In Sergipe, when the birth of the republic and its process impacted social relations, the economic scenario previously centered on slave labor turned to wage labor, also due to the decadence of the Sergipe sugar cane culture, together with the end of the slave system. Sugar as the flagship of the Sergipe economy impacted on inner cities such as Laranjeiras and Maruim, which together with Aracaju stood out in the economic, political and cultural scenario. In the midst of these transformations the population also changed its daily life, the city was modernized, urbanization of streets, industries became more present in the state, especially the textile factories, which impacted the way of life of people who saw in these changes opportunities a better life in other cities. The migration of people between cities reflected in demographic censuses showing continued population growth. The women were absorbed by the factories, who in search of cheap labor saw in these subjects a very profitable productive force, and in domestic work, however, they were low-paid and unqualified jobs. Women entered public spaces and places previously occupied mostly by men. It is in this scenario of changes that the present research intends to reveal the life of the black and poor women of the sergipan comarcas. From the criminal processes of the cases of defloramento, we present the daily life of these women in the moment that they activated the justice to defend their honor or of a familiar entity. The crimes as a historical source provide us with information for this work, delimited within the time frame from 1888 to the 1940s, occurring in the cities of Laranjeiras, Maruim and Aracaju, municipalities and capital of Sergipe respectively. From a descriptive and analytical approach, the data were collected specially in the testimonies and in the body of crime, analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively and with the use of tables, in order to draw a profile of the social subjects of this study. The present research also seeks to corroborate with the field of social history raising evidence of the autonomy of black women and their ways of life, even the society imposing a subalternized and objective social role, making their protagonism invisible. / Em Sergipe, o nascer da república e o seu processo impactaram as relações sociais, o cenário econômico enfraquecido, antes centrado na mão-de-obra escrava, se voltava para o trabalho assalariado, decorrência da decadência da cultura canavieira sergipana em conjunto com o fim do sistema escravista. O açúcar enquanto carro chefe da economia sergipana impactava cidades interioranas como Laranjeiras e Maruim, que juntamente com Aracaju se destacavam no cenário econômico, político e cultural. No meio dessas transformações a população também mudava o seu cotidiano, a cidade se modernizava, urbanização de ruas, as indústrias se faziam mais presentes no estado, principalmente as fábricas têxteis, o que impactou o modo de viver das pessoas que viram nessas mudanças oportunidades de uma vida melhor em outras cidades. A migração de pessoas entre as cidades refletiu nos censos demográficos apresentando crescimento contínuo da população. As mulheres foram absorvidas pelas fábricas, que em busca de mão-de-obra barata via nesses sujeitos uma força produtiva muito lucrativa, e no trabalho doméstico, mal remunerado e sem qualificação profissional. As mulheres adentraram em espaços públicos e em lugares antes ocupados em sua maioria por homens. É neste cenário de mudanças que a presente pesquisa pretende descortinar a vida das mulheres negras e pobres das comarcas sergipanas. A partir dos processos crimes dos casos de defloramento, vamos apresentando o cotidiano dessas mulheres no momento que acionavam a justiça para defenderem sua honra ou de um ente familiar. Os processos crimes ocorridos nas cidades de Laranjeiras, Maruim e Aracaju, municípios e capital de Sergipe respectivamente, enquanto fonte histórica nos forneceinformações para este trabalhodelimitado dentro do marco temporal de 1888 até a década de 1940. A partir de uma abordagem descritiva e analítica, os dados foram colhidos especialmente nos testemunhos e no corpo de delito, analisados de forma qualitativamente e quantitativamente e com uso de tabelas, para assim traçar um perfil dos sujeitos sociais deste estudo. A presente pesquisa também busca corroborar com o campo da História social levantando indícios de autonomia das mulheres negras e seus modos de vida, mesmo a sociedade impondo um papel social subalternizado e objetivado, invisibilizando seu protagonismo. / São Cristóvão, SE

