Addressing inequities in health both within and between countries has attracted considerable global attention in recent years. In theory, equity remains one of the key policy objectives of health systems and underpins the allocation of health sector resources in many countries. In practice, however, current evidence demonstrates that only limited progress has been made in terms of bridging the health inequity gap and improving the health of the least advantaged. The persistence of inequities in health and health outcomes raises concerns about how governments and health authorities distribute limited health resources to improve the health of the poor and most vulnerable and thereby promote equity. This thesis is about equity and allocation of financial resources in the health system of New South Wales, one of the eight states of Australia. It investigated the extent to which there has been a movement towards equity in resource allocation to Area Health Services under the NSW Health Resource Distribution Formula and whether this has been reflected in equitable resource allocation within Area Health Services. It considered only resources allocated through the NSW Department of Health. The study employed a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to gather and analyse data. The qualitative component analysed data gathered through semi–structured interviews with policy makers, health executives, managers, and other stakeholders to establish the resource allocation processes and the factors upon which the allocation decisions were based. The quantitative component analysed health expenditure and health needs data to assess the extent to which allocation of resources from the State to Area Health Service levels has been equitable in terms of reflecting the level of health needs. Two indices were constructed and used as proxies for health needs. Principal component analysis was used in the construction of one of the indices, using demographic, socio–economic and health-related data. The other index was developed using a combination of premature mortality and morbidity data. The quantitative study spans the two decades 1989/90 to 2006/07, with a more detailed analysis of material for the years 2003/04 to 2006/07. The findings of the study show a considerable degree of inequity in resource allocation with several Area Health Services (AHSs) receiving less than a fair share of funding for the years analysed, although some movements towards equity were evident. This contradicts the general impression that the introduction of the resource distribution formula in NSW has significantly improved equity in resource allocation. In general, funding allocation at the State level correlated significantly with population size but not with health needs of the eight AHSs in NSW. Similarly, within the AHSs, allocation of funds was based on programs and services and not on health needs. Key issues that emerged from the qualitative data as affecting the equity with which health funds are allocated in the NSW health system include limited use of the resource distribution formula at the state level, lack of an effective resource allocation tool to guide the distribution of funds within AHSs, and insufficient emphasis on equity at the AHS level. It is crucial that these and several other issues identifies in the study are addressed if current inequities in funding and in health outcomes generally are to be effectively reduced.

Addressing inequities in health both within and between countries has attracted considerable global attention in recent years. In theory, equity remains one of the key policy objectives of health systems and underpins the allocation of health sector resources in many countries. In practice, however, current evidence demonstrates that only limited progress has been made in terms of bridging the health inequity gap and improving the health of the least advantaged. The persistence of inequities in health and health outcomes raises concerns about how governments and health authorities distribute limited health resources to improve the health of the poor and most vulnerable and thereby promote equity. This thesis is about equity and allocation of financial resources in the health system of New South Wales, one of the eight states of Australia. It investigated the extent to which there has been a movement towards equity in resource allocation to Area Health Services under the NSW Health Resource Distribution Formula and whether this has been reflected in equitable resource allocation within Area Health Services. It considered only resources allocated through the NSW Department of Health. The study employed a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to gather and analyse data. The qualitative component analysed data gathered through semi–structured interviews with policy makers, health executives, managers, and other stakeholders to establish the resource allocation processes and the factors upon which the allocation decisions were based. The quantitative component analysed health expenditure and health needs data to assess the extent to which allocation of resources from the State to Area Health Service levels has been equitable in terms of reflecting the level of health needs. Two indices were constructed and used as proxies for health needs. Principal component analysis was used in the construction of one of the indices, using demographic, socio–economic and health-related data. The other index was developed using a combination of premature mortality and morbidity data. The quantitative study spans the two decades 1989/90 to 2006/07, with a more detailed analysis of material for the years 2003/04 to 2006/07. The findings of the study show a considerable degree of inequity in resource allocation with several Area Health Services (AHSs) receiving less than a fair share of funding for the years analysed, although some movements towards equity were evident. This contradicts the general impression that the introduction of the resource distribution formula in NSW has significantly improved equity in resource allocation. In general, funding allocation at the State level correlated significantly with population size but not with health needs of the eight AHSs in NSW. Similarly, within the AHSs, allocation of funds was based on programs and services and not on health needs. Key issues that emerged from the qualitative data as affecting the equity with which health funds are allocated in the NSW health system include limited use of the resource distribution formula at the state level, lack of an effective resource allocation tool to guide the distribution of funds within AHSs, and insufficient emphasis on equity at the AHS level. It is crucial that these and several other issues identifies in the study are addressed if current inequities in funding and in health outcomes generally are to be effectively reduced.

Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-07T14:48:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 000035.pdf: 836235 bytes, checksum: 45566235b7dd2d7f6c26baf1604c277c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / O presente trabalho trata da visita de dois personagens ao Império brasileiro na segunda metade do século XIX. Ambos chegaram ao Brasil convencidos de que a mistura entre as raças propiciava a degenerescência do ser humano. Dessa forma, os dois produziram um mau prognóstico acerca da nação, baseados em crenças raciais que permeavam as ciências da época. O primeiro visitante, Louis Agassiz veio ao Brasil em 1865. Era suíço e adotou os Estados Unidos da América como segunda pátria. Agassiz era um naturalista com sólida formação. Teve contato estreito com figuras emblemáticas como von Martius, Georges Cuvier e Alexander von Humboldt. Na América, tornou-se um arauto do poligenismo. O segundo visitante foi Joseph Arthur de Gobineau - o Conde Gobineau, que chegou ao Brasil em 1869 em missão diplomática. Gobineau era um literato com vasta produção, mas a obra pela qual atualmente é mais conhecido é o Essai sur l’Inégalité des Races Humaines, em que procurava compreender a causa da ascensão e queda de todas as grandes civilizações e chegava à conclusão que a questão étnica era a mola propulsora da história da humanidade. Nosso trabalho procura investigar as vinculações científicas destes dois personagens que, investidos da autoridade de suas convicções científicas, produziram um prognóstico negativo para o Brasil mestiço. O presente trabalho trata da visita de dois personagens ao Império brasileiro na segunda metade do século XIX. Ambos chegaram ao Brasil convencidos de que a mistura entre as raças propiciava a degenerescência do ser humano. Dessa forma, os dois produziram um mau prognóstico acerca da nação, baseados em crenças raciais que permeavam as ciências da época. O primeiro visitante, Louis Agassiz veio ao Brasil em 1865. Era suíço e adotou os Estados Unidos da América como segunda pátria. Agassiz era um naturalista com sólida formação. Teve contato estreito com figuras emblemáticas como von Martius, Georges Cuvier e Alexander von Humboldt. Na América, tornou-se um arauto do poligenismo. O segundo visitante foi Joseph Arthur de Gobineau - o Conde Gobineau, que chegou ao Brasil em 1869 em missão diplomática. Gobineau era um literato com vasta produção, mas a obra pela qual atualmente é mais conhecido é o Essai sur l’Inégalité des Races Humaines, em que procurava compreender a causa da ascensão e queda de todas as grandes civilizações e chegava à conclusão que a questão étnica era a mola propulsora da história da humanidade. Nosso trabalho procura investigar as vinculações científicas destes dois personagens que, investidos da autoridade de suas convicções científicas, produziram um prognóstico negativo para o Brasil mestiço. (AU)

In South Africa, there is a significant gap between the amount of tax that is theoretically collectable from economically active persons and that which is actually collected (commonly known as the “tax gap”). Non-compliance by taxpayers is one of the main causes of the tax gap. It has been established that one of the main factors leading to non-compliance, is the attitudes and perceptions of people. Although the perceptions of previously disadvantaged groups in South Africa regarding taxation have been researched, this study extends prior research by investigating and comparing taxpayers’ perceptions amongst the four major South African population groups (that is, Black/African, Indian, Coloured and White). This is the main objective of this thesis. This study specifically aimed to determine South African taxpayers’ perceptions regarding general tax-related, tax evasion and tax compliance issues. A number of demographic, economic or other factors that might influence respondents’ perceptions regarding these issues were also investigated. The significance of this study is emphasised, in that it builds upon previous research, utilizing insights from several disciplines and various theoretical perspectives. The data for this study was collected from a sample of 260 South African taxpayers by meansof face-to-face interviews, based on a questionnaire, compiled from an extensive literature review. The scope of the study was limited as it focused only on natural taxpayers within the Tshwane metropolitan area (which includes Pretoria, the capital city of South Africa) in Gauteng, as the purpose was not to generalise conclusions to the entire South African population. A further limitation of the study was that it focused on natural persons only; corporate taxpayers were excluded. Future research could extend this study by verifying the findings in other areas, amongst other population groups and corporate taxpayers. This research concluded that tax compliance may depend upon several factors, other than deterrence, and that the perceptions of South African taxpayers are likely to be influenced by these factors. One of the main recommendations of the study is the need for comprehensive, widely based communication and education of taxpayers and potential taxpayers by the South African Revenue Services. Copyright / Thesis (DCom (Accounting Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Taxation / unrestricted

AIDS was a health problem that had a strong social impact by misinformation of the people, which led to discrimination against patients and their families. In this regard, it became a literature review on some social aspects of AIDS in the late twentieth century, analyzing and summarizing the most relevant aspects of various publications. It is emphasized that the media played a crucial role in the information society, which was often fatalistic, affecting different population groups, through discrimination was provided. But the most terrible enemy was not the virus itself but prejudices, values and ignorance of society who had regarding this disease. / El SIDA fue un problema de salud que tuvo un fuerte impacto social por la desinformación de las personas, lo cual conllevó a la discriminación de los enfermos y sus familiares. En tal sentido, se hizo una revisión bibliográfica sobre algunos aspectos sociales del SIDA a finales del siglo XX, analizándose y resumiendo los aspectos más relevantes de diversas publicaciones. Se resalta que los medios de comunicación jugaron un rol fundamental en la información que se brindó a la sociedad, la cual fue en muchos casos fatalista, afectando a diversos grupos poblacionales, mediante la discriminación. Pero el enemigo más terrible no era el virus en sí, sino los prejuicios, los valores y la ignorancia de la sociedad que tenía con respecto a esta enfermedad.

