CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / No presente trabalho, uma fraÃÃo polissacarÃdica sulfatada obtida da alga marinha Acanthophora muscoides (AmII) foi avaliada atravÃs de modelos de nocicepÃÃo e inflamaÃÃo. A toxicidade sistÃmica dos polissacarÃdeos sulfatados totais tambÃm foi analisada. A atividade antinociceptiva foi avaliada atravÃs dos ensaios de contorÃÃes abdominais induzidas por Ãcido acÃtico, teste da formalina e da placa quente. Camundongos Swiss machos foram tratados com AmII (1, 3 ou 9 mg/kg; i.v.) 30 min antes de receber injeÃÃo de Ãcido acÃtico 0,8% ou formalina 1% ou antes da exposiÃÃo a um estÃmulo tÃrmico. AmII reduziu significativamente o nÃmero de contorÃÃes abdominais induzidas por Ãcido acÃtico e o tempo lambedura da pata na segunda fase do teste da formalina. No teste da placa quente, AmII nÃo prolongou o tempo de reaÃÃo dos animais. A atividade antiinflamatÃria foi avaliada atravÃs do ensaio de migraÃÃo de cÃlulas atravÃs da cavidade peritoneal induzida por carragenana (700 μg/ cavidade) e dos ensaios de edema de pata induzidos por carragenana (500 μg/pata) ou por dextrano (400 μg/pata). Ratos Wistar foram tratados com AmII (1, 3 ou 9 mg/kg; s.c.) 60 min antes do estÃmulo inflamatÃrio. AmII reduziu significativamente a migraÃÃo de neutrÃfilos atravÃs da cavidade peritoneal. No ensaio do edema de pata induzido por carragenana, AmII nÃo reduziu a formaÃÃo do edema e a migraÃÃo neutrofÃlica, analisada atravÃs da determinaÃÃo dos nÃveis teciduais de mieloperoxidase. Entretanto, AmII inibiu o edema de pata induzido por dextrano no primeiro intervalo analisado. Adicionalmente, quando AmII (500 μg) foi injetada (s.c.) na pata, para verificar um possÃvel efeito edematogÃnico, nÃo foi observado edema. No ensaio de toxicidade subcrÃnica, camundongos foram tratados diariamente durante 14 dias com os polissacarÃdeos sulfatados totais de A. muscoides (20 mg/kg; i.p.). Sinais consistentes de dano sistÃmico nÃo foram observados, conforme revelado pela avaliaÃÃo do peso corporal e dos ÃrgÃos fÃgado, rim, coraÃÃo, baÃo, timo, e linfonodo e das anÃlises bioquÃmicas, hematolÃgicas e histopatolÃgicas. Como conclusÃo, a fraÃÃo AmII possui propriedades antinociceptiva e antiinflamatÃria e representa um potecial agente terapÃutico, justificando estudos futuros. / Herein, a sulfated polysaccharidic fraction obtained from the marine alga Acanthophora muscoides (AmII) was evaluated using models of nociception and inflammation. The systemic toxicity of the total sulfated polysaccharides was also assessed. The antinociceptive properties were assayed using the writhing test induced by acetic acid, the formalin and the hot plate test. Swiss mice were treated with AmII (1, 3 or 9 mg/kg; i.v.) 30 min prior to either receiving an injection of 0.8% acetic acid or 1% formalin or prior to a thermal stimulus. AmII reduced the number of acetic acid-induced writhes and licking time in the second phase of the formalin test, but it did not alter the response latency in the hot plate test. The anti-inflammatory properties were assayed using the carrageenan-induced neutrophil migration into the peritoneal cavity and carrageenan- or dextran-induced paw edema models. Wistar rats were treated with AmII (1, 3 or 9 mg/kg; s.c.) 60 min prior to inflammatory stimuli. AmII reduced significantly the neutrophil migration into the peritoneal cavity. In the carrageenan-induced paw edema, AmII did not reduce the edema formation or the neutrophil migration, as assessed by the determination of myeloperoxidase levels in the paw tissue. However, AmII reduced dextran-induced paw edema during the first interval analysed. Furthermore, when AmII (500 μg) was injected (s.c.) into the paw, to verify a possible edematogenic effect, no edema was observed. Additionally, when mice were treated with the total sulfated polysaccharides from A. muscoides (20 mg/kg; i.p.) for 14 days, no consistent signs of systemic damage were observed, as revealed by body weight, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, thymus and lymph node wet weight and by biochemical, hematological and histopathological analyses. In conclusion, AmII has antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties and represents a potencial therapeutic agent warranting future studies.