on floral traits, indirectly, via pollinators. While the second and third studies showed the pressure exerted by pollinators on floral traits in different cases of habitat disturbance, the first study helped to better highlight the remarkable adaptation of flowers to their pollinators, even for generalist species in pollination.

No description available.

Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is currently used as a green fertilizer for agriculture in northern Sweden. However, due to its low resistance against diseases and a minimal benefit to local pollinators, there is a need to find alternative native species that maximize the benefits for pollinators and agriculture. Garden lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus), another legume, is an invasive alien species in Sweden that may affect the behavior of pollinators and therefore the pollination success of local plant species. The main aim of this study was to increase the knowledge of the legumes cow vetch (Vicia cracca), garden lupin, marsh pea (Lathyrus palustris) and red clover by observing their insect visitors and potential pollinators. The work was divided into subproject 1 (delprojekt 1) and subproject 2 (delprojekt 2). Delprojekt 1 studied insect visitation frequencies in one plot where garden lupin, cow vetch and red clover grew together in Burträsk, while delprojekt 2 studied insect pollination effectivity in two plots where one plot (Fäbodsanden) contained only marsh pea and the other plot (Skäret) contained both garden lupin and marsh pea. Data were collected via field observations. In ‘delprojekt 1', both bumblebees and solitary bees showed a significantly higher visit frequency to garden lupin than to cow vetch and red clover. In ‘delprojekt 2’, flies showed a significantly higher pollination effectivity on garden lupin than on marsh pea in Skäret. Both flies and bumblebees showed a significantly higher pollination effectivity on marsh pea in Fäbodsanden than in Skäret. This indicate that visitation frequencies to cow vetch and red clover as well as pollination effectivity on marsh pea may be affected by the presence/absence of garden lupin. For future studies, examples on how to extend the knowledge even further on plant-pollinator interactions are suggested.

Urban landscapes can support pollinator conservation, but traditional landscape designs lack the diverse mixtures of native plants needed to support native pollinators. Although native plants support pollinators and can survive with less water and fertilizer than non-native landscape plants, they do not always grow well under modified urban soil conditions and irrigation regimes. A better understanding of the factors influencing flower production and the quality of native plants is needed if we are to design landscapes that support pollinator conservation. This study focused on how flower production and quality in different native plants responded to compost and irrigation treatments. The experiment consisted of 27 native plant species grown in sixteen 6.1 x 9.1 m plots with or without compost and with regular or as-needed irrigation in a randomized complete block design. We quantified total flower production and examined nectar production and flower size in select plant species. Results showed that compost addition greatly increased flower production and that the floral traits of individual plant species varied in their response to compost additions and different irrigation regimes. Unraveling the complexities of these interactions is important for designing urban landscapes that support pollinator conservation.