Orientadores: Marilisa Berti de Azevedo Barros, Semíramis Martins Álvares Domene / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T18:51:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Assumpcao_Danielade_D.pdf: 2402360 bytes, checksum: bd5320a910927bcc98dec053a9a6cdfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Os principais problemas nutricionais da população brasileira referem-se a alimentação não saudável, marcada pelo elevado consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e pela ingestão insuficiente de frutas e hortaliças, e pelo expressivo crescimento das taxas de sobrepeso e obesidade, afetando de forma preocupante as crianças e os adolescentes. A alimentação de má qualidade, bem como o excesso de peso e a obesidade aumentam o risco de desenvolver doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, condições que representam o problema de saúde de maior magnitude no Brasil e no mundo. Portanto, a necessidade de monitoramento e vigilância do padrão de consumo alimentar e do estado nutricional da população tornam oportuna a realização do presente trabalho. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da dieta de segmentos demográficos e sociais da população de Campinas, SP, por meio do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado (IQD-R). Este instrumento contempla um conjunto de doze componentes baseados em alimentos, nutrientes e/ou ingredientes culinários. Os dados utilizados neste estudo foram obtidos do Inquérito de Saúde do Município de Campinas (ISACAMP 2008), uma pesquisa de corte transversal de base populacional com amostra por conglomerados. Os dados foram coletados entre fevereiro de 2008 a abril de 2009. As informações relativas ao consumo alimentar foram obtidas pela aplicação do recordatório de 24h. Foram estimadas as médias do IQD-R global e de cada componente e desenvolvidos modelos de regressão linear múltipla. No primeiro artigo deste trabalho, "Desigualdades sociais e demográficas na qualidade da dieta em estudo de base populacional", foram analisadas as diferenças da qualidade global da dieta, e de seus componentes, entre estratos sociodemográficos diferenciados por idade, sexo e nível de escolaridade. O estudo abrangeu uma amostra de 3.382 indivíduos com 10 ou mais anos de idade. Os resultados mostram escores crescentes do IQD-R com o aumento da idade e do nível de escolaridade e escores superiores nas mulheres em relação aos homens. Comparadas aos homens, as mulheres apresentaram maiores pontuações de vegetais, frutas, leite e derivados e menor de carnes e ovos. Assim como as mulheres, indivíduos de mais idade e de melhor nível de escolaridade consumiram mais cereais integrais, vegetais e frutas. Os mais idosos apresentaram maior consumo de sódio, enquanto que o inverso foi observado no segmento de escolaridade superior. É preciso ressaltar que, no conjunto da população estudada, e mesmo nos segmentos com melhores pontuações, os componentes de cereais integrais, sódio, vegetais verdes-escuros e alaranjados, fruta total, fruta integral e leite e derivados apresentaram escores médios considerados muito baixos. Reconhecendo que o segmento de idosos é o que apresenta melhor padrão alimentar em relação aos indivíduos mais jovens, mas considerando a diversidade de qualidade da dieta que deve prevalecer entre eles, buscou-se identificar os fatores que estariam associados a um comportamento alimentar de melhor qualidade nos idosos. Assim, no segundo artigo desta tese, "Qualidade da dieta e fatores associados entre idosos: estudo de base populacional em Campinas, São Paulo", avaliou-se a qualidade global da dieta de 1.509 idosos de 60 anos ou mais, segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, comportamentos de saúde e morbidades. Os segmentos de idosos que apresentaram escores superiores de qualidade da dieta foram os de 80 anos ou mais, os evangélicos, os que praticavam atividade física de lazer e os diabéticos, e escores inferiores foram observados nos que residiam com três ou mais pessoas, nos tabagistas e nos que relataram preferência por refrigerantes e bebidas alcoólicas. Verificando que os adultos apresentam pior padrão da dieta relativamente aos idosos procurou-se analisar as possíveis diferenças de gênero que prevaleceriam neste segmento etário, e se os fatores associados à alimentação de melhor qualidade difeririam entre os sexos. Desta forma, no terceiro artigo, "Diferenças de gênero na qualidade da dieta de adultos: estudo de base populacional em Campinas, São Paulo", foram analisados 949 pessoas de 20 a 59 anos com o intuito de avaliar as diferenças no indicador global e em cada componente do IQD-R entre homens e mulheres. Em relação aos homens, as mulheres tiveram escore inferior no componente carnes e ovos, e pontuações superiores nos de frutas, vegetais e leite. Quanto aos fatores associados à alimentação saudável, diferença importante foi verificada entre os sexos: nos homens, apenas dois fatores mostraram-se associados; médias maiores de pontuação foram verificadas nos indivíduos com 40 anos ou mais e média menor nos que disseram fazer algo para emagrecer; nas mulheres, vários fatores