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / As algas marinhas sÃo fontes naturais de polissacarÃdeos sulfatados detentores de diversas atividades biolÃgicas (anticoagulante, antitrombÃtica, antinociceptiva, antiinflamatÃria etc) e que exibem mÃnimos efeitos tÃxicos, sendo considerados de grande interesse para as indÃstrias farmacÃuticas e alimentÃcias. O presente trabalho teve como finalidade avaliar os efeitos dos polissacarÃdeos sulfatados totais (PST) da alga marinha vermelha Gracilaria cornea (Gc) em modelos clÃssicos de experimentaÃÃo animal nos ensaios de nocicepÃÃo e inflamaÃÃo aguda. Foram utilizados camundongos Swiss machos (18-25g) e ratos Wistar machos (120-260g). O rendimento de PST-Gc obtidos da extraÃÃo por digestÃo enzimÃtica (6 h; 60ÂC) foi 16,75  0,98%. Os PST-Gc mostraram-se capazes de reduzir (p<0,05) o nÃmero de contorÃÃes abdominais induzidas por Ãcido acÃtico (0,8%) em 66,2; 65,3 e 96,3% para as doses 3, 9 e 27 mg kg-1 (i.v.), respectivamente). No teste de formalina, os PST-Gc inibiram (p<0,05) o tempo de lambedura em ambas as fases do teste (56,1 e 93,2%-primeira fase; 88,2 e 98,0%-segunda fase para as doses 9 e 27 mg kg-1 (i.v.), respectivamente), enquanto a dose de 3 mg kg-1 mostrou efeito apenas na segunda fase do ensaio. No teste da placa quente, o efeito antinociceptivo dos PST-Gc foi observado apenas no tratamento com a dose de 27 mg kg-1 (i.v.). Estes resultados sugerem que os efeitos analgÃsicos das diferentes doses dos PST-Gc ocorram por mecanismo de aÃÃo central e perifÃrica. O modelo de peritonite demonstrou que os PST-Gc reduziu a migraÃÃo de leucÃcitos totais em 52,7%) e de neutrÃfilos em 59% na dose de 3 mg kg-1 (s.c.). Por outro lado, as doses (3 e 9 mg kg-1; s.c.) inibiram o edema de pata induzido por carragenana, especialmente na terceira hora, sendo os efeitos confirmados pela atividade de MPO no tecido da pata (p<0,05), alÃm da reduÃÃo (p<0,05) do edema de pata induzido por dextrana no intervalo de 30min e na primeira hora em todas as doses testadas. Finalmente, ensaio de toxicidade subcrÃnica foi realizado em grupos de 6 camundongos (machos), os quais receberam: Salina (0,15 M; i.p.) e PST-Gc (9mg kg-1; i.p.), durante 14 dias consecutivos. Os resultados mostraram que as administraÃÃes dos PST-Gc nÃo traduziram diferenÃas em termos de massa corpÃrea (p>0,05). Adicionalmente, os PST nÃo proporcionaram alteraÃÃes no peso dos ÃrgÃos (coraÃÃo, fÃgado, rim, baÃo e timo) em relaÃÃo à massa corpÃrea dos animais, exceÃÃo ao baÃo (p<0,05), sugerindo uma propriedade de funÃÃo imunomoduladora. Nenhuma alteraÃÃo hepÃtica pelas dosagens bioquÃmicas (TGO e TGP) ou renal tambÃm foi observada (p>0,05), ou sobre os parÃmetros hematolÃgicos (hemÃcias, hemoglobina, hematÃcrito, VCM, HGM, CHCM, leucÃcitos, linfÃcitos, monÃcitos, neutrÃfilos e plaquetas) considerados, exceÃÃo da hemoglobina (p<0,05). Portanto, a alga marinha vermelha Gracilaria cornea apresenta polissacarÃdeos sulfatados seguros e detentores de atividades antinociceptiva e antiinflamatÃria. / Marine algae are natural sources of sulfated polysaccharides possessing several biological activities (anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory etc.) and that exhibit minimal toxicity and are considered of great interest to the pharmaceutical and food industries. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of sulfated polysaccharides total (SPT) from the red seaweed Gracilaria cornea (Gc) in classical models of animal experimentation. Swiss mice male (18-25g) and male Wistar rats (120-260g) in nociception and acute inflammation assays were used. The SPT-Gc yield extraction obtained by enzymatic digestion (6 h, 60  C) was 16.75  0.98%. The SPT-GC was able to reduce (p<0.05) the number of writhing induced by 0.8% acetic acid (66.2, 65.3 and 96.3% for 3, 9 and 27 mg kg-1 (i.v.), respectively). In formalin test, the SPT-Gc inhibited (p<0.05) licking time in both phases of testing (56.1 and 93.2% first-phase, 88.2 and 98.0% second- phase for 9 and 27 mg kg-1 (i.v.), respectively), whereas the dose 3 mg kg-1 had only effect in the second phase of the trial. In the hot plate test, the antinociceptive effect of SPT-Gc were seen only in treatment with 27 mg kg-1 (i.v.). These tests in mice suggest that the analgesic effects occur through mechanism of action of central and peripheral. The model of peritonitis demonstrated that SPT-Gc exert effects on the migration of total leukocytes (52.7%) and neutrophils (59%) at a dose of 3 mg kg-1 (s.c.). On the other hand, the doses (3 and 9 mg kg-1, s.c.) appear able to inhibit the paw edema induced by carrageenan, particularly at the third hour, with the effects confirmed by MPO activity in paw tissue (p<0.05) and the occasional reduction (p<0.05) of paw edema of mice induced by dextran in the first hour at all doses tested. Finally, subchronic toxicity test was conducted in groups of 6 mice (males), which received: Saline (0.15 M, i.p.) and SPT-Gc (9 mg kg-1, i.p.) for 14 consecutive days. The results showed that the administrations of SPT-Gc did not show to differences in body mass (p>0.05). Additionally, the SPT did not produce changes in organ weights (heart, liver, kidney, spleen and thymus) in relation to body mass of animals, except the spleen (p<0.05), suggesting an immunomodulatory property. No change for liver biochemical tests (AST and ALT) or renal function was also observed (p>0.05), or on the hematological parameters (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, HGM, MCHC, leucocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and platelets) considered, except hemoglobin (p<0.05). Therefore, the red seaweed Gracilaria cornea sulfated polysaccharides present security and antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da Terapia Fotodinâmica Antimicrobiana (aPDT) com a utilização de azul de metileno a 0,01%, combinado ao laser de diodo, na viabilidade e na produção de polissacarídeos, de biofilmes de S. mutans. Biofilmes de cepas de S. mutans UA159 foram cultivados em discos de resina acrílica e expostos oito vezes por dia, durante 1 min, à solução de sacarose a 10%. Após 48 horas da formação do biofilme, as amostras foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em relação aos tratamentos (n=4): aplicação de solução salina a 0,9% (controle negativo), aplicação de 0,12% de digluconato de clorexidina (controle positivo), ou aplicação da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana. Para aplicação da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana, foi utilizado azul de metileno a 0,01%, combinado ao laser de diodo com comprimento de onda de 660 nm. Foram usados os seguintes parâmetros: área da secção transversal do feixe de laser 0,028 cm&sup2;, potência de 100 mW, energia de 9J, densidade de energia de 320J/cm&sup2;, durante 90s. Os tratamentos foram realizados duas vezes ao dia. Após 120 h, os biofilmes de S. mutans formados sobre cada disco de resina acrílica foram coletados, de modo a determinar o número de bactérias viáveis e a concentração do polissacarídeo extracelular insolúvel (PECI) e do polissacarídeo intracelular (PIC). A análise variância um critério (ANOVA) e o teste de Tukey revelaram que as contagens das bactérias nos biofilmes formados foram significativamente diferentes entre os tratamentos. A aPDT mostrou inibição do crescimento do biofilme, quando comparado ao grupo do NaCl (p<0,05). A concentração de PECI e PIC foi maior no biofilme exposto ao NaCl do que a encontrada nos outros grupos (p<0,05) e não foi observada diferença significativa entre os grupos digluconato de clorexidina e aPDT (p>0,05). De acordo com as condições experimentais do presente estudo, sugere-se que o tratamento realizado duas vezes ao dia com aPDT utilizando-se azul de metileno a 0,01%, combinado ao laser de diodo (&lambda; = 660 nm; 320 J/cm&sup2;; 100 mW; 90s; 9J), diminui a viabilidade do biofilme e afeta sua organização estrutural. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) using methylene blue 0.01% combined with diode laser on biofilm viability and polysaccharides produced by Streptococcus mutans. S. mutans UA 159 biofilms were grown on acrylic resin discs and exposed eight times/day for 1 min in a 10% sucrose solution. After the biofilms were allowed to grow for 48 h, they were treated two times/day according to the treatments (n=4): 0.9% saline solution (negative control), 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconato (positive control) or Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT). For the application of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy has been used methylene blue 0.01% in combination with the diode laser with 660 nm wavelength. The parameters adopted were: spot size of 0.028 cm&sup2;, fixed output power of 100 mW, energy density of 320 J/cm&sup2;, time exposure of 90 s and energy of 9 J. Treatments were performed twice daily. After 120 h of growth, the biofilm formed on each disc was collected to determine the number of viable bacteria, and concentration of the insoluble exopolysaccharide (IEPS) and intracellular polysaccharide (IPS). The analysis of variance one-way (ANOVA) and Tukey test revealed that the counts of bacteria in the biofilms formed differ significantly among the treatments and aPDT showed biofilm inhibition when compared to NaCl group (p<0.05). The concentration of IEPS and IPS was higher in biofilm exposed to NaCl than that found in the other groups (p<0.05) and no significant difference was observed among CHX and aPDT groups (p>0.05). According to experimental conditions of the present work, the results suggest that a twice-daily treatment with aPDT using methylene blue 0.01% in combination with the diode laser (&lambda;=660 nm, 320 J/cm&sup2;, 100 mW, 90 s; 9J) decreases biofilm viability and affects its structural organization.

Esta tese apresenta o estudo inédito da obtenção e caracterização de filmes finos de xiloglucanas obtidas de duas fontes diferentes, Hymenaea courbaril (HXG) e Tamarindus indica (TXG) sobre lâminas de Si/SiO2 e lâminas modificadas com grupos amino, assim como a aplicação desses filmes na imobilização da lectina concanavalina A (Con A) por medidas de elipsometria e microscopia de força atômica (AFM). A diferença na estrutura fina de cada XG influenciou na espessura e morfologia de seus filmes finos. Os oligômeros XXXXG presentes apenas na HXG favorecem as interações com a superfície, assim como já observado para interação entre XG-celulose [Lima e Buckeridge, 2001]. A imobilização de Con A foi realizada sobre filmes de carboximetilcelulose (CMC) de HXG, TXG e poli(metacrilato de metila) (PMMA), lâminas de Si/SiO2 e partículas poliméricas decoradas com polissacarídeo PMMA/CMC. A adsorção de Con A foi mais pronunciada sobre os filmes de CMC. As camadas de Con A formadas sobre HXG e TXG apresentam potencial utilização no reconhecimento e detecção de carboidratos para desenvolvimento de diagnósticos para algumas doenças, por não comprometerem o sítio de ligação específica da lectina na adsorção. No caso das partículas PMMA/CMC cobertas com uma camada de Con A, a alta estabilidade coloidal do sistema confere às partículas a possibilidade de explorar a propriedade de aglutinação específica da lectina no reconhecimento de carboidratos. A