Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIR - Rodrigo Antonio da R Frota.pdf: 325777 bytes, checksum: 7c527e30db88322adf508c9844f225e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-06 / The present paper aims at the analysis of the country positive law, focusing in its base structure: the rules of law, as of its structure. This paper deals with the syntactic homogeneous feature of the positive law system and its relation to legal principles. Seeking, therefore, to verify the identity of such institutes, in order to, afterwards, concentrate efforts more specifically at the principle of contributive capacity and the relation to contributions. In this sense, the perspective by which the legal norm shall be analyzed corresponds to the Analytic-Constructivism theory, from Lourival Vilanova, taking into consideration the structure of rules and their order. To this angle of law study, we deem necessary to add a view from the perspective of Phenomenology, by the Value Theory, inherent to the law, due to its inseparable cultural characteristic. We conclude, finally, that the Contributive Capacity is a value of huge relevancy for the society that implanted it, ordering as in the form of rules, originating what we call Contributive Capacity Principle. The foregoing will be applied to nonobligatory tributes, among which are the Special Contributions, producing legal effects / O presente trabalho visa analisar o direito positivo pátrio, tendo sua estrutura basilar como enfoque: a norma jurídica, a partir de sua estrutura. Trabalha com a homogeneidade sintática do sistema jurídico positivo e sua relação com os princípios jurídicos. Buscando, assim, verificar a identidade destes institutos para, depois, com mais especificidade, concentrar os esforços no princípio da capacidade contributiva e sua relação com as contribuições. A perspectiva pela qual se analisará a norma jurídica será a da teoria do Contructivismo-Analítico de Lourival Vilanova, considerando a estrutura da norma e do ordenamento. A este ângulo de estudo do direito, julgamos necessário somar um olhar da Fenomenologia, através da Teoria do Valor, intrínseca ao direito, devido a seu inafastável caráter cultural. Concluímos, por fim, que a Capacidade Contributiva é um valor de grande relevância para a sociedade, a qual a inseriu no ordenamento, sob a forma de norma, dando origem ao que chamamos Princípio da Capacidade Contributiva. Este se aplicará aos tributos não vinculados, entre os quais as Contribuições Especiais, produzindo efeitos jurídicos

En marge de la société, les SDF – personnes dépourvues de « chezelles» et vivant dans une situation de grande précarité – se situent a priori aussi en marge du droit. Pourtant, les SDF sont des sujets de droit et peuvent, à ce titre, faire l’objet d’une étude juridique.La thèse entend démontrer que le droit positif interne est ainsi conçu qu’il ne parvient que très peu à contribuer à l’amélioration de la situation de grande précarité des SDF et même, à l’inverse, qu’il l’aggrave. Dans un premier temps, la recherche permet de constater que les règles de droit ne confèrent concrètement qu’une protection inefficace des SDF, alors pourtant qu’elles reconnaissent de très nombreux droits à la garantie d’un minimal vital, qu’elles sont au fondement d’une politique publique dédiée à la lutte contre le sans-abrisme et qu’elles encadrent des dispositifs restrictifs de libertés destinés à protéger les personnes les plus fragiles. Dans un second temps, la recherche met en exergue que le droit continue d’être utilisé au détriment des SDF. Réminiscence de la répression des plus pauvres, héritée de l’histoire, le droit conduit à aggraver l’exclusion des SDF, voire à les punir.L’étude se clôture alors sur le constat de l’ambivalence persistante d’une société qui mobilise le droit pour protéger les SDF et, dans le même temps, pour s’en protéger. / Homeless - people without "homes" and living in a situation of great precariousness and on the fringe of society - are a priori also on the fringe of law. However, the homeless are subjects of law. Therefore, they can be the subject of a legal study.This thesis aims to demonstrate that French positive law is conceived in such a way that it contributes very little to improve the situation of extreme precariousness of the homeless and even, conversely, it makes it worse. At First, the research shows that the rules of law provide only an ineffective protection to the homeless, despite they recognise many rights to guarantee a basic subsistence level, they are the bottom of a public policy dedicated to the fight against homelessness and they provide a framework for restrictive measures of freedom designed to protect the most vulnerable people. Then, in a second step, the research highlights that law is still applies to the detriment of the homeless. Reminiscent of the repression of the poorest, inherited from history, the law leads to increase the exclusion of the homeless or even to punish them.The study concludes on the observation of the persistent ambivalence of a society that mobilizes the law to protect the homeless and at the same time to protect itself from them.