revelaram-se associados; nelas, o avanço da idade, a prática de atividade física no lazer e a presença de doença crônica foram relacionados à melhor qualidade da dieta, e o contrário foi observado nas tabagistas e nas que residiam em moradias com três ou mais pessoas. As diferenças nos fatores associados revelam uma tendência a concomitância de comportamentos saudáveis nas mulheres que não é observada nos homens. Os resultados obtidos nesta tese, aprofundando o conhecimento da qualidade do padrão de consumo alimentar em distintos segmentos da população podem auxiliar na orientação de políticas públicas de saúde visando melhorias na qualidade da dieta e provendo especial atenção aos segmentos mais vulneráveis à má alimentação / Abstract: The main nutritional problems of the Brazilian population regard unhealthy eating practices marked by the excessive consumption of highly processed foods as well as the insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables. Moreover, the substantial increase in the rates of overweight and obesity has affected the child and adolescent populations in an alarming manner. Poor quality food and excess weight increase the risk of developing non-transmissible chronic diseases, which constitute the health problem of greatest magnitude in both Brazil and the world. Therefore, there is an evident need for monitoring eating patterns and nutritional status in the population. The aim of the present study was to evaluate diet quality in demographic and social segments of the city of Campinas (Brazil) using the Revised Brazilian Healthy Eating Index (BHEI-R), which has 12 components addressing foods, nutrients and culinary ingredients. The data employed in this study were obtained from the Campinas Municipal Health Survey (ISACAMP 2008), which is a population-based, cross-sectional study with cluster sampling. Data were collected from February 2008 to April 2009. Information on food intake was obtained with the use of a 24-hour diet log. Means of the overall BHEI-R and each component of the index were calculated and multiple linear regression models were developed. The first article of the thesis, "Social and demographic inequalities in diet quality: A population-based study in the city of Campinas, Brazil", analyzed differences in overall diet quality and its components among socio-demographic strata differentiated by age, gender and schooling. The study involved a sample of 3382 individuals aged 10 years or older. The results demonstrated an increase in the BHEI-R score with the increase in age and schooling as well as higher scores among females. Females had higher scores for vegetables, fruits, milk and milk byproducts and lower scores for meats and eggs in comparison to males. Females, older individuals and those with a higher level of schooling consumed more whole grains, vegetables and fruits. Elderly individuals consumed a larger amount of sodium, whereas those with a higher level of schooling consumed a lower amount of sodium. However, even among those with better scores, very low mean scores were found for the following components in the population studied: whole grains, sodium, dark-green and orange-colored vegetables, total fruit, whole fruit and milk and milk byproducts. In recognition that elderly individuals exhibit better eating patterns in comparison to younger individuals, but considering the diversity of the diet that should prevail in this demographic group, a further aim of the study was to identify factors associated with better eating behavior among elderly individuals. Thus, the second article of the thesis, "Diet quality and associated factors among elderly individuals: A population-based study in the city of Campinas, Brazil", evaluated the overall diet quality of 1509 individuals aged 60 years or older according to socio-demographic variables, health behaviors and illnesses. The segments of elderly individuals with better diet quality were those aged 80 years or older, those with an evangelist faith, those who practiced physical recreational activities and those with diabetes. The lowest scores were found among those who resided with three or more persons, smokers and those who reported preferring soft drinks and alcoholic beverages. In recognition that adults have relatively poorer eating patterns in comparison to elderly individuals, a further aim of the study was to analyze possible gender differences that prevail in this age group and determine whether factors associated with better quality eating habits differ between sexes. Thus, the third article of the thesis, "Gender differences in diet quality among adults: A population-based study in the city of Campinas, Brazil", analyzed 949 individuals aged 20 to 59 years to evaluate differences in the overall BHEI-R and each component of the index between men and women. Women had lower scores on the meat and eggs component as well as higher scores on the fruits, vegetables and milk components. Regarding factors associated with healthy eating, important gender differences were found. Among men, only two factors were significantly associated with healthy eating; higher mean scores