Bakgrund: Ofrivillig barnlöshet innebär en oförmåga att uppnå en graviditet inom ett års tid med oskyddat samlag. En av de vanligaste orsakerna till ofrivillig barnlöshet är ovulationsrubbningar där syndromet polycystiskt ovarialsyndrom är den vanligaste. De som drabbas av infertilitet hamnar oftast i en livskris som pågår under flera år och kräver därav olika insatser från sjukvården. Det finns även en koppling mellan psykisk ohälsa och stressen kring att inte uppnå en graviditet. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva kvinnors erfarenheter av att leva med Infertilitet orsakat av polycystiskt ovarialsyndrom. Metod: En litteraturstudie som inkluderar elva originalartiklar. Data analyserades med integrerad dataanalys. Resultat: Två kategorier presenteras ”Infertilitetens påverkan på livet” och ”Kvinnornas kontakt med sjukvården”. Under dessa presenteras åtta underkategorier vilka visar att infertilitet orsakat av PCOS bidrar till nedsatt hälsa och livskvalitet.  Slutsats: Det är av vikt med fortsatt forskning för att kunna implementera tydligare riktlinjer kring vård och omvårdnad av denna patientgrupp för minskat lidande. Det krävs ökad kunskap och förståelse hos sjuksköterskan, för att kunna ge en personcentrerad vård vid infertilitet och PCOS. Likaså bör det finnas mer utbildning kring infertilitet och dess orsaker på sjuksköterskeutbildningar för att uppmärksamma detta problem. / Background: Involuntary childlessness means an inability to achieve a pregnancy within one year with unprotected sex. One of the most common causes of involuntary infertility is ovulation disorders, where polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common. Those who suffer from infertility usually end up in a life crisis that lasts for several years and therefore requires different interventions from the healthcare system. There is also a connection between mental illness and the stress of not achieving a pregnancy.  Aim: The aim of this study is to describe women's experience of living with infertility caused by polycystic ovary syndrome. Method: A literature study that includes eleven original articles. Data were analyzed using integrated data analysis. Result: Two categories are presented: "Infertility's impact on life" and " Women's contact with healthcare". Under these, eight subcategories are presented showing that infertility caused by PCOS contributes to reduced health and quality of life. Conclusion: It is important for continued research to be able to implement clearer guidelines regarding the care and nursing of this patient group for reduced suffering. Increased knowledge and understanding is required for the nurse, to be able to provide person-centred care for infertility and PCOS. Likewise, there should be more education about infertility and its causes in nursing schools to draw attention to this problem.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects a substantial percentage of reproductive-aged females. Diagnosis criteria include irregular ovulation, elevated androgens, and polycystic ovaries. PCOS often presents with metabolic and reproductive symptoms, with insulin resistance being a symptom that exacerbates metabolic issues. Exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention is featured in the literature on management of PCOS. The objective of this thesis is to explore the role of exercising in mitigating insulin resistance in women with PCOS. A search for relevant articles that included different exercise methods such as high intensity training was completed using CINAHL and Medline. High intensity training appears to have a more comprehensive effect on metabolic levels, though other exercises offer benefits. Further research should include large and diverse sample sizes, longer research duration, and focus on defining an optimal exercise guideline for women with PCOS.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder affecting up to 18% of all women, yet only 1.5% have been formally diagnosed. Untreated, PCOS is associated with the early onset of diabetes mellitus type II, heart disease, and cancer. One of the most common clinical symptoms of PCOS is mental health illness. The estimated lifetime prevalence of mental illness in women with PCOS is 80%. Therefore, mental health professionals may be especially poised to screen, refer, and address PCOS in their practices. This study was used to develop a survey tool as well as a brief educational intervention using framing theory to boost PCOS knowledge of diagnostic criteria and clinical symptoms, screening practices, and referrals for PCOS evaluation. The survey assessed mental health providers' knowledge about PCOS, estimates of PCOS prevalence in their practices, and evaluated attitudes about screening for PCOS in order to identify other potential barriers and facilitators to screening. This study was conducted using a randomized, two-group (experimental vs. attention control) design with three measurement periods: pre-intervention, 4-weeks, and 12-weeks. Participants were stratified by whether or not they had medical degrees. One-hundred and sixty three (N=163) participants completed the first survey and were randomized and completed one of the two educational interventions (PCOS related or attention control). Knowledge outcomes included number of correctly identified PCOS diagnostic criteria and clinical symptoms. Behavior outcomes included whether or not participants screened or referred clients for PCOS in the last 3 months. Fourteen attitude measures and two confidence measures were also separately evaluated as potential influencing factors of knowledge and behavior. The study resulted in no change in PCOS knowledge of diagnostic criteria or clinical symptoms or behavior based on intervention assignment in medical professionals; however, baseline knowledge in this group was high. Confidence in PCOS knowledge was associated with screening behavior. The PCOS educational intervention appears to have potential efficacy at increasing non-medical professional clinical symptom knowledge of PCOS (Chi-square(1)=5.341, p=0.021) but did