<p>U&nbsp; radu&nbsp; je&nbsp; prikazana&nbsp; distribucija,&nbsp; dinamika&nbsp; i&nbsp; diverzitet&nbsp; insekata opra&scaron;ivača iz reda Hymenoptera&nbsp; -&nbsp; Apiformes (Anthophila) i Diptera Syrphidae)&nbsp; na&nbsp; stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima&nbsp; i&nbsp; na&nbsp; suncokretu&nbsp; u agroekosistema&nbsp; Vojvodine.&nbsp; U&nbsp; cilju&nbsp; uvida&nbsp; u&nbsp; strukturu&nbsp; predela&nbsp; injenog&nbsp; uticaja&nbsp; na&nbsp; sastav&nbsp; i&nbsp; brojnost&nbsp; polinatora,&nbsp; kartirani&nbsp; su&nbsp; tipovistani&scaron;ta&nbsp; oko&nbsp; svakog&nbsp; stepskog&nbsp; fragmenta.&nbsp; Na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; podataka dobijenih kartiranjem, odabrano je sedam stepskih fragmenata kojiu&nbsp; svom&nbsp; okruženju&nbsp; imaju&nbsp; visok&nbsp; udeo&nbsp; suncokreta&nbsp; kao&nbsp; masovnocvetajuće&nbsp; kulture&nbsp; i&nbsp; sedam&nbsp; stepskih&nbsp; fragmenata&nbsp; koji&nbsp; su&nbsp; bez&nbsp; ili&nbsp; saniskim&nbsp; udelom&nbsp; suncokreta.&nbsp; Iz&nbsp; reda&nbsp; Hymenoptera&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; Apoideazabeleženo&nbsp; je&nbsp; &scaron;est&nbsp; familija:&nbsp; Andrenidae,&nbsp; Apidae,&nbsp; Colletidae,Halictidae,&nbsp; Melittidae&nbsp; i&nbsp; Megachilidae,&nbsp; 114&nbsp; vrsta,&nbsp; a&nbsp; iz&nbsp; reda&nbsp; Diptera(Syrphidae),&nbsp; registrovano&nbsp; je&nbsp; ukupno&nbsp; 11&nbsp; vrsta.&nbsp; Predstavnici&nbsp; familija Andrenidae, Apidae i Halictidae su distribuirani na svim lokalitetima,predstavnici&nbsp; familije&nbsp; Megachilidae&nbsp; su&nbsp; distribuirani&nbsp; na&nbsp; 15&nbsp; od&nbsp; 16lokaliteta,&nbsp; a&nbsp; najmanje&nbsp; su&nbsp; zastupljene&nbsp; jedinke&nbsp; familija&nbsp; Colletidae&nbsp; i<br />Melittidae,&nbsp; distribuirane&nbsp; na&nbsp; pet&nbsp; lokaliteta.&nbsp; Polinatori&nbsp; reda&nbsp; Diptera familije&nbsp; Syrphidae&nbsp; su&nbsp; distribuirani&nbsp; na&nbsp; svim&nbsp; lokalitetima.&nbsp; Rezultati Kruskal-Volisovog H testa ukuzuju da je tokom sve tri sezone (2011.,2012.,&nbsp; 2013.)&nbsp; na&nbsp; stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima&nbsp; najvi&scaron;e&nbsp; bilo&nbsp; zastupljeno vrsta&nbsp; solitarnih&nbsp; pčela,&nbsp; zatim&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; osolikih&nbsp; muva,&nbsp; a&nbsp; najmanje&nbsp; vrsta bumbara.&nbsp; Istim&nbsp; testom&nbsp; je&nbsp; dobijano&nbsp; da&nbsp; je&nbsp; tokom&nbsp; sve&nbsp; tri&nbsp; sezone&nbsp; na stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima,&nbsp; registrovano&nbsp; najvi&scaron;e&nbsp; jedinki&nbsp; osolikih&nbsp; muva,<br />zatim&nbsp; medonosne&nbsp; pčele,&nbsp; solitarne&nbsp; pčele,&nbsp; a&nbsp; najmanje&nbsp; jedinki bumbara.&nbsp; Fridmanovim&nbsp; testom&nbsp; su&nbsp; utvrđene&nbsp; razlike&nbsp; u&nbsp; brojnosti (dinamici)&nbsp; polinatora&nbsp; kroz&nbsp; sezone,&nbsp; uočen&nbsp; je&nbsp; porast&nbsp; broja&nbsp; jedinki medonosne pčele i opadanje broja jedinki solitarnih pčela.Rezultati&nbsp; dobijeni&nbsp; Man-Vitnijevim&nbsp; U-testom&nbsp; pokazuju&nbsp; da&nbsp; je&nbsp; na<br />stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima&nbsp; koji&nbsp; imaju&nbsp; niži&nbsp; udeo&nbsp; suncokreta&nbsp; u&nbsp; predelu zastupljeno&nbsp; vi&scaron;e&nbsp; jedinki&nbsp; i&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; bumbara.&nbsp; Istim&nbsp; testom&nbsp; je&nbsp; dobijen rezultat&nbsp; da&nbsp; je&nbsp; na&nbsp; stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima&nbsp; sa&nbsp; visokim&nbsp; udelom suncokreta&nbsp; ima&nbsp; vi&scaron;e&nbsp; jedinki&nbsp; medonosne&nbsp; pčele.