The thesis deals with ethical reflection of the right to psychotherapy as a potential natural right, with regard to dispute about psychotherapy outside the health system and its ethical solution. The first part of the thesis clarify the origin and core of the dispute, its parties and their arguments, their conflicting and congruent interests and the impact of the dispute on the situation of the takers of psychotherapy. The second part is devoted to psychotherapy, first of all to the development of psychotherapy in context with political-cultural and historical conditionality, then it reflects the changes in the needs of the recipients of psychotherapy with respect to the transformation of society and finally it defines psychotherapy taking into account domestic and European trends. The third part of the thesis investigate the right to psychotherapy as a potential natural right and consequently also the importance of human rights for resolving the dispute about psychotherapy. First it pays attention to the natural law, to the natural rights and obligations and to the relationship of the natural and positive law; second it reflects the current possibilities of realizing the right to psychotherapy in the Czech Republic with regard to the conclusions of the previous research. The fourth part deals with the realization of the right to psychotherapy due to the principle of subsidiarity and its different concepts. The fifth part contains the discussion and reflection of the current development of the dispute and finally the conclusion of the thesis brings a summary and evaluation of the obtained conclusions.

Tantôt nié dans son principe même, tantôt proclamé comme un droit sacré et inaliénable de l'homme, le droit de résistance à l'oppression a, depuis sa proclamation pour la première fois dans la Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen du 26 août 1789, continuellement suscité des débats quant à sa nature et la légitimité de son exercice. De façon générale, ce mémoire vise à exposer les origines du droit de résistance à l'oppression, et sa consécration normative au niveau international. Il s'agit de trouver des fondements justifiant et légalisant le recours à la résistance dans toutes ses formes, lorsque confronté à une oppression d'origine étatique. Ces fondements pourront être retracés chez les philosophes du Moyen-âge et de la renaissance qui ont consacré un droit naturel de résistance à l'homme, supérieur au droit positif. En faisant appel aux notions de justice et d'humanité, cette notion de droit naturel a contribué à la légitimation du concept de résistance dans la relation du peuple avec son souverain. Nous retrouvons d'ailleurs cette idée dans le cadre du droit international contemporain à travers la protection accordée à certains droits tels les droit des minorités et le droit des peuples à l'autodétermination. Malgré cela, on constate toutefois l'absence d'une consécration expresse d' «un droit de résistance à l'oppression» au niveau international. Le droit de résistance à l'oppression demeure un droit difficile à positiver dans le cadre d'un droit international qui se présente avant tout comme un droit de consolidation de la souveraineté des États, et dans un système où la mise en œuvre des droits repose sur la bonne volonté de ces derniers. / Sometimes denied in its principle, sometimes proclaimed like a sacred and inalienable right of man, the right of resistance to oppression has, since its proclamation for the first time in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of August 26, 1789, continuously caused debates as for its nature and the legitimacy of its exercise. In a general way, this thesis aims at exposing the origins of the right of resistance to oppression, and its normative consecration on an international level. It is a question of finding bases justifying and legalizing the recourse to resistance in all its forms, when confronted with a state oppression. These bases could be recalled among philosophers of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, who gave man a natural right of resistance, superior to positive law. By calling upon the concepts of justice and humanity, this notion of natural right contributed to legitimate the concept of resistance in the relation of the people with its sovereign. Besides, we find this idea within the framework of contemporary international law through the protection granted to certain rights such as the right of the minorities and the right of people to self-determination. In spite of that, one notes however the absence of an express consecration of "a right of resistance to oppression" on the international level. The right of resistance to oppression remains a difficult right to «positivate» within the framework of an international law that presents itself above all as a right of consolidation of the sovereignty of the States, and in a system where the implementation of the rights rests on the good will of the latter.

This work deals with the development and possible application of natural law in the Czech judiciary. The first part of this work deals with relationship between natural and positive law, historical development of natural law and legal positivism. The second part investigates the current legal order of the Czech Republic and the practice of Constitutional Court, which should give judgements that are conformable with natural-law core of Constitution of the Czech Republic. The work reflects that there is some difficulty in application of natural rights in practice of Constitutional Court. On that account the work solves how is the natural law applied. However, the work finds out that there obviously aren?t any sources which would be treated about mentioned application. The third part of this work is engaged in possible proposal of natural law as a potential solution of difficulties that are connected with practice of Constitutional Court.

