Résumé The presented work addresses the issue of the double-tracking nature of a dominant position in European competition law. The aim of the integration efforts during the establishment of the EU was the creation of an internal market, especially the customs union. In order to achieve this state, it was necessary to take a number of integration measures and create a legal framework, i.e. conditions, under which economic competition in the internal market could operate effectively. In this context a variety of legislation valid for the whole EU territory has been accepted. However, in the context of the economic competition this work analyzes the legislation on market dominance carried out first in Article 102 of TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) prohibiting restrictive business practices in the form of abuse of a dominant position and also in Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 and later in Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 regulating the control of concentrations between undertakings. In case of both the legislations the crucial question is the "dominant position" of an enterprise in the market, while Article 102 of TFEU represents the ex post control, i.e. applies only to the possible abuse of the dominant position, and in this sense the dominant position itself is not the...

Denna uppsats är en kvantitativ studie om 15-åringars tillit till statliga institutioner utifrån social position i samhället. Studien har genomförts genom en surveyundersökning i form av enkäter genomförda i klass nio i sex kommunala grundskolor i Stockholmsområdet. Studien syftar till att undersöka om det finns samband mellan social position och tillit där vi använder social position som ett samlingsbegrepp för faktorerna socioekonomisk status, klassbakgrund, invandrarbakgrund och kön. Resultaten visar att det går att se ett samband där ungdomar med en lägre social position hyser lägre tillit än ungdomar med en högre social position. Vi kan endast se kön som en faktor gällande den generella tillitsfrågan samt gällande upplevelsen av trygghet kvälls-/nattetid i närområdet. Där personer som definierar sig som kvinnor skattar lägre tillit och känner sig mindre trygga i mörkret än män. Analysen visar att det finns samband mellan tillitsgrad och bostadssegregation, förändringar i välfärdsstaten Sverige, föräldrarnas utbildningsbakgrund samt i vilken mån ungdomarna av sina föräldrar blivit rådda att inte lita på personer i allmänhet. Våra resultat har vi kommit fram till genom framförallt bivariata analyser i statistikprogrammet IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Resultaten har sedan analyserats med hjälp av teori om tillit, socialt kapital och intersektionalitet. De slutsatser vi kan dra av vår analys stämmer till stor del överens med tidigare forskning på ämnet. / This paper is a quantitative study, which examines 15-year-olds trust towards governmental institutions on the basis of social position in society. The study has been carried out through a survey in class nine in six public schools in the Stockholm region. The study aims to investigate whether there is connection between social position and trust, where we use social position as a generic term for socioeconomic status, class background, immigrant background and gender. The results show that it is possible to see a correlation between lower social position and lower trust and higher social position and higher trust. We can only see gender as a factor according to the general question of trust as well as the question of current experience of safety in the evening/at night in the surrounding area. Where people who define themselves as women perceive less trust and feel less safe in the dark than men. The analysis shows that there is connection between the levels of trust and residential segregation, changes in the welfare state, the parents ' educational background and the extent to which young people been advised by their parents not to trust people in general. The results has been analysed through bivariaty analysis in IBM SPSS Statistics 22. The conclusions we can draw from our analysis is to a large extent consistent with previous research on the topic.

The purpose of the graduation thesis "Position of Austria in the world's economy" is to analyse the Austrian economy and its development in the light of basic macroeconomic aggregates in recent years in detail. It also desribes the situation of the country in a global financial crisis and its reaction. The thesis tries to reveal the strongpoints and weakpoints of Austrian economy. Austria is always compared to other countries, to the world and European economy. This thesis is divided into five chapters, which closely deal with following subjects: gross domestic product, labour market, emloyment and education, monetary policy, balance of payments and eventually the financial crisis from Austrian view. The content of this thesis is purely economic. It goes into other subjects only marginally.