enzima hexoquinase (HK) foi imobilizada sobre dois diferentes tipos de partículas poliméricas decoradas com polissacarídeo, PMMA/CMC e poliestireno/quitosana (PS/CH). Na primeira, HK perdeu drasticamente sua atividade catalítica, ao contrário do observado quando a mesma enzima foi imobilizada sobre PS/CH, onde a HK manteve aproximadamente 50% de sua atividade enzimática, podendo ser armazenada em temperatura e pressão ambientes por 1 mês e ser reutilizada até 3 vezes. A estrutura da camada de hidratação e a composição química de cada um dos polissacarídeos (CMC ou CH) na superfície das partículas são diferentes, provocando diferenças na conformação das moléculas de HK quando imobilizadas sobre cada tipo de partícula. Medidas de forças de adesão utilizando as partículas poliméricas coladas na extremidade de cantilevers de AFM (Colloidal Probe Technique) permitiram medir as espessuras dessas camadas hidratadas de polissacarídeos nas superfícies das partículas PMMA/CMC e PS/CH, da ordem de (20 &#177; 10) nm e (35 &#177; 11) nm, respectivamente. Essas medidas de força também evidenciaram o potencial dos dois sistemas estudados (PMMA/CMC - Con A e PS/CH - HK) como métodos qualitativos para a detecção dos açúcares manose, glicose e frutose. / This thesis presents the study on thin film formation and characterization of xyloglucans extracted from two different sources, Hymenaea courbaril (HXG) and Tamarindus indica (TXG) onto Si/SiO2 wafers or amino-terminated wafers, as well as the application of these films as substrates for the immobilization of the lectin concanavalin A (Con A) by means of ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The difference in the fine structure of each XG exerted influence on film thickness and morphology. The oligomers XXXXG present only in HXG favor the interactions with the surfaces, as already observed for the interaction between XG-cellulose [Lima and Buckeridge, 2001]. Con A was immobilized onto films of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), HXG, TXG and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Si/SiO2 wafers and on polysaccharide decorated polymeric particles PMMA/CMC. The adsorption of Con A was more pronounced on CMC films. Con A layers formed on HXG and TXG present potential application in the recognition and detection of carbohydrates for diagnostic development, once the specific sugar binding site is not involved in the adsorption process. In the case of polymeric particles PMMA/CMC covered with a Con A layer, the high colloidal stability of the system confers to particles the possibility to explore the lectin property of specific agglutination with carbohydrates. The enzyme hexokinase (HK) was immobilized onto two different types of polysaccharide decorated polymeric particles, PMMA/CMC and polystyrene/chitosan (PS/CH). In the first one, HK drastically lost its catalytic activity. The same enzyme immobilized onto PS/CH kept approximately 50% of its enzymatic activity, even after storing under room temperature and pressure for 1 month. Moreover upon immobilizing HK could be reused up to 3 times. The structure of the hydration layer and the chemical composition due to the presence of each polysaccharide (CMC or CH) on the polymeric particle surface provided different environment, generating differences in the conformation of immobilized molecules of HK on each particle. Measurements of adhesion forces using the polymeric particles glued on the extremity of AFM cantilevers (Colloidal Probe Technique) allowed to measure the thicknesses of these hydrated polysaccharide layers on the surfaces of the PMMA/CMC and PS/CH particles as (20 &#177; 10) nm and (35 &#177; 11) nm, respectively. These force measurements had also evidenced the potential of the two studied systems (PMMA/CMC - Con A and PS/CH - HK) as qualitative methods for detection of the sugars mannose, glucose and fructose.

