Using the sample of three largest stocks from seven main market sectors in the US, the thesis examines the effect of information content of earnings announce­ ments on market reaction across sectors. Our findings prove the asymmetry of market reaction to different earnings surprise categories with negative-surprise reaction being the most profound. The financial markets tend to be less ef­ ficient in response to negative earnings surprises. Leakage of information is not present suggesting that insider trading is well-mitigated on the US capital markets. Furthermore, we investigate the market reaction to earnings surprises in different sectors separately and find that Consumer Staples and IT sector tend to be the most sensitive, on the contrary Telecommunication and Energy sector tend to be the least sensitive. G14; G15; G30JEL Classification Keywords Earnings announcement; Market reaction; Mar­ ket efficiency; Cross-sector analysis; Corpo­ rate disclosure; Insider trading; Post-earnings- announcement drift A u th o r's e-m ail p a v e l.prucekSgm ail. com S u p erv iso r's e-m ail kocenda@f s v . c u n i. cz

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Post Earnings Announcement Drift (PEAD) is a market anomaly that challenge the “Efficient Market Hypothesis” (EMH). It was first discovered in 1968 by Ball and Brown. When firms on the stock market have their earnings announcement the stock price will be affected and tend to drift up or down in price for days, weeks or months. Based on the limited research studies available there is acceptance that PEAD exists in the Stockholm stock exchange but depending on how measured the effect can strongly differ. In this master thesis we will study PEAD anomaly in the Swedish stock market and how pronounced it is on the stock’s sector, beta and trading volume. This study is an event and quantitative study which analyses firms on the Stockholm exchange market during the period between January 2007 to December 2022. A price measurement methodology has been used where the benchmark for abnormal (or excess) returns is the index of the list. Evidence shows that PEAD is present in the Stockholm Stock Exchange but that the effect is limited. The fact that the event abnormal returns are significant regarding of the returns up to after 60 trading days (although on a very small effect) provides insight and understanding of the effect. This study has also provided insight that beta and sector is a relevant PEAD parameter, maybe as important as the abnormal returns in the event itself. Trading volume have not provided any insight on PEAD in this study.

This dissertation is concerned with the relationship between accounting earnings and stock prices. It consists of three empirical papers, all using a sample of firms listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange (1990-2008). The first paper documents the existence of a drift in stock prices subsequent to quarterly earnings announcements. Two interesting empirical observations are that the drift is only significant for longer holding periods and that the drift on the short position, i.e. after bad earnings news, is negligible. The lack of downward drift on the short position is interpreted as an indication of the post-earnings announcement drift, at least partly, being explained by investors demanding a compensation for a risk factor that is omitted in the test design. The second paper illustrates under what conditions information risk in the earnings signal might explain a low announcement reaction and a price drift in the post-announcement period. It is hypothesized that two earnings signals – based either on GAAP earnings or core earnings – have different levels of information uncertainty with respect to how they depict the value creation of the firm. In the empirical sections, it is concluded that the low immediate announcement reaction and high post-announcement drift for the GAAP earnings signal is due to this signal being perceived by investors as containing more uncertainty than the core earnings signal. It is argued that this uncertainty might be due to GAAP earnings encompassing items that prior research has shown more likely to be manipulated and/or to contain estimation error. The positive association between information risk and expected return is further investigated in the third paper, where information risk is measured by earnings quality metrics. Using a new approach to estimate the implied cost of capital, it is found that Swedish investors demand a higher expected return for firms with poor earnings quality, i.e. firms associated with higher information risk. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, 2011

This paper investigates whether greater investor distraction on the Swedish stock market during the summer months of June, July and August leads to a more pronounced post earnings announcement drift (PEAD) effect, during the ten year period between 2000 and 2009. PEAD is an anomaly whereby the information contained in earnings announcements is not immediately or completely incorporated into stock prices, in the cases where the announcement contains an ‘earnings surprise’. The methodology involves using the standardised unexpected earnings (SUE) metric to measure the level of ‘earnings surprise’ and a buy and hold abnormal returns (BHAR) trading strategy to measure return. The study tests and confirms the existence of greater investor distraction during summer months on the Swedish market. For a holding period of 12 months, a BHAR trading strategy generates a greater abnormal return for summer months (11.3%) compared with the abnormal return for non-summer months (10.5%). These results are also interesting in a broader context, as they confirm the existence of the PEAD effect, one of the strongest counter-arguments to the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH); the foundation of many financial models used for stock market valuation. This is because, according to the EMH, in an efficient market it should not be possible to generate abnormal returns based on available information. However, it may be noted that these results do not take into account transaction costs. This means that while it can be demonstrated that there is greater investor distraction during the Swedish summer, in order to implement a successful trading strategy based on this finding, further testing would be required. Therefore, based on the findings of this paper, a number of areas for future research have been identified.