&nbsp; Vilkoksonovim testom&nbsp; sume&nbsp; rangova&nbsp; je&nbsp; pokazano&nbsp; da&nbsp; su&nbsp; jedinke&nbsp; i&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; bumbara zastupljenije na stepskim fragmentima nakon cvetanja suncokreta, za&nbsp; vreme&nbsp; cvetanja&nbsp; suncokreta&nbsp; na&nbsp; stepskim&nbsp; fragmentima&nbsp; je registrovano&nbsp; vi&scaron;e&nbsp; jedinki&nbsp; <em>Apis&nbsp; mellifera</em>,&nbsp; osolikih&nbsp; muva&nbsp; i&nbsp; solitarnih pčela.&nbsp; Modeli&nbsp; regresionih&nbsp; analiza&nbsp; linearnih&nbsp; me&scaron;ovitih&nbsp; modela&nbsp; su pokazali&nbsp; da&nbsp; se&nbsp; sa&nbsp; porastom&nbsp; udela&nbsp; suncokreta&nbsp; u&nbsp; predelu&nbsp; smanjuje broj jedinki divljih pčela i jedinki i vrsta bumbara. Sa porastom udela polu-prirodnih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; u&nbsp; predelu&nbsp; i&nbsp; većom&nbsp; cvetnom&nbsp; pokrovnosti, povećava se udeo jedinki i vrsta osolikih muva.</p> / <p>This&nbsp; paper&nbsp; shows&nbsp; distribution,&nbsp; dynamic&nbsp; and&nbsp; pollinator&nbsp; diversity Hymenoptera&nbsp; -&nbsp; Apiformes&nbsp; (Anthophila)&nbsp; and Diptera (Syrphidae)&nbsp; in semi-natural&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; and&nbsp; in&nbsp; sunflower&nbsp; crops&nbsp; in&nbsp; Vojvodina&nbsp; agroecosystems.&nbsp; Around&nbsp; each&nbsp; of&nbsp; 16&nbsp; selected&nbsp; steppe&nbsp; fragments,&nbsp; habitat types&nbsp; were&nbsp; mapped&nbsp; to&nbsp; test&nbsp; how&nbsp; do&nbsp; landscape&nbsp; structure&nbsp; affects pollinator&nbsp; diversity&nbsp; and&nbsp; abundance&nbsp; in&nbsp; semi&nbsp; natural&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; and&nbsp; in sunflower&nbsp; crops.&nbsp; Based&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; results&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; by&nbsp; mapping,&nbsp; seven study sites with high % of sunflower like mass flowering crops, and eight&nbsp; study&nbsp; sites&nbsp; with&nbsp; no&nbsp; or&nbsp; low&nbsp; %&nbsp; of&nbsp; mass&nbsp; flowering&nbsp; crops&nbsp; are selected. In total, there were 114 species from 6 families&nbsp; from order Hymenoptera-Apiformes:&nbsp; Andrenidae,&nbsp; Apidae,&nbsp; Colletidae, Halictidae, Melittidae and Megachilidae, and 11 species from order Diptera&nbsp; (Syrphidae).&nbsp; Insects&nbsp; from&nbsp; families:&nbsp; Andrenidae,&nbsp; Apidae, Colletidae&nbsp; and&nbsp; Halictidae&nbsp; were&nbsp; distributed&nbsp; on&nbsp; all&nbsp; study&nbsp; sites,&nbsp; while insects&nbsp; from&nbsp; family&nbsp; Megachilidae&nbsp; were&nbsp; distributed&nbsp; almost&nbsp; on&nbsp; all study&nbsp; sites&nbsp; (15&nbsp; sites).&nbsp; At&nbsp; least&nbsp; only&nbsp; on&nbsp; five&nbsp; study&nbsp; sites&nbsp; were distributed insects from family: Colletidae and Melittidae. Hoverflies were distributed on all study sites.&nbsp; Kruskal-Wallis H test shows that an&nbsp; all&nbsp; three&nbsp; seasons&nbsp; (2011.,&nbsp; 2012.,&nbsp; 2013.)&nbsp; in&nbsp; semi&nbsp; natural&nbsp; habitats wild bees species were most abundant, followed by hoverfly species, and bumblebee species at the end. Same test&nbsp; shows that&nbsp; in all three seasons in semi natural habitats individuals of hoverflies were more abundant than individuals of honey bees, wild bees&nbsp; and individuals of&nbsp; bumblebees,&nbsp; which&nbsp; were&nbsp; least&nbsp; abundant.