O presente trabalho trata de objeto de natureza interdisciplinar, a partir do qual abordamos questões linguísticas e sócio-históricas ligadas ao português paulista culto na São Paulo de início do século XX. Realizamos a descrição e análise da ordem de constituintes sentenciais em duas instituições escolares da Capital, complementarmente à análise das instituições e seus sujeitos, bem como de seu lugar na história/memória da cidade, buscando compreendê-los na dinâmica da vida paulistana da virada do século. O recorte linguístico considera as posições do sujeito e do clítico. O corpus é constituído de atas escritas por professores, diretores e secretários da Escola Normal (majoritariamente feminina) e do Ginásio da Capital (exclusivamente masculino), instituições importantes por seu papel na dinâmica de reorganização social e política em uma sociedade altamente heterogênea, em que as tensões repercutiam em formas diversas de distinção em todos os âmbitos da cultura local, inclusive o linguístico. Com o propósito de compreender amplamente nosso objeto, trabalhamos com os dados linguísticos e materiais que pudessem trazer ao presente um pouco da realidade da época e que recuperasse seus pontos de vista. Para isso, analisamos revistas de ensino, livros de matrícula, gramáticas, discursos e outras fontes. A perspectiva adotada, condizente com a natureza do objeto, é interdisciplinar, e teve por objetivo possibilitar uma análise do uso linguístico inserido nas relações sociais, assumindo pressupostos da sociolinguística, sociologia, antropologia e história, visando à compreensão integrada do fenômeno. / This work deals with an interdisciplinary object, in which we refer language issues and socio-historical linked to Portuguese Paulista in Sao Paulo early twentieth century. We perform the description and analysis of sentential constituent order in two schools of the capital, in addition to the analysis of institutions and their subjects, as well as its place in the history of the city, seeking to understand them in the dynamics of São Paulo of the early century. The linguistic focus considers the positions of subject and clitic. The corpus is composed of texts written by teachers, principals and secretaries of the Normal School (mostly female) and the Capital Gymnasium (exclusively male), important institutions for their role in the dynamics of social reorganization and politics in a highly heterogeneous society in which tensions had repercussions in various forms of discrimination in all aspects of local culture, including the language. In order to understand our object, we work with linguistic data and materials that could bring to present some of the reality of the time and to recover their views. For this, we analyze educational magazines, books, grammars, speeches and other sources. The perspective adopted is interdisciplinary, and aimed to enable an analysis of the inserted language use in social relations, taking on assumptions of sociolinguistics, sociology, anthropology and history, aiming at the integrated understanding of the phenomenon.

O presente trabalho trata de objeto de natureza interdisciplinar, a partir do qual abordamos questões linguísticas e sócio-históricas ligadas ao português paulista culto na São Paulo de início do século XX. Realizamos a descrição e análise da ordem de constituintes sentenciais em duas instituições escolares da Capital, complementarmente à análise das instituições e seus sujeitos, bem como de seu lugar na história/memória da cidade, buscando compreendê-los na dinâmica da vida paulistana da virada do século. O recorte linguístico considera as posições do sujeito e do clítico. O corpus é constituído de atas escritas por professores, diretores e secretários da Escola Normal (majoritariamente feminina) e do Ginásio da Capital (exclusivamente masculino), instituições importantes por seu papel na dinâmica de reorganização social e política em uma sociedade altamente heterogênea, em que as tensões repercutiam em formas diversas de distinção em todos os âmbitos da cultura local, inclusive o linguístico. Com o propósito de compreender amplamente nosso objeto, trabalhamos com os dados linguísticos e materiais que pudessem trazer ao presente um pouco da realidade da época e que recuperasse seus pontos de vista. Para isso, analisamos revistas de ensino, livros de matrícula, gramáticas, discursos e outras fontes. A perspectiva adotada, condizente com a natureza do objeto, é interdisciplinar, e teve por objetivo possibilitar uma análise do uso linguístico inserido nas relações sociais, assumindo pressupostos da sociolinguística, sociologia, antropologia e história, visando à compreensão integrada do fenômeno. / This work deals with an interdisciplinary object, in which we refer language issues and socio-historical linked to Portuguese Paulista in Sao Paulo early twentieth century. We perform the description and analysis of sentential constituent order in two schools of the capital, in addition to the analysis of institutions and their subjects, as well as its place in the history of the city, seeking to understand them in the dynamics of São Paulo of the early century. The linguistic focus considers the positions of subject and clitic. The corpus is composed of texts written by teachers, principals and secretaries of the Normal School (mostly female) and the Capital Gymnasium (exclusively male), important institutions for their role in the dynamics of social reorganization and politics in a highly heterogeneous society in which tensions had repercussions in various forms of discrimination in all aspects of local culture, including the language. In order to understand our object, we work with linguistic data and materials that could bring to present some of the reality of the time and to recover their views. For this, we analyze educational magazines, books, grammars, speeches and other sources. The perspective adopted is interdisciplinary, and aimed to enable an analysis of the inserted language use in social relations, taking on assumptions of sociolinguistics, sociology, anthropology and history, aiming at the integrated understanding of the phenomenon.