were found among those aged 40 years or older and lower mean scores were found among those who reported taking actions to lose weight. Among women, several factors were associated with healthy eating; an older age, the practice of physical recreational activities and the occurrence of chronic illness were associated with a better quality diet, whereas a poorer diet was found among smokers and those who resided with three or more persons. Differences in associated factors revealed a tendency toward the concomitance of healthy behaviors among women, which was not found among men. The results of this thesis broaden knowledge on the quality of eating habits in different segments of the population and can assist in the establishment of public health policies aimed at improving diet quality, with particular attention given to population segments that are more vulnerable to poor eating habits / Doutorado / Epidemiologia / Doutora em Saúde Coletiva

This empirical study investigated how interpersonal influences (normative receptiveness and informative influences) and impersonal influences differ across different population groups in terms of status consumption of clothing brands. The theory of consumer socialisation directed the study and was used to describe consumers’ susceptibility to interpersonal and impersonal influences by encompassing its two major components: the learning processes and socialisation agents. The interpersonal influences, normative receptiveness and informative influences together with the impersonal influences were included in the conceptual framework and hypotheses. The theory of consumer socialisation was selected as it provides a suitable framework to explain how consumers are socialised over time through interpersonal and impersonal agents so that they come to prefer or purchase certain products such as status clothing brands. A survey research design was followed. Data were collected with a structured self-administered questionnaire, developed from existing scales. Non-probability sampling techniques, convenience and quota sampling were used to include an appropriate sample size. Trained field workers distributed the questionnaire to the target population in suburbs in Tshwane. A total of 1014 (N=1014) usable questionnaires were completed. The sample consisted of males and females living in Tshwane, 19 years and older from all population groups. The data were captured and coded and then analysed with the help of a statistician who made use of descriptive and inferential statistics. The EFA retained three factors: normative receptiveness, impersonal influences and informative influences. The results from the CFA confirmed that the measurement model fit was good. Subsequently, GLMs were performed to assess if differences exist in interpersonal and impersonal influences across the different population groups’ status consumption of clothing brands. The findings showed that normative receptiveness, informative and impersonal influences had a statistically significant effect on the status consumption of clothing brands. From the three independent factors, normative receptiveness had the greatest effect on status consumption and showed significant difference across population groups when factoring in gender, education, age and income into the GLM models. Impersonal influences showed minor significant differences across population groups’ status consumption when gender was considered in the GLM model. Even though informative influences affected status consumption, no significant differences could be found across the different population groups when factoring in demographic factors. Findings can be useful for retailers and marketers to direct their market segmentation strategies and target consumers who would engage in status consumption. Normative receptiveness elements such as word of mouth from reference groups and social comparison in advertisements can add value to clothing brands’ campaigns. / Hierdie empiriese studie ondersoek of invloed interpersoonlike invloede (normatiewe ontvanklikheid en informasie invloede) en onpersoonlike invloede verskil oor verskillende bevolkingsgroepe in heem in terme van statusverbruik van klere-handelsmerke. Verbruikersosialiserings teorie het die studie gerig en is gebruik om verbruikers se ontvanklikheid vir interpersoonlike en onpersoonlike invloede te beskryf, deur die twee hoofkomponente die leerprosesse en sosialisering agente te inkorporeer. Die interpersoonlike invloede, normatiewe en informatiewe invloede, saam met die onpersoonlike invloede is in die konseptuele raamwerk en hipoteses ingesluit. Die teorie verbruikersosialisering is gekies aangesien dit 'n geskikte raamwerk verskaf om te verduidelik hoe verbruikers deur interpersoonlike en onpersoonlike agente gesosialiseer word met verloop van tyd om bepaalde produkte te verkies of te koop soos status klere-handelsmerke. ’n Opname navorsingsontwerp is gevolg. Data is met behulp van 'n gestruktureerde selfgeadministreerde vraelys ingesamel. Die vraelys is ontwikkel uit bestaande skale. Niewaarskynlikheid steekproeftegnieke, gerief en kwota, is gebruik om 'n geskikte