This literature-based thesis studies the phenomenon of the regular plural inside compounds according to Giegerich’s (1999) stratal model of English morphology. The strata of his model are defined by their bases: stratum 1 is root-based and stratum 2 is word-based. The model overcomes the failings associated with earlier stratal models defined by their affixes (e.g., Kiparsky, 1982). However, assigning compounding and the regular plural to the same word stratum following Giegerich’s (1999) model leaves an open question in terms of what restricts the interaction between both rules to prevent the generation of ill-formed compounds such as *toys box and *trucks driver. Another question emerges: Should the regular plural inflection be assigned to stratum 2? This question is important because the answer affects how we discuss the interaction between the regular plural and compounding. For example, how do we account for the interaction between a stratum-2 rule and a syntactic rule if we are not dealing with an interaction of two lexical rules at the same stratum? This thesis challenges the theory that inflectional morphology is separate from the lexicon (Anderson, 1988, 1982; Perlmutter, 1988) with supporting evidence from the properties of the possessive inflection. This research contributes significantly to the literature in its analysis of a number of compounds within texts extracted from books, which demonstrates that the internal regular plural morpheme has an evident semantic function that restricts it from appearing inside compounds (that is, on stratum 2 of the base-driven stratification model). The study thereby challenges Lieber and Štekauer’s (2009) view that the internal regular plural morpheme is purposeless and therefore should be regarded as a linking element. I also argue that the possessive inflection is assigned to stratum 2 and can interact with compounding to form possessive compounds, but is restricted by the semantic feature of the non-head element.

O presente trabalho versa sobre estruturasconstruídas ao redor da sequência \'cópula estativa+preposição comitativa\', estar con, em espanhol. Analisam-se possibilidades de estas estruturas serem interpretadas como expressões de posse, do mesmo modo como se leem construções com o verbo tener. Contrasta-se o funcionamento de estar con em língua espanhola ao do composto verbal estar com do português brasileiro / This work is about structures contructed around the sequence \'stative copular verb + comitative preposition\' estar con in Spanish. We analize possibilities for these structures to be interpreted as possesion expressions, as expressions with verb tener are read. We contrast the behaviour of estar con in Spanish to the phrasal verb estar com in Brazilian Portuguese.

O presente trabalho versa sobre estruturasconstruídas ao redor da sequência \'cópula estativa+preposição comitativa\', estar con, em espanhol. Analisam-se possibilidades de estas estruturas serem interpretadas como expressões de posse, do mesmo modo como se leem construções com o verbo tener. Contrasta-se o funcionamento de estar con em língua espanhola ao do composto verbal estar com do português brasileiro / This work is about structures contructed around the sequence \'stative copular verb + comitative preposition\' estar con in Spanish. We analize possibilities for these structures to be interpreted as possesion expressions, as expressions with verb tener are read. We contrast the behaviour of estar con in Spanish to the phrasal verb estar com in Brazilian Portuguese.

The purpose of this thesis is to give a critical analysis of ¡§Macphersonian possessive individualism¡¨, with regards to the issues of historical methodology as well as political theory. Having introduced my project of study in the opening chapter, I begin chapter two with an examination of the very idea of ¡§possessive individualism¡¨ proposed by C. B. Macpherson, and the theory of property and democracy that the thinker comes to develop in his later works. In chapter three, I turn to cope with the methodological problems implicit in Macpherson¡¦s study of history, mainly in terms of the Cambridge School¡¦s serious attack on its anti-historicity. In addition, the relative criticisms that I have addressed to Macpherson¡¦s methodology include the Marxist determinism and the Rationalist mode of modernity that appear his work. In chapter four, by contrast, it is Macpherson¡¦s theory of property and democracy that is under consideration. Here, taking the thought of Hayek as my case, I set out to show how the liberal formulations of democracy and property can still be free from Macpherson¡¦s Marxist charge. Finally, I conclude this thesis with a brief talk about the plausibility of Giddens¡¦ third way as the possible solution for the long-term debate regarding the intricate tension between property and equality.

Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfilment of the requirements for Master of Arts in the Department of African Languages at the University of Zululand, 1990. / This study is a review of the Possessive in Zulu. Many grammarians that have dealt with the possessive in Zulu over—emphasised the structure of the possessive thus very often neglecting the meaning of the possessive in Zulu, and the so-called unmarked possessive. Different approaches to word identification have been discussed. The implications of the two approaches to word identification for the possessive in Zulu, namely, the conjunctive5^ and the semi- X conjunctive approach, have been discussed. The conjunctivists indicate that the possessive is one word made up of three parts, the agreement morpheme, the possessive norpheme and the possessor. e.g. i + a - urafana yomf sr. = ■' of the boy ! The semi-conjunctivists indicate that a possessive consists of two words, namely, a possessive particle and a complement- e.g. ya-umfana ' (of the boy) Possessives that are direct in manner have been distinguished by inter alia Dotee- These possessives are semantically and morphologically regular. e.g. ibhola lomfana (the ball of the boy) Some structures do not include the possessive particle and yet they do carry a possessive meaning. e.g. uyihlo (your father} There are possessives that are indirect in nature, having possessive particles, but which do not imply true possession. The noun-possessor, and the noun-possessee are thus not semantically in a true possessive relationship in an example such as the following. e.g. intalantala yomsebenzi (a lot of work) Possessives which are structurally irregular in that they contain no possessive particle, are also discussed in this study. The possessor and the posses see are in a part-whole relationship in this sentence. e.g. ngiphule umfana ingalo (I broke the boy * s arm)

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We explore the language production process by eliciting subject-verb agreement errors. Participants were asked to create complete sentences from sentence beginnings such as The elf's/elves' house with the tiny window/windows and The statue in the eirs/elves' gardens. These are subject noun phrases containing a head noun and controller of agreement (statue), and two nonheads, a "local noun" (window(s)/garden(s)), and a possessor noun (elf's/elves'). Past research has shown that a plural nonhead noun (an "attractor") within a subject noun phrase triggers the production of verb agreement errors, and further, that the nearer the attractor to the head noun, the greater the interference. This effect can be interpreted in terms of relative hierarchical distance from the head noun, or via a processing window account, which claims that during production, there is a window in which the head and modifying material may be co-active, and an attractor must be active at the same time as the head to give rise to errors. Using possessors attached at different heights within the same window, we are able to empirically distinguish these accounts. Possessors also allow us to explore two additional issues. First, case marking of local nouns has been shown to reduce agreement errors in languages with "rich" inflectional systems, and we explore whether English speakers attend to case. Secondly, formal syntactic analyses differ regarding the structural position of the possessive marker, and we distinguish them empirically with the relative magnitude of errors produced by possessors and local nouns. Our results show that, across the board, plural possessors are significantly less disruptive to the agreement process than plural local nouns. Proximity to the head noun matters: a possessor directly modifying the head noun induce a significant number of errors, but a possessor within a modifying prepositional phrase did not, though the local noun did. These findings suggest that proximity to a head noun is independent of a "processing window" effect. They also support a noun phrase-internal, case-like analysis of the structural position of the possessive ending and show that even speakers of inflectionally impoverished languages like English are sensitive to morphophonological case-like marking.

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo articular um estudo do determinante diante das formas possessivas com base em um corpus histórico jornalístico composto de anúncios e cartas de leitores e redatores extraídos de jornais paulistas do século XIX. Focalizamos as formas possessivas seu/seus/sua/suas pré-nominais, observando a presença versus ausência do artigo definido e seus diferentes contextos. Nossas hipóteses buscaram resolver algumas questões teóricas relacionadas à estrutura do DP possessivo no PB, entre elas a da opcionalidade aparente do determinante e a da variação na realização de Número no interior da estrutura. Desenvolvemos respostas e análises às questões a partir da associação de dois quadros teóricos: a teoria dos Princípios & Parâmetros (CHOMSKY 1981, 1986) incluindo alguns refinamentos do Programa Minimalista (CHOMSKY 1995, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2004), e os pressupostos elaborados dentro da Sociolinguística Variacionista (cf. WEINREICH, LABOV e HERZOG (WLH) (1968); LABOV (1972, 1994, 2000)). Consideramos também estudos posteriores que conciliaram a mudança paramétrica internalista da língua (ROBERTS (2007)) com fatores extragramaticais que determinam o percurso das formas linguísticas no tempo histórico (KROCH (1989, 1994, 2000)). Para o estudo da estrutura do DP possessivo usamos a análise sobre os Bare Nouns de Cyrino & Espinal (2014). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a média geral de ausência do determinante diante de DPs possessivos se manteve a mesma nos dois períodos analisados, configurando uma variação estável. Concluímos que não houve, portanto, indícios de oscilação no uso de uma ou outra variante que pudesse demonstrar o avanço de uma delas em detrimento de outra. / The aim of this thesis is to describe the possessive DP structure and investigate the use of the determiner in possessive noun phrases in Paulista Brazilian Portuguese from the 19th century. For our description and analysis, we use advertisements and letters from readers and writers drawn from a historical and journalistic corpus. This research tries to verify if there is a parametric change and the contexts affected by the change and to propose an analysis for the observed facts. We adopt a minimalist approach based on Chomsky (1995, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2004), within the Principles and Parameters Model (CHOMSKY 1981, 1986). We also adopt a variationist sociolinguistical approach (cf. WEINREICH, LABOV and HERZOG (WLH) (1968); LABOV (1972, 1994, 2000)) and studies of internalist parametric change (ROBERTS (2007)) and social factors (KROCH (1989, 1994, 2000)) to determine the way the possible change takes place. In order to explore possessive DP structure we use the Bare Nouns analyses by Cyrino & Espinal (2014). During the period considered, the use of the article was variable, setting a stable variation.