L’expérience Arc-En-Ciel permet d’étudier la dynamique de photofragmentation UV de biomolécules produites par une source « électrospray ». La spécificité du dispositif expérimental utilisé repose sur la détection en coïncidence des photo-fragments ioniques et neutres issus d’un même évènement physique de fragmentation. L’étude de molécules simplement chargées permet d’identifier chaque canal de fragmentation par la masse du fragment ionique émis. En corrélant les informations temporelles et spatiales des photo-fragments détectés, on définit :- le nombre et la masse des fragments neutres associés à chaque fragment ionique- le nombre d’étapes de fragmentation de chaque canal et leurs temps caractéristiques(20 ns ≤ τ < 1 μs).L’ensemble de ces informations permet une description complète de la dynamique de photofragmentation du système étudié.La dynamique de photofragmentation du tryptophane protoné est régie par des transferts concertés d’électron et de proton à l’état excité. Lorsque le tryptophane protoné est complexé à un éther-couronne, les transferts de protons sont inhibés. Nous observons alors une modification de la dynamique de fragmentation.Pour de petits peptides protonés contenant le tryptophane, la dynamique à l’état excité est gouvernée par la position du tryptophane dans la chaîne peptidique. Les voies de fragmentation spécifiques UV, mises en évidence pour ces peptides, sont expliquées par les mêmes mécanismes de transfert concerté d’électron et de proton. Nous montrons cependant que ces mécanismes diffèrent suivant la composition du peptide. / The Arc-En-Ciel experiment allows the investigation of UV photo-fragmentation dynamics of protonated biomolecules produced by an electrospray ion source. The specificity of the set-up is based on the detection in coincidence of ionic and neutral photo-fragments coming from the same fragmentation event. The study of simple charged molecules allows the identification of each fragmentation channel by the mass of the emitted ionic fragment. With the time and spatial correlation of the information of detected photo-fragments we identify:- the number of neutral fragments as well as their masses associated with each ionic fragment- the number of fragmentation steps of each channel as well as their fragmentation times (20 ns ≤ τ < 1 μs)This information provides a comprehensive understanding of the photo-fragmentation dynamics.The photo-fragmentation dynamics of protonated Tryptophan is driven by concerted electron and proton transfers in the excited state. When protonated Tryptophan is complexed witha crown-ether, proton transfers are inhibited and dynamics is modified.The excited state dynamics of small protonated peptides containing Tryptophan is governed by the position of Tryptophan in the peptide chain. The specific fragmentation channels involved are explained by concerted electron and proton transfers. We show how these mechanisms change with the composition of peptides.

Résumé The presented work addresses the issue of the double-tracking nature of a dominant position in European competition law. The aim of the integration efforts during the establishment of the EU was the creation of an internal market, especially the customs union. In order to achieve this state, it was necessary to take a number of integration measures and create a legal framework, i.e. conditions, under which economic competition in the internal market could operate effectively. In this context a variety of legislation valid for the whole EU territory has been accepted. However, in the context of the economic competition this work analyzes the legislation on market dominance carried out first in Article 102 of TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) prohibiting restrictive business practices in the form of abuse of a dominant position and also in Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 and later in Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 regulating the control of concentrations between undertakings. In case of both the legislations the crucial question is the "dominant position" of an enterprise in the market, while Article 102 of TFEU represents the ex post control, i.e. applies only to the possible abuse of the dominant position, and in this sense the dominant position itself is not the...