本研究主要探討當公司管理階層選擇自願性會計政策變更時，是否影響市場對於各該公司所發布相關訊息的反應情形，進而造成股價持續波動之狀況。本研究亦探討是否會計政策的異質性(公司進行會計變更後採用與其同業不同的會計政策)會影響到前述自願性會計變更與股價反映之關係。本研究以採用自願性會計政策變更之美國上市公司為研究對象，樣本期間為1994年至2008年，並將研究對象之競爭對手或產業領導者納入比較樣本。此外，為了觀察股價持續反應的情況，我們設立了季報發布期間和季報發布後期間，以檢驗此研究之假說。 此研究結果顯示，整體來說，自願性會計政策變更在季報發布期間對於未預期盈餘和報酬的關係，會有顯著正向之關聯。此外，考慮了會計政策之異質性後，若公司在會計變更後採取了與同業相同之會計政策，在季報發佈期間對於未預期盈餘和報酬的關係會有顯著正向之關聯，而在季報發佈後期間對於未預期盈餘和報酬的關係會有顯著負向之關聯；若公司在會計變更後採取了與同業不同之會計政策，市場在季報發布後期間對於未預期盈餘和報酬的關係會有顯著正向之關聯，比較多的資訊反映於季報發佈後期間。所以，當公司會計變更後採取異質性的會計政策，外部使用者對於公司發布之相關資訊可能無法及時的消化和理解，進而導致市場遞延反應。 因此，雖然公司採用自願性會計政策變更可能是為了要更真實反映公司之營運狀況，提升外部人士對於公司的實質了解，但根據本研究的實證結果顯示，外部使用者對於自願性會計政策變更後之相關訊息可能需要比較長時間的理解，導致股價會有持續反應的情況。 / This study investigates the relation between voluntary accounting changes (VACs) and post-earnings announcement drift. In addition, this study examines how accounting choice heterogeneity (different from the VAC firms’ peers) before and after VACs is associated with such association. This study collects VAC firms in the U.S. among 1994 to 2008 and identifies the heterogeneity of accounting choices between VAC and non-VAC firms. To test the hypotheses, this study considers the 10-Q filing window and a post-filing drift window. The results demonstrate that, overall, VACs have a positive effect on the three-day market reactions to 10-Q filings. In addition, after taking into account the accounting choice heterogeneity, this study observes that more of earnings-related stock price reaction occurs in the 10-Q filing window and less of earnings-related market reaction appears in the post-filing drift window. Moreover, VACs are positively associated with the post-filing period drift when VACs are different from their industry peers after VACs. That is, VAC firms adopting different post-change accounting method from non-VAC firms may make external users harder to digest related earnings information and lead to delayed market reaction, thus, more of stock price drift occur in post-filing window. In conclusion, though VACs may enhance market participants’ understanding of firms’ activities, the results demonstrate that market participants may spend more time to comprehend and digest VAC information disclosed by VAC firms compared to non-VAC firms, which leads to post-earnings announcement drift.

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Submitted by Alexandre Metello (alexandremetello@gmail.com) on 2015-03-06T20:48:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Post-Earnings Announcement Drift no Mercado de Ações Brasileiro.pdf: 1083829 bytes, checksum: 0cc672e25b9cd5a1eda673ccb616f70e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2015-05-08T16:13:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Post-Earnings Announcement Drift no Mercado de Ações Brasileiro.pdf: 1083829 bytes, checksum: 0cc672e25b9cd5a1eda673ccb616f70e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2015-05-20T15:46:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Post-Earnings Announcement Drift no Mercado de Ações Brasileiro.pdf: 1083829 bytes, checksum: 0cc672e25b9cd5a1eda673ccb616f70e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-21T19:31:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Post-Earnings Announcement Drift no Mercado de Ações Brasileiro.pdf: 1083829 bytes, checksum: 0cc672e25b9cd5a1eda673ccb616f70e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-23 / This work seeks to test Brazilian stock market efficiency by identifying the existence of postearnings announcement drift, phenomenon already very well studied and reproduced in the US market. According to the existent literature about the subject, information contained in a firm’s earnings announcements is relevant for pricing of its stocks. Moreover, cumulative abnormal returns for stocks of firms that announce earnings with 'positive surprises' have positive tendency for some period after the earnings announcement. On the other hand, cumulative abnormal returns for stocks of firms that announce earnings with 'negative surprises' have negative tendency for some period after the earnings announcement. The identification of post-earnings announcement drift in the Brazilian stock market may be very useful for structuring of arbitrage strategies and portfolio management. After a theoretical review, the result is presented and shows itself partially consistent with the existent literature. / Este trabalho busca testar a eficiência do mercado de ações brasileiro através da identificação da existência de post-earnings announcement drift, fenômeno já bastante estudado e reproduzido no mercado norte-americano. Segundo a literatura existente a respeito do assunto, a informação contida na divulgação de resultados de uma firma é relevante para a formação de preço de suas ações. Além disso, os retornos anormais acumulados de ações de firmas que divulgam resultados com 'surpresas positivas' possuem tendência positiva por algum tempo após a divulgação do resultado. Por outro lado, os retornos anormais acumulados de ações de empresas que divulgam resultados com 'surpresas negativas' possuem tendência negativa por algum tempo após a divulgação do resultado. A identificação de post-earnings announcement drift no mercado acionário brasileiro pode ser de grande utilidade para a estruturação de estratégias de arbitragem e gestão de portfólios. Após uma revisão teórica, o resultado é apresentado e se mostra parcialmente consistente com a literatura existente.