This essay aims to explain Finnish students’ acquisition of Swedish as a second language: the focal point is the learners’ use of the possessive personal pronouns (hennes, hans and deras) and the possessive reflexive pronouns (sin, sitt and sina), and the placement of the Swedish negation in subordinate clauses. The theoretical background for the analysis of these linguistic structures is the Processability theory. This thesis suggests that the pronouns, which have not been earlier investigated through the Processability theory, are a part of the stage 4 of the theory, whilst the placement of negation in subordinate clauses is part of the stage 5. The basis for this thesis is a survey made in a secondary school in the north of Sweden and an upper secondary school in the north of Finland in autumn 2016. In other words two different groups of students have participated in the survey: one group studying Swedish as a second language in Sweden and one group studying Swedish as a foreign language in Finland. The analysis shows no linguistic differences between these two groups and for this reason there is no distinction made between them. The results reveal that the possessive personal pronouns are slightly more overused than the possessive reflexive pronouns. However, the results show that those students who have not commenced to process level 4 have not either began to process level 5. The learners’ utilization of the negation placement suggests that they first learn the preverbal placement of the negation in a main verb and afterwards the preverbal placement of a negation in an auxiliary verb. The results and conclusions given in this essay may be of some interest for other teachers and educational researchers.

This study addresses the question of the mental representation and processing of language by investigating &ldquo / structural priming&rdquo / in Turkish Genitive-Possessive (GEN-POSS) constructions. Structural priming is the facilitating effect of having already experienced a structural form on its subsequent processing. We investigate this phenomenon on a construction pair in Turkish, which shares the same external GEN-POSS morpho-syntactic template despite having distinct grammatical categories. The structures under scrutiny are possessive noun phrases (e.g. &ldquo / Korsan, [prenses-in(GEN) &ouml / yk&uuml / -s&uuml / n(POSS.3SG)]-&uuml / hatirladi.&rdquo / which means: The pirate remembered [the princess&rsquo / s story].) and embedded noun clauses with nominalized verbs as predicates (e.g. &ldquo / Korsan, [prenses-in(GEN) g&uuml / l-d&uuml / g(VN)-&uuml / n(POSS.3SG)]-&uuml / hatirladi.&rdquo / which means: The pirate remembered [that the princess (had) laughed/was laughing].) The results of the study which consists of a series of production and comprehension experiments with various methodologies (written sentence completion, self-paced reading and eye-tracking) indicate that structural priming might access the morphosyntactic level of representation in Turkish. Priming seems sensitive to the distinction between the phrasal vs. clausal nature of structures. During the processing of GEN-POSS constructions, the grammatical information regarding the constituents is accessed. Complex forms are further decomposed if processing resources are available. Overall, language production and comprehension seem to operate on the same structural representations but through different mechanisms. In addition, the study also contributes to the understanding of structural priming as a methodological paradigm and to the establishment of a bridge between the processing and theoretical linguistic analysis of Turkish nominalized verbs. To conclude, this study pioneers in exploring structural priming in Turkish and opens way to future research in this line.