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The purpose of this study is to critically explore low-income women's experience as they negotiate post secondary education in community colleges. Three research questions explore the context through which low-income women have entered the college experience, what that experience is like for them, and how the community college experience has impacted their consciousness and view of their futures. This study has significance because poverty is a critical social issue for women, post secondary education is a route out of poverty yet social welfare policy does not support access to education, community colleges have traditionally provided access to education but supports for women have been diminished, and poor women's voices and their own definitions of educational access and success are missing from the public and academic debate of these issues. Past qualitative studies that focus on poor women's experience of college are smaller parts of quantitative studies. Other existing in depth studies have focused on obstacles, persistence, and support systems, or have been studies of special transitional programs formed specifically for welfare eligible women. There is little knowledge of women's experience and sense of self from their perspective as students who are also in poverty. This study uses the research technique of in depth unstructured interviews with eight welfare eligible women student parents in Oregon's Parents as Scholars Program. Six themes emerge from the narrative interviews with the participants that that have implications for educational practice and add to and expand the small body of qualitative work that has been done on the college experiences of low-income women students. / Graduation date: 2012

Recent research suggests that rural people develop a rich array of informal support and exchange among their kin, neighbors and friends. These informal exchanges are argued to develop in response to the weak penetration of formal state structures and capitalist market relations in peripheral regions. This case study of the survival strategies of low income rural mothers who live in Quebec village demonstrates that these mothers' avenues for economic and social integration are restricted by the formal and informal sectors which constitute and reinforce one another. First, an extensive data and document analysis of the Quebec pronatalist and welfare policies reveals that they fail to provide low income rural women access to appropriate training and education, to transportation and adequately subsidized child care, or to secure jobs. This restricts these women's integration into formal or informal systems of support and exchange. The second section draws on interviews with 20 community leaders and on two years of participant observation. Contrary to the literature which suggests that extensive informal ties promote socially and economically inclusive rural communities, this case study reveals that centralized state development policies limit local community initiative and independence. Hence, community effort to aid low income families are limited to charity which does not fundamentally alter these families' marginal position. The third section draws on semi-structured interviews with 20 low income single and married (or common-law) mothers. Comparing the single and married mothers' strategies reveals that studies of the rural informal sector have narrowly defined the sector, by excluding unpaid domestic and child care work. It is shown that the married mother's strategy to stay in the home is a viable one because she alone performs the unpaid work of the home. This results in her isolation in the domestic sphere. For the single mothers who seek paid work, the gende

The aim of this oral history study is to explore the ways in which constructions of gender have brought women to the point where they now bear most of the burden of responsibility in their relationships with men and for the wellbeing of children. This study speaks into the gap of the undocumented history of women's lived experience as told by women themselves. It is a generational study which charts the transformations and coping strategies of women in Xhosa households since the 1940s. The study found that the familial burdens related to women's sexuality and fertility, raising of children and financial responsibilities in a time of HIV / AIDS have increased. Teenage pregnancies, the discipline of children, HIV / AIDS and the ever present aspects of poverty are major issues these women face. The stress of day to day demands on their lives precluded them the opportunity to reflect on the underlying causes and historical roots of their circumstances. Little understanding of the gendered order of their lives was expressed by the respondents. The use of feminist methodology authenticated the women's stories as they produced knowledge of their lived experience. The interview questions raised awareness of the gender bias underlying much of their struggles at home. / KMBT_363 / Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in