&nbsp; Friedman&nbsp; test&nbsp; shows differences in densities of pollinator through the seasons, and these results&nbsp; shows&nbsp; increasing&nbsp; in&nbsp; Apis&nbsp; mellifera&nbsp; densities&nbsp; and&nbsp; decline&nbsp; of wild bees densities through seasons. Man-Whitney&nbsp; U-test&nbsp; shows&nbsp; that&nbsp; there&nbsp; were&nbsp; more&nbsp; species&nbsp; and individuals of bumble bees in semi-natural habitats which landscapes are without&nbsp; or low % of sunflower. Same test shows that there were more&nbsp; individuals&nbsp; of&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bees&nbsp; in&nbsp; semi-natural&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; which landscapes&nbsp; have&nbsp; high&nbsp; %&nbsp; of&nbsp; sunflower.&nbsp; Wilcoxon&nbsp; signed-rank&nbsp; test shows&nbsp; that&nbsp; in&nbsp; semi-natural&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; species&nbsp; and&nbsp; individuals&nbsp; of bumblebees&nbsp; were&nbsp; more&nbsp; abundant&nbsp; after&nbsp; blooming&nbsp; sunflower,&nbsp; while species&nbsp; and&nbsp; individuals&nbsp; of&nbsp; wild&nbsp; bees&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; individuals&nbsp; of hoverflies and&nbsp; <em>Apis mellifera</em>&nbsp; were&nbsp; more abundant during blooming sunflower.&nbsp; Linear mixed-effect model shows that with increase of % of&nbsp; sunflower&nbsp; in&nbsp; landscape&nbsp; number&nbsp; of&nbsp; individuals&nbsp; of&nbsp; wild&nbsp; bees&nbsp; and species and individuals of bumblebees decreasing, and individuals of hoverflies increasing. With an increase of % of semi natural habitats and&nbsp; increase&nbsp; of&nbsp; flower&nbsp; cover,&nbsp; abundance&nbsp; and&nbsp; species&nbsp; of&nbsp; hoverflies<br />increases.</p>

Das Wissen über Mechanismen, die einen Einfluss auf Muster der Artenvielfalt und biotische Interaktionen haben, ist grundlegend für den Schutz von Biodiversität. Darüber hinaus kann es von direktem ökonomischem Nutzen sein, zum Beispiel im biologischen Pflanzenschutz oder bei Bestäubungsdienstleistungen. Die Größe eines Organismus kann ein solcher Faktor sein, der die Artenzahl und Interaktionen der assoziierten Organismen beeinflusst, denn große Organismen sind auffälliger als kleine und ihr Angebot an Ressourcen und Nischen für mit ihnen assoziierte Organismen ist oft reicher. Bezogen auf Pflanzen könnte daher die Größe einer Pflanze einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Artenzahl der mit ihr assoziierten Arthropoden und ihre biotischen Interaktionen wie Herbivorie oder Bestäubung haben. Trotzdem ist der Einfluss der Pflanzengröße auf mutualistische und antagonistische Interaktionspartner der Pflanze und der sich daraus ergebende Einfluss auf die reproduktive Fitness der Pflanze bisher nicht umfassend und unter standardisierten Bedingungen untersucht worden. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden die Auswirkungen der Pflanzengröße auf die Artenzahl von Herbivoren, deren Gegenspielern und Bestäubern untersucht, sowie die Auswirkungen dieser Interaktionspartner auf die Pflanzenfitness. Dabei wurde zusätzlich zwischen endophagen und ektophagen Herbivoren und deren Gegenspielern unterschieden. Außerdem wurden die Herbivoren einzelner Pflanzenkompartimente und deren Gegenspieler separat analysiert. Des Weiteren wurde der Einfluss der Pflanzengröße auf den Herbivorieschaden an den verschiedenen Pflanzenkompartimenten und deren Einfluss auf die reproduktive Fitness der Pflanze, d.h. auf ihre Samenzahl, Tausendkorngewicht und Samengesamtgewicht, untersucht. Zuletzt wurde besonderes Augenmerk auf den Einfluss der Pflanzengröße auf mutualistische und antagonistische Blütenbesucher und deren Einfluss auf die reproduktive Fitness gelegt und untersucht, ob und inwiefern die reproduktive Fitness letztendlich von der Pflanzengröße abhängig ist. Zur Untersuchung dieser Fragen