grootte steekproef in te sluit. Opgeleide veldwerkers het die vraelys aan die teikenpopulasie in voorstede van Tshwane versprei. ‘n Totaal van 1014 (N = 1014) bruikbare vraelyste is voltooi. Die steekproef het uit mans en vroue, 19 jaar en ouer van alle bevolkingsgroepe, woonagtig in Tshwane, bestaan. Data is vasgelê en gekodeer waarna analises/ontledings met behulp van 'n statistikus gedoen is. Die statistikus het van beskrywende en inferensiële statistiek gebruik gemaak. Die EFA het drie faktore: behou naamlik, normatiewe ontvanklikheid, onpersoonlike invloede en informatiewe invloede. Die resultate van die CFA bevestig dat die meting model se passing goed was. Daarna is GLMs uitgevoer om te bepaal of daar verskille in interpersoonlike en onpersoonlike invloede oor die verskillende bevolkingsgroepe se statusverbruik van klerehandelsmerke bestaan. Die bevindinge het getoon dat normatiewe ontvanklikheid, informatiewe en onpersoonlike invloede 'n statisties beduidende effek op die statusverbruik van klere-handelsmerke gehad het. Van die drie onafhanklike faktore, het normatiewe ontvanklikheid die grootste invloed op statusverbruik gehad en toon ook beduidende verskil oor bevolkingsgroepe wanneer geslag, onderwys, ouderdom en inkomste in die GLM modelle ingebring is. Onpersoonlike invloede toon geringe beduidende verskille oor bevolkingsgroepe se statusverbruik wanneer geslag in die GLM model ingebring is. Selfs al het informatiewe invloede ‘n invloed op verskillende bevolkingsgroepe se statusverbruik was daar geen betekenisvolle verskille gevind wanneer demografiese faktore ingesluit is nie. Bevindinge kan nuttig wees vir kleinhandelaars en bemarkers om hul marksegmentasie strategieë te rig en om spesifieke teikenverbruikers wat statusverbruikers is te bereik. Normatiewe ontvanklikheid elemente soos mondelingse oordrag van inligting deur verwysingsgroepe en sosiale vergelyking in advertensies kan waarde tot klere handelsmerke veldtogte voeg. / Dissertation (MConsumer Science)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Consumer Science / MConsumer Science / Unrestricted

Thesis (Ph.D. in Epidemiology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-109). Free to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Introdução: A investigação de genes associados a doenças complexas em estudos caso-controle, baseada na frequência de variantes polimórficas, pode não ser adequada na presença de estratificação populacional advinda da mistura étnica, que é uma das características da população brasileira. Torna-se, portanto, difícil utilizar esta metodologia, pelo risco de associações espúrias devido às diferenças no background genético dos indivíduos casos e controles. Marcadores informativos de ancestralidade (AIMs) podem ser aplicados para estimar ancestralidade e corrigir estas distorções. As mesmas variantes genéticas de susceptibilidade para o diabetes tipo 1 autoimune (DM1A) como os alelos HLADR3- DR4 e os polimorfismos do PTPN22, CTLA4 e VNTR-INS presentes em caucasianos não foram sempre encontradas com a mesma frequência na nossa população com DM1A, ou conferiram risco menor quando presentes. Tais diferenças podem advir da nossa miscigenação. Portanto, no presente estudo, objetivou-se: 1) Analisar uma amostra de portadores de DM1A da cidade de São Paulo e controles não diabéticos, utilizando marcadores genéticos autossômicos de ancestralidade, identificando os componentes ancestrais individuais e os da população, permitindo assim, maior compreensão da sua potencial estratificação; 2) Verificar o papel dos alelos do sistema HLA-DR e DQ, dos polimorfismos dos genes PTPN22, CTLA4 e INS-VNTR, na predisposição à doença, corrigindo para o viés introduzido pela estratificação da nossa população. Materiais e métodos: 915 pacientes com DM1A, idade de 24,6±13,0 anos, 81,7% autorreferidos brancos e 789 controles, idade 28,5 ± 11,5 anos, 65,6% autorreferidos brancos participaram do estudo. A genotipagem dos 93 marcadores informativos de ancestralidade foi realizada por meio da plataforma BeadXpress (Illumina, EUA). A composição ancestral dos indivíduos foi caracterizada pelo programa Structure 2.3, e os alelos e variantes dos genes candidatos, testados por meio de análise structured association, utilizando o programa STRAT. Resultados: A ancestralidade européia prevaleceu no grupo de pacientes com DM1A e nos controles, (77% e 71%, respectivamente), seguida pela africana e ameríndia. Os alelos - DRB1*0301, -DR4 (subtipos -*0401, -*0402, -*0405) e - DR*09, e os alelos DQB1*0201 e -*0302 foram confirmados como predisponentes, mesmo após a correção para a estrutura de nossa população, assim como os alelos protetores- DRB1 (*0302, -*07, -*10, -*11, -*13, -*14 e -*15) e -DQB1 (*0402, -*0503, -*0602 e -*0603). Os haplótipos DRB1*0301/DQB1*0201, - *0401/0302, -*0402/0302, -*0405/0302, -*09/0202 predominaram no grupo DM1A, enquanto -*0302/0402, -*07/0202, -*10/0501, -*11/0301, -*11/0602, - *13/0603, -*14/0503 e -*15/0602 conferiram proteção. A correção para estratificação evidenciou o alelo DRB1*16 e o haplótipo -*07/0201 como de proteção e o DQB1*0501, que inicialmente era de proteção, como