This work compares and evaluates several math's textbooks for secondary school where we can find schoolwork from plane geometry. The aim of this work is drawing the main advantages and disadvantages of those textbooks, evaluating whether all textbooks contain themes which are required by School Curriculum and interpretation of a questionnaire survey among teachers of mathematics. In the last chapter, it is described how a new ideal textbook of plane geometry wouldlook like. Those were taken on the grounds of gained information from my questionnaire survey. Themes which cannot be found in compared textbooks for secondary schools are a part of recently made textbook since it is not necessary to know any new terms for their understanding. Key words: geometry, teaching geometry, textbooks, polygon, circle

Este trabalho trata da proposta de um processo de otimização para o problema do posicionamento rotacional e translacional de formas irregulares em recipientes de dimensões fixas baseado em heurísticas probabilísticas sem o uso de penalização externa. Para tanto, é empregado o polígono de obstrução, acoplado a uma heurística baseada no Recozimento Simulado. O comportamento discreto da função custo em problemas com recipientes de dimensões limitadas foi mitigado através de uma heurística de \"desempate\", que busca diferenciar soluções com valores idênticos através de uma estimativa de quão próxima está uma determinada solução de conseguir encaixar uma forma não-encaixada em seu leiaute. A comparação de resultados deste trabalho com resultados publicados na literatura comprova a validade da abordagem aqui adotada. / This work deals with the proposal of an optimization process for the packing problem with free translations and rotations of irregular shapes on containers with limited dimensions based on probabilistic heuristics without use of extern penalty techniques. For such, the no-fit polygon is used, coupled with an heuristic based on Simulated Annealing. The discrete behavior of the objective function in problems with limited containers is mitigated by a \"tie breaker\" heuristic that sorts solutions with identical values by estimating how close a given solution is of fitting an unplaced shape on its layout. The comparison of these work\'s results with results published on the literature validates the approach here adopted.

Este trabalho trata da proposta de um processo de otimização para o problema do posicionamento rotacional e translacional de formas irregulares em recipientes de dimensões fixas baseado em heurísticas probabilísticas sem o uso de penalização externa. Para tanto, é empregado o polígono de obstrução, acoplado a uma heurística baseada no Recozimento Simulado. O comportamento discreto da função custo em problemas com recipientes de dimensões limitadas foi mitigado através de uma heurística de \"desempate\", que busca diferenciar soluções com valores idênticos através de uma estimativa de quão próxima está uma determinada solução de conseguir encaixar uma forma não-encaixada em seu leiaute. A comparação de resultados deste trabalho com resultados publicados na literatura comprova a validade da abordagem aqui adotada. / This work deals with the proposal of an optimization process for the packing problem with free translations and rotations of irregular shapes on containers with limited dimensions based on probabilistic heuristics without use of extern penalty techniques. For such, the no-fit polygon is used, coupled with an heuristic based on Simulated Annealing. The discrete behavior of the objective function in problems with limited containers is mitigated by a \"tie breaker\" heuristic that sorts solutions with identical values by estimating how close a given solution is of fitting an unplaced shape on its layout. The comparison of these work\'s results with results published on the literature validates the approach here adopted.

Orientador: Rawlilson de Oliveira Araújo / Resumo: O presente trabalho trata das semelhanças de segmentos e figuras geométricas, em especial o triângulo. Iremos demonstrar alguns teoremas "famosos" utilizados na resolução de problemas que envolvem semelhanças, e outros que são desconhecidos para os jovens do ensino básico tais como Teorema de Ceva, Triângulo medial e a linha de Euler e Triângulos Pedal mas que têm a sua importância na matemática. / Abstract: The present work deals with the similarities of segments and geometric figures, especially the triangle. We will demonstrate some "famous" theorems used to solve problems involving similarities, and others that are unknown to the youngsters of elementary education such as Ceva Theorem, Medial Triangle and Euler aligns and Pedal Triangles but which have their importance in mathematics. / Mestre

<p>Creating three dimensional hair is still one of the hardest elements when creating characters. Problems occur because of the constant changes in the software every few years. A major goal is to create as realistic hair as possible in Autodesk Maya and to supply this detailed information on to other 3D artist. Techniques are researched and reviewed on how different hair systems are created, as well as how dynamic effects react on the moving hair.</p>