wurde ein „Common Garden“-Experiment angelegt. Um einen interspezifischen Pflanzengrößengradienten zu erzeugen, wurden 21 annuelle Pflanzenarten aus der Familie der Kreuzblütler (Brassicaceae) ausgewählt, deren Größe von 10 bis 130 cm reichte (gemessen als Pflanzenhöhe vom Boden bis zur Spitze). So konnten die Einflüsse des Habitats und der umgebenden Landschaft für alle Pflanzenarten standardisiert und trotzdem ein breiter Gradient realisiert werden. Dadurch hebt sich diese Studie von den bisherigen ab, die den Effekt von meist intraspezifischer Pflanzengröße auf die assoziierten Tiere anhand wild wachsender Pflanzen untersucht haben. Pflanzengröße sowie Zahl, Biomasse und Größe der unterschiedlichen überirdischen Pflanzenkompartimente (Blüten, Schoten, Blätter, Stängel) sowie Blütendeckung und -farbe wurden aufgenommen. Der Herbivorieschaden an diesen Pflanzenkompartimenten und die reproduktive Fitness (Samenzahl, Tausendkorngewicht und Gesamtsamengewicht) wurden gemessen. An und in Blüten, Schoten, Blättern und Stängeln wurden herbivore, räuberische, parasitäre und bestäubende Arthropoden gezählt. Die Pflanzengröße hatte einen positiven Einfluss auf die Artenzahl von Herbivoren, deren Gegenspielern und Bestäubern. Das traf ebenso auf endophage und ektophage sowie auf mit Blättern und Schoten assoziierte Herbivore und deren Gegenspieler zu. Des Weiteren konnte ein Anstieg des Herbivorieschadens an Blüten und Schoten mit zunehmender Pflanzengröße festgestellt werden, wohingegen der Schaden an Blättern und Stängeln von der Biomasse des entsprechenden Kompartiments positiv beeinflusst wurde. Der Schaden an Blüten hatte den stärksten Einfluss auf die reproduktive Fitness und reduzierte neben der Samenzahl auch das Tausendkorngewicht und das Gesamtsamengewicht der Pflanze. Die genaue Analyse der blütenbesuchenden Insekten ergab einen positiven Einfluss der Pflanzengröße auf die Abundanz und Artenzahl von Bestäubern (allerdings nicht bei extrem großem Blütenangebot), wie auch auf die Abundanz der adulten und juvenilen Rapsglanzkäfer und deren Parasitierungsrate. Steigende Rapsglanzkäferzahlen verringerten die Samenzahl sowie das Tausendkorngewicht, während die Bestäuber sich lediglich auf die Samenzahl positiv auswirkten. Insgesamt führte ein Anstieg der Pflanzenhöhe zu einer Abnahme des Tausendkorngewichts, aber nicht zu einer Veränderung der Samenzahl oder des Gesamtsamengewichts, was auf einen Ausgleich der Effekte von zunehmender Antagonistenzahl und zunehmender Mutualistenzahl hindeutet. Großen Pflanzen entstehen also durch ihre Auffälligkeit und Attraktivität für Herbivore hohe Fitnesskosten, wobei insbesondere der Blütenschaden durch Rapsglanzkäfer einen starken negativen Einfluss auf Samenzahl, Tausendkorngewicht und Gesamtsamengewicht hat. Diesen Fitnesskosten großer Pflanzen wirkt der Nutzen durch ihre Auffälligkeit und Attraktivität für Bestäuber entgegen, die die Samenzahl positiv beeinflussen. Hinsichtlich der Samenzahl sollten also große Pflanzen gegenüber kleineren im Vorteil sein, wenn die Insektengemeinschaft des Habitats von Bestäubern dominiert wird. Wird sie aber von herbivoren Blütenbesuchern dominiert, sollten kleine Pflanzen gegenüber großen einen Vorteil haben. Im Gegensatz dazu sollten große Pflanzen immer einen Nachteil bezüglich des Tausendkorngewichts haben, das von Antagonisten, nicht aber von Mutualisten beeinflusst wurde. Der Einfluss der Pflanzengröße auf biotische Interaktionen wurde bisher oft unterschätzt, obwohl er sich auf komplexe Weise über die mutualistischen und antagonistischen Insekten auf die reproduktive Fitness der Pflanze auswirkt.