not improve screening or referring behavior. The PCOS intervention resulted in greater confidence in PCOS knowledge in the PCOS intervention group than in the attention control group (p=.003). Framing theory appears to be a promising framework for messaging designed to increase knowledge about PCOS only in non-medical mental health practitioners. Results of this study should be interpreted with caution because sample size goals were not met and there was high attrition among medical mental health practitioners. Future intervention strategies should consider the inherent differences in the type of professional that are targeted (i.e. medical vs. non-medical) and the presence of specific barriers to screening and referral behavior. These strategies should improve upon the intensity of the intervention and the timing of the intervention to occur during provider training (i.e. during residency or early internships) in order to increase screening and referring behaviors for PCOS. / Public Health

Bakgrund Polycystiskt ovarialsyndrom (PCOS) är en hormonell störning hos fertila kvinnor. Den ger symtom som oregelbunden eller utebliven menstruation, övervikt, ökad kroppsbehåring samt risk för infertilitet. Kunskapen är bristfällig både i samhället och bland vårdpersonal. Det är viktigt att öka medvetenheten om PCOS för att erbjuda en personcentrerad vård och förebygga allvarliga hälsoproblem. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelse av att leva med polycystiskt ovarialsyndrom. Metod En litteraturöversikt utifrån tio artiklar från Pubmed samt Cinahl Complete. Alla artiklar var granskade utifrån Fribergs kvalitetgranskningsmall. Resultat Två huvudteman framkom i resultatet. Det första huvudtemat var Kvinnors erfarenheter i mötet med sjukvården och det inkluderade undertemat Bristande kunskap inom hälso- och sjukvården samt Bemötande. Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalen hade bristande kunskap om PCOS vilket ledde till försenade diagnoser och negativt bemötande. Kvinnorna upplevde en frustration och fann stöd i form av stödgrupper och internetinformation. Det andra huvudtemat fokuserade på Kvinnlig identitet med undertemat Övervikt, Hirsutism, Infertilitet och Femininitetsnormer. Dessa teman beskrev kvinnornas erfarenheter av PCOS-symtom och deras jämförelser med andra kvinnor utifrån samhällets normer. De upplevde stigma av symtomen och den emotionella påverkan av dessa symtom ledde till en påtaglig fysisk och psykisk påfrestning på kvinnornas välbefinnande. Slutsats Kvinnor med PCOS behöver utökat stöd av vården för fysiska och psykiska symtom. Ett lidande uppstår av försenade diagnoser och bristande kunskap. / Background Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder in fertile women. It presents symptoms such as irregular or absent menstruation, overweight, increased body hair, and a risk of infertility. Knowledge is deficient both in society and among healthcare professionals. It is crucial to raise awareness about PCOS to provide person-centered care and prevent serious health issues. Aim The aim was to describe women's experiences of living with polycystic ovary syndrome. Method A literature review based on ten articles from PubMed and Cinahl Complete. All articles were reviewed according to Friberg's quality assessment template. Results Two main themes emerged in the results. The first main theme was Women's experiences in the encounter with healthcare, and it included the subthemes Lack of knowledge in healthcare and Interaction. Caregivers lacked knowledge about PCOS, leading to delayed diagnoses and negative treatment. Women experienced frustration and found support in the form of support groups and online information. The second main theme focused on Female identity with subthemes of Overweight, Hirsutism, Infertility, and Femininity norms. These themes described women's experiences of PCOS symptoms and their comparisons with other women based on societal norms. They faced stigma related to their symptoms and the emotional impact of these symptoms resulted in a significant physical and psychological strain on women's well-being. Conclusions Women with PCOS need expanded support from healthcare for their physical and psychological symptoms. Suffering arises from delayed diagnoses and a lack of knowledge from healthcare providers.

Autosomal dominant polycystic disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary renal disease and is characterized by renal cyst growth and enlargement. Hypertension occurs early when renal function is normal and is characterized by decreased renal blood flow. Accordingly, the measurement of blood flow in the renal arteries can be a valuable tool in evaluating disease progression. In studies performed in conjunction with this work, blood flow was measured through the renal arteries using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In order to validate these in vivo measurements, a vascular phantom was created using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and also scanned using MRI under controlled steady flow conditions. Ranges of vessel diameters and flow velocities were used to simulate actual flow in a normal and diseased population of adults and children. With the vessel diameters studied in this experiment, minimization of field of view and an increase in spatial resolution is important in obtaining accurate data. However, a significant difference does not exist between the results when using the 160 or 200 mm FOV. An increase in the number of phase encodings provides improved results, although an increase in image acquisition time is observed. Velocity-encoding in all three orthogonal directions does not improve image data. This method of using MRI to measure flow through a vessel is shown to be both accurate and reproducible, and the protocol providing the most correct results is prescribed. Breath-hold phase-velocity encoded MRI proves to be an accurate and reproducible technique in capturing flow and has the potential to be used for the purpose of observing hemodynamic changes in the renal arteries with the progression of ADPKD.