neutro. Também confirmou o haplótipo -*09/0202, como de risco e o -*0302/0402, de proteção, à semelhança do observado em afro-americanos. Os haplótipos - *10/0501, -*11/0602 e -*13/0603, protetores na nossa população e em afroamericanos, foram neutros nos caucasianos. A susceptibilidade determinada pelos genótipos I/I do INS VNTR e CT + TT do gene PTPN22 foram confirmadas após correção para estrutura populacional. O polimorfismo CTLA4 rs231775A > G não pôde ser avaliado. Conclusão: Evidenciamos diferenças nas variantes genéticas de susceptibilidade e proteção ao DM1A na nossa população em relação às caucasianas e afroamericanas, possivelmente decorrentes da mistura étnica. A correção para a estrutura populacional foi importante para confirmar a característica de proteção conferidas pelo alelo -DRB1*16 e haplótipo -*07/0201 / Introduction: The investigation of genes associated with complex diseases in case-control studies, based on the frequency of polymorphic variants, may not be appropriate in the presence of population stratification arising from the ethnic admixture, which is characteristic of the Brazilian population. It is therefore difficult to apply this method, due to the risk of spurious associations related to differences in the genetic background of individual cases and controls. Ancestry informative markers (AIMs) can be used to estimate ancestry and correct these distortions. The same genetic variants of susceptibility to type 1 autoimmune diabetes (T1AD) like HLA- DR3 -DR4 alleles and polymorphisms in PTPN22, CTLA4 and VNTR-INS genes usually present in caucasians were not always found at the same frequency in our population with T1AD, or conferred lower risk when present. These discrepancies may result from our miscigenation. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to: 1) analyze a sample of patients with T1AD and health controls, mostly living in São Paulo, using genetic autosomal markers of ancestry, to identify the ancestry of individual components and of the population, that could identify its potential stratification; 2) Evaluate the role of HLA-DR and -DQ alleles and polymorphisms of PTPN22, CTLA4 and INSVNTR genes in the predisposition to disease, correcting for the bias introduced by the stratification of our population. Methods: 915 patients with T1D, aged 24.6±13.0 years, 81.7% self-reported as white and 789 controls, aged 28.5±11.5 years, 65.6% self-reported as white participated of the study. Genotyping of 93 informative markers was performed by BeadXpress platform (Illumina, USA). The ancestry composition of individuals was characterized by Structure 2.3 program, and variants and alleles of candidate genes were tested using structured association analysis with the STRAT program. Results: The european ancestry prevailed in T1AD and control groups (77% and 71%, respectively), followed by african and amerindian. The -DRB1*0301, -DR4 (subtypes -*0401, -*0402, -*0405) and -DR*09 alleles as well as -DQB1 *0201 and -*0302 alleles were confirmed as predisposing to T1AD, even after correcting for the structure of our population. The same was observed for the protective alleles: -DRB1 (-*0302, - *07, -*10, -*11, -*13, -*14 and -*15) and - DQB1 (-*0402, -* 0503, -*0602 and -*0603). HLA-DRB1*0301/DQB1*0201, - *0401/0302, -*0402/0302, -*0405/0302, -*09/0202 haplotypes predominated in T1AD group, while -*0302/0402, -*07/0202, -*10/0501, -*11/0301, -*11/0602, - *13/0603, -*14/0503 and -*15/0602 conferred protection. The correction for stratification evidenced DRB1*16 allele and -*07/0201 haplotype as protective and DQB1*0501, initially associated with protection, as neutral. This analysis also confirmed the -*09/0202, as a risk haplotype and -*0302/0402, -*10/0501, - *11/0602 and -*13/0603 as protective in our population, similar to reported in african-americans, although neutral in caucasians.The susceptibility to T1AD determined by INS VNTR I/I and PTPN22 CT+TT haplotypes were confirmed after correcting for population structure. The CTLA4 rs231775 A > G polymorphism could not be evaluated. Conclusion: We demonstrated differences in genetic variants associated with susceptibility and protection to T1AD in our population when compared to caucasian and african-american Abstract populations, possibly due to the ethnic admixture. The correction for the population structure was important to confirm the protection conferred by - DRB1*16 allele and -*07/0201 haplotype