A tese ora apresentada procura discutir, a partir da análise de contratos de trabalho, artigos de jornal e, principalmente, autos produzidos no âmbito do Juízo de Órfãos da cidade de São Paulo, as condições de agenciamento e trabalho de menores de idade e suas alterações, ao longo do século XIX notadamente em sua segunda metade, diante da aproximação da abolição e seus desdobramentos. Concentrando-se nas dimensões dessas transformações estruturais vividas pelos próprios trabalhadores menores de idade e por suas mães, em grande parte mulheres sós, empobrecidas e egressas da escravidão, a tese tem o objetivo de investigar, por um lado, as formas de organização familiar e as práticas de maternidade produzidas por mulheres populares chefes de família, profundamente afetadas pela imposição de normas sociais que consagravam os parâmetros da maternidade burguesa. Confrontadas as representações inatingíveis da maternidade ideal, mulheres empobrecidas eram qualificadas como tutoras inadequadas para os próprios filhos, que, assim, eram encaminhados aos cuidados e serviços de terceiros. Esses menores, por seu turno, desde sempre haviam frequentado as fileiras dos serviços urbanos em arranjos informais de trabalho, sendo empurrados à formalização, utilizada como instrumento de controle, diante dos abalos trazidos pelo acirramento das pressões da emancipação e do pós-abolição. Entre a formalidade e a informalidade do trabalho, as experiências de exploração e violência se repetiam para esses menores, que a elas regiam procurando, como podiam, saídas para suas vidas e arranjos de trabalho melhores. Ao mesmo tempo em que fala sobre a especificidade das experiências de menores de idade e suas mães, a tese procura endereçar suas histórias a um contexto ampliado de formulação de protocolos de trabalho livre, forjados ao longo do século XIX, que, mesmo na ressaca da abolição, espelhavam formas de exploração, dominação e resistência herdadas da escravidão. / Based on the analysis of work contracts, newspaper articles and mainly judicial records produced at the Ohphans Court, this dissertation aims at discussing the conditions under which underage laborers were recruited in the city of São Paulo over the Nineteenth Century especially during its second half, when abolition and its developments approached. It focuses on the dimensions of such structural changes experienced by underage workers themselves, as well as by their mothers, mostly single, poor head-of-family women coming out of slavery. The dissertation intends to investigate the family arrangements and mothering practices adopted by such women, which were deeply impacted by the establishment of social norms enshrining the parameters of bourgeoisie motherhood. Faced with unattainable representations of the ideal maternity, impoverished women were characterized as unfit tutors to their own children, who thus were conducted to the care and services of third parties. Furthermore, the dissertation also focuses on the underage workers, who had historically been engaged in urban service provision and informal work arrangements in the city. In the face of social turmoil brought on by pressures on the advancement of emancipation and the aftermath of abolition, such workers were forced into formal service arrangements, which intended to keep them under control the of their employers or former masters. Between the worlds of labor formality and informality,) experiences of exploitation and violence were constant, and child workers acted upon them the best they could. At the same time as it discusses the specificities of the experiences lived by underage workers and their mother, however, this dissertation intends to link their histories to a broader context of elaboration of free labor protocols forged over the Nineteenth Century which, even in the dawn of abolition, mirrored forms of exploitation, domination and resistance bequeathed by slavery.

Orientador: Silvia Hunold Lara / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T14:05:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Damasceno_KarineTeixeira_M.pdf: 2347606 bytes, checksum: 532fb5c372b85dc6ecf6e4d70b68a584 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A partir do cruzamento de registros da Câmara Municipal de Feira de Santana, de jornais, processos-crimes e recenseamentos populacionais no período entre 1890 e 1920, buscamos compreender a experiência de aproximação e de diferenciação entre as mulheres pobres, trabalhadoras e negras. Perguntamo-nos também como esta experiência interferiu na sua relação com outros sujeitos sociais. Ao reconstituir alguns episódios vivenciados por tais mulheres, observamos que, embora elas compartilhassem a experiência comum de opressão, por diversas vezes encontravam saídas diferentes para resolver seus problemas. Nesse sentido, descortinar o passado dessas personagens trouxe à tona os vários momentos de sociabilidade e solidariedade construídos por essas mulheres, assim como os conflitos nos quais, de alguma forma, elas estiveram envolvidas. Observamos que, na maior parte das vezes, as mulheres aparecem nos processos na posição de vítimas de alguma violência praticada por um homem de seu círculo de relações. Além disso, seu cotidiano de luta pela sobrevivência e seus valores as tornavam transgressoras de várias regras sociais e jurídicas, o que as transformava em alvos preferenciais das autoridades judiciais / Abstract: From the intersection of City Council of Feira de Santana's reports, newspapers, crimes process and population censuses on the period between 1890 and 1920; We seek to understand the experience of approach and differentiation among poor, worker and back women. We ask them also how this experience interfered in their relationship with other social subjects. By rebuilding some episodes experienced by these women, we observed that although they share the common experience of oppression, by several times they find different outputs for solve their problems. In this sense, uncover the past of these characters brought up the several sociability and solidarity moments built by these women, as well as conflicts in which, somehow they were involved. We observed that in most of the time, the women appear in proceedings on the victim position of some violence practiced by a man of their relationships' circle. Furthermore, their daily life struggle for survival and their values have become them transgressor of several social and juridical rules, what have transformed them in preferred targets of judicial authorities / Mestrado / Historia Social / Mestre em História

This dissertation examines three health insurance eligibility policies and their impact on reproductive health outcomes for low-income women of reproductive age. The first paper examines the effects of expanded eligibility for Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), on fertility among low-income women of childbearing age. The second paper explores the effect of presumptive eligibility policies in Medicaid for pregnant women on access to prenatal care and health insurance coverage. Finally, the third paper exploits state-level differences in eligibility for public versus private insurance under the ACA, and the effects on perinatal coverage patterns, childbirth outcomes, and access to care.