Orientadores: Lucia Helena Innocentini Mei, Elisa Esposito / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T07:23:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariani_PilarDrummondSampaioCorrea_M.pdf: 4205251 bytes, checksum: 489736fab0d98a4f88502814456a5e50 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A consciência ambiental crescente, somada às políticas de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos, tem impulsionado o desenvolvimento de materiais biodegradáveis par a substituição parcial dos plásticos de origem petroquímica em algumas áreas estratégicas como a de embalagens. No presente trabalho, avaliou-se a biodegrabilidade da blenda de PCL/Amido adipatado em solo, se acordo com a norma ASTM D5988-96 e Anderson et al. (1982); e em meio liquido de acordo com a norma ASTM 6691-01e Mergaert et al. (2000). No teste realizado em solo, a biodegradação foi acompanhada pela determinação da porcentagem de mineralização, através da medida da produção do dióxido de carbono e da perda de massa. O acompanhamento das alterações na cristalinidade da blenda foi feito um ambos os testes através de Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC). Foi verificado que a blenda atingiu 70% de mineralização após 90 dias de incubação no solo. De acordo com a norma ASTM D 6400, esse valor permite concluir que a blenda é biodegradável. Por sua vez, a perda de massa da blenda incubada no solo foi maior do que no meio liquido, mostrando que a biodegradação no solo é bastante eficiente / Abstract: Increasing environmental concens and the waste management policies in the last decade have prompted the use of natural-based biodegradable materials instead od nonbiodegradable petrochemical - basead plastic. The present work it investigated the biodegradation in soil of a PCL/Starch-adipate blend, a natural ¿ based material, according to the ASTM D5988-96 standart and Anderson (1982). Furthermore, it was investigated the biodegradation of this material in liquid medium, according to the ASTM 6691-01 standart and Megaert et al (2000). During the soil tests,the biodegradation was indicated by 'CO IND. 2¿ evolution and mass loss measurements. In the liquid medium, the biodegradation was indicated by mass loss measurements only. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to follow the crystallinity change in samples treated in liquid and solid medium. It wa observed that the blend reached 70% of mineralization after 90 days of soil incubation. According to the ASTM D 6400, this is a strong indication that the blend is biodegradable. The mass loss of blend sample incubated in soil was higher than for the sample incubated in liquid, showing that the biodegradation in soil was very efficient / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

L'objectif de ces travaux est l'élaboration de nouveaux matériaux pour la dépollution des sols. Le principe repose sur l'encapsulation de microorganismes ayant des capacités de bioremédiation dans une matrice hybride et macroporeuse. La matrice employée doit à la fois être compatible avec les microorganismes encapsulés et adaptée à l'application visée en termes de structure et de stabilité dans les sols. Le choix des composants employés, mais également les méthodes de mise en forme utilisées ont une influence significative sur ces deux aspects. Les microorganismes choisis (les bactéries Pseudomonas aeruginosa et Shewanella oneidensis) ont été immobilisés dans une matrice hybride, composée de biopolymère (pectine ou alginate) et de silice. La méthode du freeze-casting a été employée simultanément comme méthode d'encapsulation et comme procédé de mise en forme pour l'obtention d'une structure à porosité orientée. La chimie du sol-gel a été utilisée pour recouvrir cette structure par une couche de silice, tout en assurant la survie des organismes encapsulés grâce à des conditions de synthèse douces. Ce travail de thèse a dans un premier temps permis l'identification de paramètres clés à la fois pour la survie des microorganismes et la structure de la matrice. L'influence de la vitesse de congélation et la composition de la matrice (type de biopolymère, présence d'additifs ¿) ont notamment été étudiés afin d'optimiser le taux de survie des bactéries lors de l'encapsulation. Le comportement de ces matériaux a par la suite été évalué dans un sol de référence, tant du point de vue du vieillissement de la matrice que de l'efficacité en termes de dépollution du sol. / The goal of this work is the elaboration of new materials for soil depollution. The principle consists in the encapsulation of microorganisms with bioremediation capabilities in a hybrid porous matrix. Such matrix must be both compatible with the survival of the encapsulated organisms and suitable for the targeted application in terms of structure and in-soil stability. The choice of the components, as well as the processing techniques have a significant influence on these two aspects. The chosen microorganisms (the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shewanella oneidensis) were immobilized within a hybrid matrix, composed of biopolymer (pectin or alginate) as the organic moiety and silica as the inorganic moiety. The freeze-casting technique was used both as a way to encapsulate the microorganisms and to shape the biopolymer into a structure with an oriented porosity. Sol-gel chemistry was used to coat this structure with a silice layer, while ensuring survival of the encapsulated organisms thanks to mild synthetic conditions. This work allowed for the identification of key parameters both regarding the survival of microorganisms toward encapsulation and the final structure of the matrix. The influence of the freezing rate and of the composition of the matrix (type of biopolymer, presence of additives …) have in particular been investigated as a way to optimize bacterial survival rates upon encapsulation. The behavior of the materials was then assessed in a reference soil, from the point of view of the ageing of the matrix, but also regarding the efficiency of the device for soil depollution.