Introdução: Pacientes hipertensos resistentes (HR) são indivíduos com pressão arterial não controlada - apesar do tratamento com um diurético e dois anti-hipertensivos com mecanismos de ação diferentes em doses adequadas. Há duas áreas de interesse nesse contexto: a ancestralidade genética que, a princípio, poderia impactar em controles pressóricos, e a farmacometabolômica que, conceitualmente, é um conjunto de mudanças em concentrações de metabólitos - um novo campo que pode esclarecer mecanismos de variações de respostas farmacológicas. Assim, nossos principais objetivos foram: associar mensurações séricas de fármacos anti-hipertensivos e seus metabólitos às respostas farmacoterapêuticas em pacientes hipertensos e analisar a ancestralidade genética em pacientes hipertensos a fim de verificar uma possível associação com as respostas farmacoterapêuticas e a hipertensão resistente. Métodos: Foram utilizadas amostras de 1.597 pacientes, sendo 187 HR. A preparação e a análise da amostra foram realizadas usando uma coluna com nanotubos de carbono de acesso restrito (RACNTs) em um sistema de cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrômetro de massa (UPLC-MS/MS), em modo column switching. A ancestralidade genética foi realizada usando um painel de 192 marcadores polimórficos; três referências foram usadas (europeia, ameríndia e africana). A raça foi determinada pela autodeclaração, segundo IBGE (branco, pardo, negro e outros). Resultados: O método foi totalmente validado de acordo com as diretrizes da Food and Drug Administration (FDA). O tempo de execução total para cada análise foi de 12,0 min - incluindo a preparação da amostra. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas concentrações de cada analito de acordo com pacientes responsivos e não responsivos, possivelmente, por causa do número de amostra ainda baixo (n total de 171 amostras). As médias das mensurações no grupo dos respondedores foram: clonidina 1,308microg/L; amlodipina 44,044microg/L; enalapril 67,706microg/L; enalaprilato 44,144microg/L; losartana 202,622microg/L; ácido carboxílico de losartana 65,99microg/L, glicuronídeo N-2 de losartana 43,4microg/L e espironolactona 85,87microg/L. Para o grupo dos não respondedores, obtivemos: clonidina 1,4microg/L; amlodipina 78,89microg/L; enalapril 87,821microg/L; enalaprilato 78,878microg/L; losartana 148,026microg/L, ácido carboxílico de losartana 83,535microg/L, glicuronídeo N-2 de losartana 122,452microg/L e espironolactona 79,72microg/L. A raça autodeclarada foi associada aos componentes da ancestralidade genética desses pacientes (p<0,001). A ancestralidade genética, disponível para 1.503 pacientes, teve média geral de 0,53, para europeia; 0,11, para ameríndia; e 0,35, para africana. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas nas médias de ancestralidade de acordo com os grupos respondedor ou HR. Conclusões: O método analítico foi validado e a ancestralidade genética foi realizada, ambos não associados à farmacoterapêutica e à hipertensão resistente / Background: Resistant hypertensive (RH) patients are individuals with uncontrolled blood pressure - despite treatment with one diuretic and two antihypertensives with different mechanisms of action in adequate doses. There are two areas of interest in this context: genetic ancestry that could initially impact on blood pressure controls, and pharmacometabolomics, which conceptually is a set of changes in metabolite concentrations - a new field that can clarify mechanisms of pharmacological response variation. Thus, our main objectives were: to associate serum measurements of antihypertensive drugs and their metabolites to the pharmacotherapeutic responses in hypertensive patients and to analyze genetic ancestry in hypertensive patients in order to verify a possible association with pharmacotherapeutic responses and resistant hypertension. Methods: Samples of 1,597 patients were used, being 187 RH. Sample preparation and analysis were performed using a column with restricted access carbon nanotubes (RACNTs) in a liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) in column switching mode. Genetic ancestry was performed using a panel of 192 polymorphic markers; three references were used (European, Amerindian and African). The race was determined by self-declaration, according to IBGE (white, brown, black and others). Results: The method has been fully validated according to the guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The total run time for each analysis was 12.0 min including sample preparation. No significant differences were found in the concentrations of each analyte according to responsive and nonresponsive patients, possibly because of the still low number of samples (total n of 171 samples). The means of the measurements in the responders group were: clonidine 1.308microg/L; amlodipine 44.044microg/L; enalapril 67.706microg/L; enalaprilat 44.144microg/L; losartan 202.622microg/L; losartan carboxylic acid 65.99microg/L, N-2 glucuronide of losartan 43,4microg/L and spironolactone 85.87microg/L. For the group of non-responders, we obtained: clonidine 1.4 microg/L; amlodipine 78.89microg/L; enalapril 87.821microg/L; enalaprilat 78.878microg/L; losartana 148.026microg/L, losartan carboxylic acid 83.535microg/L, N-2 glucanide of losartan 122.452microg/L and spironolactone 79.72microg/L. Self-reported race was associated with the components of the genetic ancestry of these patients (p<0.001). Genetic ancestry, available for 1,503 patients, had an overall mean of 0.53 for European; 0.11 for Amerindian; and 0.35 for African. No statistical differences were found in the means of ancestry according to responder or RH groups. Conclusion: The analytical method was validated and genetic ancestry was performed, both unrelated to pharmacotherapeutic and resistant hypertension