Criminalization, and other forms of punishment, are at the core of the current policy response to prenatal drug use in the United States (U.S.). However, evidence has repeatedly shown that interventions founded on deterrence principles—the idea that punishments deter crimes—more commonly harm rather than advance public health goals. In three aims, this dissertation examines several consequences of prenatal drug use criminalization, first, through a review of the current policy and evidence base (Chapter 2), followed by two empirical studies testing for adverse effects of state-level prenatal drug use criminalization on pregnant people’s participation in drug treatment (Chapter 3) and pregnancy care (Chapter 4). First, in Chapter 2, the legal survey found that by 2022, nearly half of U.S. states had implemented one or more punitive policies, demonstrating that a significant number of pregnant people are vulnerable to the carceral and child custody-related implications of these laws. Moreover, the review of the corresponding literature found that while existing research consistently identified few benefits of punitive law adoption, evidence for potential negative repercussions, including on drug treatment utilization, pregnancy and birth-related outcomes, and family separation, was inconsistent, supporting the need for additional research. In Chapter 3, analyses of national drug treatment program data from 1992 to 2019, revealed that contrary to legislative intent, prenatal drug use criminalization was associated with a decrease in pregnancy-specific drug treatment admissions. Post-criminalization declines were limited to admissions for opioid and amphetamine use in criminalization states, rather than for non- criminalized substances like alcohol, supporting the validity of the primary finding. Further, while treatment reductions appeared to be concentrated among low-income pregnant people receiving public assistance, similar reductions were not observed among pregnant people of color, in contrast to expectations. Lastly, Chapter 4 used birth certificate information from 1989 to 2019, to investigate a potential unintended consequence of prenatal drug use criminalization—reductions in pregnancy care. Results indicated that criminalization was associated with a meaningful decrease in the prevalence of any prenatal care, and a likely, though imprecise, decrease in the prevalence of healthcare facility-based delivery. Results further suggested potential post-criminalization decreases in prenatal care timeliness, but not adequacy, measures defined in terms of the trimester of initiation and the completed number of recommended visits, respectively. The findings from this dissertation support the hypothesis that policies criminalizing prenatal drug use discourage pregnant people from participating in drug treatment and from some types of pregnancy care. Criminalization is therefore a public health strategy that appears to be not only ineffective, but also overtly counterproductive, to the goal of preventing potential harms associated with prenatal drug use.

Thesis / The objective of this study is to assess the nature of women’s empowerment promoted by the Sudanese Women General Union (SWGU) in Sudan as a strategy for simultaneously addressing both poverty alleviation and women's empowerment using microcredit as a tool in the fight against poverty and women's empowerment at the household level during the period 1999-2005. The SWGU directed its development efforts towards promoting the women's cause officially and unofficially through the whole spectrum of governmental institutions and non-governmental organizations. Therefore, the government support these initiatives of women development processes and assisted in establishing the SWGU in 1990 as a strategic planning and coordination mechanism for poverty alleviation through the lead of the Ministry of Welfare and Social Development and with the cooperation from other ministries, government and non-government organisations at national, state and grassroots levels. The problem of the research reveals that majority of women in Sudan live with low or no income; economically they are dependent on their husbands' income; burdened with their household activities and responsibilities to feed; educate and take care of many children, encounter a core problem which is lack of access to credit and financial services to economically, socially and politically empower themselves and improve their status. The study reviewed the relevant literature, the context of women's poverty in Sudan, Sudan poverty strategies and policies, SWGU's role in strategic planning, coordination and implementation of the microcredit programmes. The achievements of the study on the socioeconomic empowerment of women at the household levels, the constraints and the recommendations were summarised. The researcher carried out this study during the period 2005-2009, to add to the body of the empirical literature of women studies in particular to the SWGU's microcredit projects best ii practices and lessons learned. In addition the study could help in conducting further womenstudies in Sudan and other developing counties. / Development Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)