No presente trabalho, analisaremos as ideias jurídicas de José de Alencar (1829-1877), procurando demonstrar que este não foi somente um dos mais proeminentes vultos das letras pátrias e um dos mais destacados publicistas, políticos e oradores do Brasil de seu tempo, mas também um importante jurista. Embora o jurisconsulto José de Alencar seja inegavelmente menor do que o literato e mesmo que o homem de Estado, não deixa ele de ter sua relevância, merecendo, pois, ser mais conhecido e reconhecido do que tem sido. Em nossa exposição de suas ideias em diversos campos do Direito, nos concentramos mais naquelas que reputamos mais importantes social, política e historicamente, particularmente naquelas referentes à relação entre a Lei Natural e a Lei Positiva, à Constituição Imperial, ao Poder Moderador, à representação política, à abolição da escravatura, à codificação civil e à propriedade. / In this work we will analyse the juridical ideas of José de Alencar (1829-1877), seeking to demonstrate that he was not only one of the most prominent figures of the Brazilian literature and one of the most distinguished journalists, political writers, politicians and orators of the Brazil of his time but also an important jurist. Although the jurisconsult José de Alencar is unquestionably smaller in importance than the writer and even the man of State he does not lack relevance, thus deserving to be more known and recognised. In our exposition of his ideas in different fields of law we will concentrate more on those that we consider more important socially, politically and historically, particularly on the ones which refer to the relation between Natural Law and Positive Law, the Imperial Constitution, the Moderator Power, the political representation, the abolition of slavery, the civil codification and the property.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Frederico de Figueiredo Castro.pdf: 2130003 bytes, checksum: 8a5e4b6cc985c50aed5585baff0f800b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-02 / The purpose of this study is to know a little about the proper tax treatment of cooperative societies, pursuant to article 146, III, c, of the 1988 Federal Constitution. But this only becomes possible to understand before the organizational structure of positive law, its language, the importance of Semiotics studies, the construction of meaning to the prescriptive statements, among other issues that will be necessary to address. Then an immersion within societies will be made as provided for by civil legislation, to make it clear to the reader the legal classification that is judged appropriate for cooperatives. It will also be made legal analysis of the cooperative act and its impact in the tax system. Finally, we will deal on some taxes that we understand to be the most relevant in the daily lives of cooperative societies, including on the fulfillment of the instrumental duties / A proposta deste trabalho é conhecer sobre o adequado tratamento tributário das sociedades cooperativas, conforme disposto no artigo 146, III, c, da Constituição Federal de 1988. Mas isso somente se torna possível se antes compreendermos a estrutura organizacional do Direito Positivo, sua linguagem, a importância dos estudos da Semiótica, a construção de sentido para os enunciados prescritivos, entre outros assuntos que se farão necessários abordar. Em seguida, será feita uma imersão no âmbito das sociedades, tal como prevista pela legislação civil, para que fique claro ao leitor a classificação jurídica que se julga adequada para as cooperativas. Também, será feita a análise jurídica do ato cooperativo e a sua repercussão no âmbito do sistema tributário. Finalmente, trataremos acerca de alguns tributos que compreendemos ser os mais relevantes no cotidiano das sociedades cooperativas, inclusive acerca do cumprimento dos deveres instrumentais