Les polysaccharides amphiphiles possèdent des propriétés rhéologiques et interfaciales singulières dues aux interactions attractives entres les groupements hydrophobes greffés le long du squelette hydrophile. Leurs propriétés sont modulables suivant certains paramètres bien identifiés (nature des groupements hydrophobes, densité de greffage, etc.). Néanmoins, peu d’études s’intéressent à l’impact de la conformation du squelette sur le comportement de ces systèmes. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de déterminer l’influence de la rigidité du squelette sur les propriétés en solution d’un polysaccharide amphiphile à base de xanthane. En solution, ce polymère peut adopter deux conformations distinctes suivant les conditions opératoires : une forme ordonnée hélicoïdale rigide ou une forme désordonnée de type pelote flexible. Deux protocoles de greffage ont été développés afin de modifier le xanthane sous ces deux formes. Les xanthanes greffés sous forme ordonnée conservent une conformation hélicoïdale rigide, qui gouverne l’organisation globale des macromolécules. Au contraire, pour les polymères greffés sous forme désordonnée, l’organisation des chaînes est principalement contrôlée par les interactions attractives entre les groupements hydrophob / Hydrophobically modified polysaccharides show unusual rheological and interfacial properties in solution due to the self association of hydrophobic entities grafted onto their hydrophilic backbone. Their properties are tunable according to some well known parameters, such as the length of the hydrophobic moieties or the grafting density. However, very few studies deal with the influence of the backbone conformation on the properties of such systems in solution. Therefore, the objective of this work is to determine the impact of the backbone rigidity on the behavior of an amphiphilic polysaccharide based on xanthan. Indeed, in solution, this polymer can adopt two different conformations depending on the experimental conditions: an ordered, rigid helix or a disordered, flexible coil. Hydrophobic moieties have been grafted on xanthan either under its ordered and disordered conformation. Chains modified under the ordered conformation remain ordered and rigid after grafting and the overall properties are controlled by the high rigidity of the polymer backbone. On the contrary, macromolecules grafted under the disordered form show a more flexible conformation in solution. As a result, the organization of these derivatives is mainly controlled by the attractive interactions between the grafted moieties

Masters of Science / Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), which includes potentially fatal conditions such as meningitis, septicaemia and pneumonia poses a threat in children aged <5 years, pneumonia being the leading cause of child mortality worldwide. Even though capsular polysaccharides are the main antigens involved in the immunity to encapsulated bacteria, it was found that in children in that age group, the immune system was unresponsive. Conjugate vaccines however induce immunologic memory and provide long-term protective immunity. Therefore the aim of this project was to develop novel conjugation strategies towards a pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and focuses mainly on the serotypes that are a burden to the African continent. The chemistry involved in developing a conjugate vaccine is of importance beacuse while some polysaccharides contain chemical grouping which can be conveniently utilized for conjugation, many medically important ones require derivatization before they can be coupled to protein. Derivatization of which can be achieved through various strategies, important to note is through hypervalent iodine oxidants. Two hypervalent iodine reagents, O-Methyl substituted-1-hydroxy-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one 1-oxide (Me-IBX)and modified 1-hydroxy-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one 1-oxide (mIBX)were successfully synthesized in preparation for the use in polysaccharide, polyribitol phosphate, (PRP) oxidation. The polysaccharide to be oxidised was first size reduced by microfluidisation to allow maximum oxidation. However, the extent to which oxidisation was achieved was not enough to conjugate the polysaccharide to the protein of preference, Bovine Serum Albumin, (BSA).

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