Freshwater ostracods (crustacea, ostracoda) are sensitive to environmental conditions, and are widely used as biological indicators for past and present environmental changes. The abundance and diversity of ostracods from permafrost areas is currently documented in scattered records with incomplete ecological characterizations. The objectives of the thesis were to determine the taxonomic and ecological range of ostracod assemblages and their habitat conditions in polygon ponds in different landscape units of the Indigirka Lowland (north-east Siberia, Russia). A monitoring approach focused seasonal meteorological and limnological variability of a selected pond site, its ostracod population dynamics, and the geochemical properties of ostracod valve calcite. Shallow, well-oxygenated, and dilute ponds with slightly acidic to circumneutral pH hosted an abundant and diverse ostracod fauna. A total of 4849 identified ostracods from eight species and three taxa represent the first record of the ostracod fauna in the Indigirka Lowland. Fabaeformiscandona krochini and Fabaeformiscandona groenlandica were documented for the first time in continental Siberia. Fabaeformiscandona sp. I and Fabaeformiscandona sp. II were newly found taxa holding a strong indicative potential for hydrochemical parameters. Repeated sampling of a typical low-center polygon pond revealed detailed insights in the population dynamics of Fabaeformiscandona pedata and its reproduction strategy. Substrate properties, physical and hydrochemical conditions in the studied ponds offered largely homogeneous habitats across different landscape units and pond types to ostracods. River flooding and differences in morphology between pond types resulted in variations in sediment, vegetation, hydrochemical and stable water isotope composition of the ponds. Ponds in the river floodplain and intrapolygon ponds hosted the most diverse ostracod fauna while species diversity was lowest in thaw lakes. Air temperature and precipitation were identified as the main external drivers of water temperatures, water levels, ion concentrations, and stable water isotope composition in small periglacial waters on diurnal and seasonal scales. Ostracod valve calcite recorded seasonal variations in stable oxygen isotopes of the ambient waters, but needs to be interpreted carefully with regard to species-specific background knowledge. / POLYGON - Polygons in tundra wetlands: state and dynamics under climate variability in polar regions

Turning and milling are the main manufacturing techniques in industry. A great deal of time and money is spent for machining operations. Although most of the time, the tool path of a CNC machine tool is generated by a Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) software package, to be sure that the result of the machining operation will be as required, it is necessary to use a simulation software. There are various machining simulation software packages available in the market. However, they are not only expensive, but also specialized for only one of the before mentioned machining techniques. Most of the companies in the industry are small or medium scale ones and, it is not so easy for them to afford a specialized simulation software for that purpose. In this thesis, it is aimed to develop a software package, which will be used to simulate advanced industrial machining processes, including turning and milling. Dexelmodeling, which is generated by ray casting, and sweep plane algorithm withpolygon clipping technique are used forvisualization. For polygon clipping technique, outer surfaces of the resultant workpiece are generated from planar contours. The software is developed in C# programming language and DirectX libraries are utilizedfor visualization purposes. With the aid of this software, it is also aimed to visually confirm the validity of both mill and lathe NC-code, by representing highly accurate 3D displayed results of these simulations.

Det här kandidatarbetet undersöker en grafikers arbete i en mindre produktion. Målet är att ge en bättre förståelse inom det grafiska hantverket. För att undersöka problemområdet väljer vi att tillämpa deltagande aktionsforskning och sätta den i en kontext till en spelproduktion. I texten kommer det att presenteras tre praktiska exempel som behandlar problematiska situationer för 3D-grafiker. Undersökningen beskriver hur personliga uttryck växer fram när svåra situationer tvingar en till att utforska sitt hantverk.

The initial attempt was to find efficient technique to identify shadow plylgons in the shadow-volume based shadow generation algorithm. It was observed that shadows correspond to loops of ridge edges (REs). By identifying all the non-overlapping RE loops of a 3D object, one finds all the shadow polygons and, consequently, all the shadows it generates on other objects as well as shadows it generates on itself. This, however, requires extensive edge-edge intersection tests.It was subsequently realized that by storing the angular representations of the RE looks in a look up table, one can avoid the need of decomposing RE loops into non-overlapping loops and, consequently, the need of performation extensive edge-edge intersection tests. Actually, by building the look up table in a way similar to the bucket-sorted edge table of the standard scan-line method, one can use the table in the scan conversion process to mark the pixels that are in shadow directly, without the need of performing any ray-polygon intersection tests as required in the shadow-volume based shadow generation algorithm. Hence, one gets a new shadow generation technique without the need of performing expensive tests.

This study examined how variables related to habitat cover types can affect the positional accuracy of Global Positioning System (GPS) data and, subsequently, how wildlife home range analysis can be influenced when utilizing this inaccurate data. This study focused on measuring GPS accuracy relative to five habitat variables: open canopy, sparse canopy, dense canopy, open water, and building proximity. The study took place in Hillsborough County, in residential areas that contain all of these habitat types. Five GPS devices, designed for wildlife tracking purposes, were used to collect the data needed for this study. GPS data was collected under the aforementioned scenarios in order to induce error into the data sets. Each data set was defined as a 1-hour data collecting period, with a fix rate of 60 seconds, which resulted in 60 points per sample. The samples were analyzed to determine the magnitude of effect the five variables have on the positional accuracy of the data. Thirty samples were collected for each of the following scenarios: (1) open grassland with uninhibited canopy closure, (2) sparse vegetation canopy closure, (3) dense vegetation canopy closure, (4) close proximity to buildings (<2 m), and (5) open water with uninhibited canopy closure. Then, GPS errors (in terms of mean and maximum distance from the mean center of each sample) were calculated for each sample using a geographic information system (GIS). Confidence intervals were calculated for each scenario in order to evaluate and compare the levels of error. Finally, this data was used to assess the effect of positional uncertainty on home range estimation through the use of a minimum convex polygon home range estimation technique. Open grassland and open water cover types were found to introduce the least amount of positional uncertainty into the data sets. The sparse coverage cover type introduces a higher degree of error into data sets, while the dense coverage and building proximity cover types introduce the greatest amount of positional uncertainty into the data sets. When used to create minimum convex polygon home range estimates, these data sets show that the home range estimates are significantly larger when the positional error is unaccounted for as opposed to when it is factored into the home range estimate.