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / IntroduÃÃo: A ventilaÃÃo nÃo invasiva com pressÃo positiva (VNI) vem tendo uma crescente utilidade na prÃtica clÃnica e o seu uso està bem estabelecido em casos de edema agudo de pulmÃo e nas exacerbaÃÃes da doenÃa pulmonar obstrutiva crÃnica (DPOC), diminuindo a necessidade de intubaÃÃo orotraqueal e melhorando a sobrevida. AlÃm disso, a pressÃo positiva contÃnua em vias aÃreas (CPAP) â modo de VNI â constitui o tratamento de escolha para pacientes portadores da sÃndrome de apnÃia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS), onde geralmente nÃo hà alteraÃÃo no parÃnquima pulmonar. Ainda a aplicaÃÃo de nÃveis elevados de pressÃo positiva expiratÃria final (PEEP) no manejo da sÃndrome do desconforto respiratÃrio agudo (SDRA) està associada tanto ao recrutamento alveolar como à hiperdistensÃo de Ãreas previamente normoaeradas, com resultados ainda indefinidos quanto ao impacto na sobrevida. Um dos recursos para melhora da oxigenaÃÃo nestes pacientes à a posiÃÃo prona e os efeitos da associaÃÃo desta manobra com pressÃo positiva permanecem controversos. A tomografia computadorizada de alta resoluÃÃo (TCAR) constitui um excelente mÃtodo de imagem para avaliaÃÃo qualitativa e quantitativa do parÃnquima pulmonar. O emprego da TCAR pode auxiliar na investigaÃÃo dos efeitos da CPAP de modo nÃo invasivo sobre o parÃnquima pulmonar, contribuindo para a elucidaÃÃo dos efeitos fisiolÃgicos da pressÃo positiva e da posiÃÃo prona. Objetivos: Avaliar e comparar os efeitos de diferentes nÃveis de CPAP de modo nÃo invasivo sobre o parÃnquima pulmonar em indivÃduos sadios nas posiÃÃes supina e prona. CasuÃstica e mÃtodos: Estudo intervencionista com oito voluntÃrios sadios, sem doenÃa cardiopulmonar. Foram realizados cortes tomogrÃficos de alta resoluÃÃo em trÃs regiÃes: Ãpice (2 cm acima do arco aÃrtico), hilo (1 cm abaixo da carina) e base (2 cm acima do diafragma) na posiÃÃo supina, sem CPAP (basal) e com CPAP de 5, 10 e 15 cmH2O; e na posiÃÃo prona, corte em base, sem CPAP e com CPAP de 10 cmH2O. A seqÃÃncia das posiÃÃes e da ordem das pressÃes aplicadas foi randomizada. Aguardava-se um perÃodo de no mÃnimo 5 minutos apÃs completa adaptaÃÃo da mÃscara para realizaÃÃo do exame e o mesmo perÃodo de tempo entre um nÃvel de pressÃo e outro. Os dados foram analisados agrupando-se os cortes tomogrÃficos das trÃs regiÃes e por subdivisÃes em regiÃes ventral, medial e dorsal, sendo calculadas as mÃdias das densidades pulmonares e o percentual do nÃmero de unidades com densidade menor que -950 UH (hiperaeradas) para cada uma das regiÃes. Resultados: NÃo houve diferenÃa das mÃdias das densidades pulmonares entre Ãpice, hilo e base para o mesmo nÃvel de pressÃo. Na posiÃÃo supina, houve reduÃÃo da densidade pulmonar e aumento do percentual de pixels nas Ãreas hiperaeradas com nÃveis crescentes de pressÃo: basal -761 UH e 7,25%; CPAP 5: -780 UH e 8,57%; CPAP 10: -810 UH e 11,62%; CPAP 15: -828 UH e 14,65% (p < 0,05). O mesmo foi observado na posiÃÃo prona: basal -759 UH e 6,30%; CPAP 10: -803 UH e 9,94% (p < 0,05). Este aumento da aeraÃÃo tambÃm foi observado nas regiÃes ventral, medial e dorsal. Foi encontrado um gradiente crescente no sentido ventro-dorsal de densidades pulmonares na posiÃÃo supina e o inverso na posiÃÃo prona. A CPAP de 10 cmH2O, na posiÃÃo prona, ocasionou menor aumento do percentual de pixels nas Ãreas hiperaeradas em relaÃÃo à supina. Nas regiÃes nÃo dependentes do pulmÃo (ventral em supina e dorsal em prona), observou-se um menor percentual de pixels nas Ãreas hiperaeradas e aumento nas normoaeradas na posiÃÃo prona em relaÃÃo à supina, praticamente sem diferenÃa nas regiÃes dependentes. ConclusÃes: A aplicaÃÃo de diferentes nÃveis de CPAP, de modo nÃo invasivo, em voluntÃrios sadios, resultou em maior aeraÃÃo com nÃveis crescentes de pressÃo e maior homogeneizaÃÃo