Fruit set in cucurbit crops such as watermelon is entirely dependent upon pollinators, which makes them an important aspect of grower management. This reliance on pollinators means that growers must consider them when making pest management decisions, especially when using pesticides, which can have a negative impact on pollinators. Thus, pest management in watermelon production faces a potential trade-off between pests and pollinators. The ways in which growers manage this trade-off could have a large impact on the communities of both groups and the yield of the crop. <br>

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-17T21:01:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 José Neiva Mesquita Neto.pdf: 2799737 bytes, checksum: 590e98d41066ac6babc47eeb04637796 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Rejected by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com), reason: Marlene, olhe nas orientações a questão da citação, a qual deve ser de acordo com a NBR 6023: ALCÂNTARA, Guizelle Aparecida de. Caracterização farmacognostica e atividade antimicrobiana da folha e casca do caule da myrciarostratadc.(myrtaceae). 2012. 41 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2012. on 2014-09-18T12:33:01Z (GMT) / Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-18T19:01:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) José Neiva Mesquita Neto.pdf: 2799737 bytes, checksum: 590e98d41066ac6babc47eeb04637796 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-09-19T11:32:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) José Neiva Mesquita Neto.pdf: 2799737 bytes, checksum: 590e98d41066ac6babc47eeb04637796 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-19T11:32:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) José Neiva Mesquita Neto.pdf: 2799737 bytes, checksum: 590e98d41066ac6babc47eeb04637796 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-19 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Plant-pollinator interactions in syncronopatric species of Psychotria (Rubiaceae). Psychotria species are commonly found in the understory of forested areas in tropical regions, and are important components for the functioning of these ecosystems. Many species of the genus are sympatric and bloom during the same period, being considered potentially syncronopatrics. For this reason, this genus has been considered as a good model to infer general patterns and mechanisms of speciation in the tropics. In the first paper of this dissertation, the interactions between potentially sympatric species of Psychotria and their pollinators were analyzed in order to verify the possible existence of sharing, specialization or generalization of pollinators and plants in the analyzed system. Then, data of secondary studies that contained identifying pollinators of Psychotria were analyzed From these data, we generated graphs and analyzes of interaction networks and niche overlap. Altogether, nine species of Psychotria and 25 species of pollinators of occurrence in the Atlantic Forest were included in the analyzes. The plant with the most generalist network is Psychotria tenuinervis and the pollinators with the highest proportion of links and consequently with more important role in the network belonged orders Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Psychotria species showed niche overlap in pollination and pollinator sharing. The period of greatest intensity of flowering coincided with the rainy season in the Atlantic Forest, with up to seven species coflowering. Because Psychotria species occur in sympatry and have flowering overlap and asymmetric interactions with flower visitors, it is possible that they are involved in a process of facilitation in pollination. The second paper aimed to investigate if four sympatric populations of Psychotria show pollinators sharing and pollination niche overlap . Another objective was to determine if their flowering season are synchronics. We found a dual synchrony in this system, the first in the intensity of flowering among the populations of Psychotria and the second in the increase of the abundance of flowers and pollinators. The species of Psychotria showed sharing fundamental niche of pollination and positive impact on reproductive success. However, we note that the sharing of pollinators can not be generalized to the entire system, but to the modules or pairs of species. Thus, each species of Psychotria has one or more species of preferential pollinator for sharing and that this relationship is not always reciprocal. This reinforces that the interactions among the plant species are asymmetric. / Interação planta-polinizador em espécies sincronopátricas de Psychotria (Rubiaceae). Psychotria contribui de forma importante para a diversidade florística tropical e são comumente encontradas em sub-bosque de áreas florestadas em regiões