Comme la justice est le principe sur lequel la société humaine doit être fondée, dans quelle mesure Montesquieu est-il le philosophe de la justice ? Telle a été la question fondamentale de cette thèse : envisager la place de l'auteur de l'Esprit des lois et son rôle dans l'élaboration de la conception de la justice. Nous avons essayé de mettre en exergue quelles ont été sa contribution et son incidence dans le développement de l'idée de la justice, à la fois vis-à-vis du droit naturel et du droit positif. D'une part, son oeuvre a permis de comprendre que la justice naturelle est universelle, antérieure et supérieure aux lois positives. Dès lors, parce que l'esclavage est contraire au droit naturel, c'est au nom de cette justice immuable que Montesquieu l'a condamné. D'autre part, en examinant le rapport entre la justice et la liberté, l'auteur a indiqué comment cette justice peut s'épanouir en droit positif. Ce rapport implique la condamnation du despotisme et la nécessité de disposer de mécanismes efficaces visant à garantir la justice et la liberté contre ce danger. / Given the fact that justice is the principle on which human society must be based on, we should ask out selves in how far should Montesquieu be considered as the philosopher of justice? This question is the fundamental idea developed in this thesis: to consider the place of the author of The Spirit of Laws and his role in developing the concept of justice. We tried to highlight what his impact and contribution in developing the idea of justice, both in natural law and positive law has been. On the one hand, his work helped to understand that natural justice is universal, anterior and superior to positive laws. Therefore, because slavery is opposed to natural law, Montesquieu condemned it in the name of this immutable justice. On the other hand, by examining the relationship between justice and liberty, the author pointed out how justice flourishes in positive law. This relationship involves the condemnation of despotism and the need for effective mechanisms to ensure justice and liberty against the risk of despotism.

No presente trabalho, analisaremos as ideias jurídicas de José de Alencar (1829-1877), procurando demonstrar que este não foi somente um dos mais proeminentes vultos das letras pátrias e um dos mais destacados publicistas, políticos e oradores do Brasil de seu tempo, mas também um importante jurista. Embora o jurisconsulto José de Alencar seja inegavelmente menor do que o literato e mesmo que o homem de Estado, não deixa ele de ter sua relevância, merecendo, pois, ser mais conhecido e reconhecido do que tem sido. Em nossa exposição de suas ideias em diversos campos do Direito, nos concentramos mais naquelas que reputamos mais importantes social, política e historicamente, particularmente naquelas referentes à relação entre a Lei Natural e a Lei Positiva, à Constituição Imperial, ao Poder Moderador, à representação política, à abolição da escravatura, à codificação civil e à propriedade. / In this work we will analyse the juridical ideas of José de Alencar (1829-1877), seeking to demonstrate that he was not only one of the most prominent figures of the Brazilian literature and one of the most distinguished journalists, political writers, politicians and orators of the Brazil of his time but also an important jurist. Although the jurisconsult José de Alencar is unquestionably smaller in importance than the writer and even the man of State he does not lack relevance, thus deserving to be more known and recognised. In our exposition of his ideas in different fields of law we will concentrate more on those that we consider more important socially, politically and historically, particularly on the ones which refer to the relation between Natural Law and Positive Law, the Imperial Constitution, the Moderator Power, the political representation, the abolition of slavery, the civil codification and the property.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit - option recherche(LL.M)" / Ce mémoire traite de la contribution du Tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie (« TPIY ») au développement des sources formelles du droit international public. Il considère, plus précisément, le dilemme normatif entre le droit international classique, polarisé sur l'État et « résorbé» dans une juridicité formelle, et le «droit de l'unité substantiel », codifiant le mythe kantien de la paix par le droit et associant juridicité et légitimité par une intégration de l'éthique dans le droit. L'analyse postule la rétroaction du droit sur ses sources et étudie les courants idéologiques du droit international contemporain à partir de la jurisprudence du TPIY. Le mémoire conclut à une rupture entre le discours rhétorique du TPIY sur les sources, se réclamant du droit international classique, davantage compatible avec le principe de légalité, et les pratiques normatives effectives du Tribunal, ressemblant à un jusnaturalisme moderne, fondé sur des valeurs morales et éthiques. / This thesis studies the contribution by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former- Yugoslavia ("ICTY") to the development of Public International Law. Specifically, it analyses the normative dilemma between sources ofClassic International Law - correlated to the will ofStates, as wel/ as legal formalism - and the "International law ofsubstantial unity" - which codifies the Kantian myth of ''peace by law" and moves the classic idea of legality from formalism to legitimacy by using ethical references. The analysis assumes Law's retroactive effect on its sources and considers ideological movements of Contemporary International Law in the jurisprudence of the ICTY. The thesis concludes to a clash between ICTYabstractfindings related to sources ofInternationallaw and the actual "day-by-day" normative practices ofthe Tribunal. While the first brings into play Classic International Law and the rule of law, the second looks more like a neo-naturalism, fashioned by moral and ethical values.