da aeraÃÃo pulmonar, tanto na posiÃÃo supina como na prona. Houve menor hiperaeraÃÃo nas regiÃes nÃo dependentes na posiÃÃo prona, em relaÃÃo à supina, sem CPAP e com CPAP de 10 cmH2O, com melhor distribuiÃÃo da aeraÃÃo pulmonar naquela posiÃÃo. / Introduction: Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is an effective means of treating patients with acute respiratory failure and its use has been well established in cardiogenic pulmonary edema and in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), reducing the need for endotracheal intubation and improving survival. Furthermore the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) â a mode of NIPPV â is the recommended treatment for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), where frequently there is no abnormality in pulmonary parenchyma. Also in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may result in alveolar recruitment of nonaerated units as well as in overinflation of the aerated lung areas. Alveolar overinflation is considered an important factor related to ventilator-induced lung injury causing higher mortality. The prone position has beneficial effects on oxygenation in these patients and the additive effect of PEEP with this maneuver is debatable. High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is an excellent imaging method to evaluate the effects of positive pressure and prone position on pulmonary parenchyma. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of CPAP applied by a nasal mask on pulmonary inflation in normal subjects in supine and prone positions. Patients and methods: This is an interventionist study that evaluated eight healthy volunteers. A protocol of HRCT of the lung was performed in three regions: at the apex (2 cm above the aortic level), hilum (1 cm below the carina) and basis (2 cm above the right diaphragm) in the supine position, without and with CPAP of 5, 10 and 15 cmH2O. Also HRCT slices were performed in the prone position at the lung basis, without and with CPAP of 10 cmH2O. All HRCT slices were obtained at the functional residual capacity. Each CPAP level was maintened at least five minutes and the period between the different levels of CPAP was similar. For analysis the results were divided into regions ventral, medial and dorsal and with slices of apex, hilum and basis together. The mean lung densities (MLD) and the percentual of units with densities lower than -950 UH (overinflated) were calculated for each region. Results: There was no difference between the MLD of apex, hilum and basis for the same level pressure. In the supine position, there were a MLD reduction and an increase of the number of pixels on hyperinflated areas according to CPAP levels: without CPAP -761 HU e 7,25%; CPAP 5: -780 HU e 8,57%; CPAP 10: -810 HU e 11,62%; CPAP 15: -828 UH e 14,65% (p< 0,05). The same occurred in the prone position without CPAP: -759 UH e 6,30% and with CPAP 10: -803 UH e 9,94% (p < 0,05). It was observed a crescent ventro-dorsal density gradient in supine position that was inverse in prone position. At CPAP of 10 cmH2O there was lower percentage of pixels on hyperinflated areas in the prone position than in supine. In the non dependent lung regions (ventral in supine and dorsal in prone) there were lower percentage of pixels on hyperinflated areas and higher on normoaerated areas in the prone position than in supine with little differences in the dependent regions. Conclusions: Non invasive CPAP in normal subjects induces progressive overdistension with increase of pressure levels in supine and prone positions. CPAP of 10 cmH2O causes less overdistension of the non dependent regions than the same level of CPAP in supine position, without inducing significant overinflation of the dependent regions. So that the prone position causes a more homogeneous air distribution through the lungs.