tropicais, sendo importantes componentes para o funcionamento destes ecossistemas. Muitas espécies do gênero são simpátricas e florescem em um mesmo período do ano, sendo consideradas potencialmente sincronopátricas. Por esta razão, este gênero tem sido considerado como um bom modelo para inferir padrões e mecanismos gerais de especiação nos trópicos. No primeiro artigo, as interações entre espécies potencialmente simpátricas de Psychotria e seus polinizadores foram analisadas com o objetivo de verificar a possível existência de partilha, de especialização ou generalização de polinizadores e plantas no sistema analisado. Para isso, foram incluídas informações secundárias de estudos que continham a identificação em nível de espécie de polinizadores de Psychotria. A partir desses dados, foram gerados grafos e realizadas análises de redes de interação e sobreposição de nicho. Ao todo, foram incluídas nas análises nove espécies de Psychotria com registro de ocorrência para a Mata Atlântica, sendo que elas interagiram com 25 espécies de polinizadores. A planta mais generalista da rede foi Psychotria tenuinervis e os polinizadores que concentraram maior número de links e consequentemente com papel mais importante na rede pertenceram as ordens Lepidoptera e Hymenoptera. As espécies de Psychotria apresentaram sobreposição de nicho na polinização com partilha de polinizadores. O período de maior intensidade de floração coincidiu com o período chuvoso na Mata Atlântica, com até sete espécies apresentando coflorescimento. Assim, pode-se inferir que a polinização em Psychotria demanda polinizadores generalistas. Pelo fato das espécies de Psychotria ocorrerem em simpatria, possuírem floração sobreposta e interações assimétricas com visitantes florais, é possível que estejam envolvidas em um processo de facilitação na polinização. Já o segundo artigo objetivou averiguar se quatro populações simpátricas de Psychotria, em cofloração, apresentaram partilha de polinizadores e sobreposição de nicho na polinização. Além disso, objetivou verificar se existe sincronia entre as populações vegetais e destas com comunidade de polinizadores. Foi encontrada uma dupla sincronia nesse sistema, sendo a primeira na intensidade de floração entres as populações de Psychotria e a segunda no aumento da abundância de flores e de polinizadores. As espécies de Psychotria apresentaram partilha fundamental do nicho da polinização e com reflexo positivo no sucesso reprodutivo. No entanto, verificamos que a partilha de polinizadores não pode ser generalizada a todo o sistema, mas sim a módulos ou pares de espécies. Dessa forma, cada espécie de Psychotria possui uma ou mais espécies preferencias para partilha de polinizadores e que nem sempre essa relação é reciproca. Isso reforça que as interações entre as plantas são assimétricas.

Insect pollinators provide indispensible ecosystem services for agricultural, natural and urban ecosystems, and have been declining drastically around the globe. These declines are largely due to fragmentation and loss of habitat resulting from urbanization and intensification of agriculture, and raise concerns over global food security. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of urbanization on abundance, species richness and diversity of insect pollinators, and whether urban environments have potential as sites for conservation. Cities are highly heterogeneous environments with ample foraging and nesting opportunities and can house an abundance and diversity of pollinators. Urban environments can serve as refuges for many pollinator species. Effective city planning and mixed conservation strategies can help to promote healthy populations of insect pollinators in urban environments, which can help to stabilize populations in rural settings, thereby ensuring pollination services for agriculture and terrestrial ecosystems. / Pollinerande insekter (pollinatörer) bidrar med oumbärliga ekosystemtjänster till jordbruk och naturliga och urbana ekosystem, och de har minskat drastiskt i antal runt hela jorden. Dessa nedgångar orsakas till största del av habitatförstöring och -fragmentering, och väcker oro över den globala matsäkerheten. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka hur urbanisering påverkar abundans, artrikedom och biodiversitet hos pollinatörer, samt om urbana miljöer har potential som platser för bevarande av pollinatörer. Städer är mycket heterogena områden med gott om matresurser och boplatser, och kan husera en mångfald av pollinatörer. Urbana miljöer lämpar sig bra som platser för bevarande av pollinatörer. Med effektiv stadsplanering och en blandning av olika bevarandestrategier kan städer uppehålla hälsosamma populationer av pollinatörer. Detta kan hjälpa till att stabilisera populationer på landsbygden och därmed säkerställa pollinationstjänster till såväl jordbruk som naturliga terrestra ekosystem.