Title: Didactic methods for teaching of skiing of beginners 6-10 years old Objectives: The aim of this diploma thesis is to create a "ranking alphabet" for skiing beginners at age from 6 to 10 years old (young school age) and following verification of its effectiveness by using different didactic methods during the skiing education in "Half-day skiing school" in Kubova Huť. Methods: This is a case study that has the character of descriptions with the nature of qualitative research. The main method was the participatory observation by five trained ski instructors. We also used the category system and created seven categories. These were skiing skills included in the "ranking alphabet". To capture the quality of execution, we chose the judging ranges for individual elements in the "ranking alphabet". Results: The ranking alphabet with seven elementary skills was created. Each skill was defined and its level was determined. Children were divided into two groups (parallel and plough ski position). It depended on the quality of individual skiing skills. Every group participated in modified skiing education. In the end skills of both groups were verified by slalom. The use of ski "ranking alphabet" at the beginning of ski training proved to be effective for skiing beginners. Key words: Children, downhill...

Introduction. La notion d'" embodiment " propose que chaque humain est à la fois un être social ainsi que biologique, intégrant le monde dans lequel il/elle vit. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que la position socioéconomique pendant l'enfance peut être biologiquement incorporée, conduisant à la production des inégalités sociales de santé entre les sous-groupes de population. La charge allostatique (CA) est un concept qui tente de capturer l'usure physiologique globale du corps liée à l'activation répétée des mécanismes physiologiques compensatoires en cas d'exposition à des stress chroniques. La CA pourrait permettre une meilleure compréhension des voies biologiques qui jouent un rôle potentiel dans la construction du gradient social de santé des adultes. Objectif. Pour explorer l'hypothèse d'incorporation biologique, nous avons examiné les voies de médiation entre les adversités psychosociales et la position socioéconomique précoces et la CA à 44 ans. Nous avons également confronté l'indice de CA à une mesure multidimensionnelle de santé latente à 50 ans. Méthodes. Les données sont issues de la cohorte Britannique de naissance de 1958 (n=18 000). La CA a été construite avec les données de l'enquête biomédicale conduite à 44 ans, comme une mesure physiologique synthétique, multi-système, à l'aide de 14 biomarqueurs représentant les systèmes neuroendocrinien, métabolique, immunitaire / inflammatoire et cardiorespiratoire. Résultats. L'ensemble de nos résultats suggèrent que la CA pourrait être un indice approprié pour capturer partiellement la dimension biologique des processus d'embodiment. Discussion. Comprendre comment l'environnement affecte notre santé en se " glissant sous la peau " et pénétrant dans les cellules, les organes et les systèmes physiologiques de notre corps est un principe clé dans la recherche en santé publique. Promouvoir le recueil de marqueurs biologiques dans des grandes études prospectives et représentatives est crucial pour continuer la recherche sur ce sujet. Les études de réplication pourraient faire partie des futures perspectives de recherche, pour comparer entre populations avec des contextes culturels différents pour observer si un index de CA peut être considéré comme "universel ". / Introduction. The notion of embodiment proposes that every human being is both a social and a biological organism that incorporates the world in which (s)he lives. It has been hypothesized that early life socioeconomic position (SEP) can be biologically embedded, potentially leading to the production of health inequalities across population groups. Allostatic load (AL) is a concept that intends to capture the overall physiological wear-and-tear of the body triggered by the repeated activation of compensatory physiological mechanisms as a response to chronic stress. AL could allow a better understanding of the potential biological pathways playing a role in the construction of the social gradient in adult health. Objective. To explore the biological embedding hypothesis, we examined the mediating pathways between early SEP and early adverse psychosocial experiences and higher AL at 44 years. We also confronted an AL index with a latent multidimensional and integrative measure of health status at 50y. Methods. Data are from the 1958 British birth cohort (n=18 000) follow-up to age 50. AL was operationalized using data from the biomedical survey collected at age 44 on 14 parameters representing the neuroendocrine, metabolic, immune-inflammatory and cardiovascular systems. Results. Overall, our results suggest that AL could be a suitable index to partially capture the biological dimensions of embodiment processes. Discussion. Understanding how human environments affect our health by 'getting under the skin' and penetrating the cells, organs and physiological systems of our bodies is a key tenet in public health research. Promoting the collection of biological markers in large representative and prospective studies is crucial to continue to investigate on this topic. Replication studies could be part of the future research perspectives, to compare with other cultural context and to observe if an AL index can be 'universal'.