Since 2017, new significant political investments have been made within the Swedish government to eliminate intimate partner violence and violence against women, on a national level. Despite these efforts, studies have shown that violence in some cases is being made invisible, and even administrated by the legal system and social services. This study aim is to analyze the discourse on post-separation violence within policy documents produced by the social services in Sweden, to clarify in what ways knowledge and understanding of postseparation violence is being portrayed. The result presents two distinct and conflicting discourses. One portrays separation as the risk for an increase in, severe or lethal violence. The other tends to transform violence into partner conflict. This results in a grey area, in which other forms of violence are being overlooked, and where there is a silence regarding the role of the social services in noticing and handling violence. / Sedan 2017 finns i Sverige nya politiska satsningar och bestämmelser som syftar till att, på nationell nivå, mäns våld mot kvinnor ska upphöra. Trots satsningarna visar studier på situationer då våld inte bara osynliggörs, utan till och med administreras av maktapparaten, framför allt i juridiska vårdnadstvister och frågor om vårdnad, boende och umgänge hos socialtjänsten. I denna studie analyseras rådande diskurser om våld efter separation i aktuella styrdokument riktade mot socialtjänsten, för att klarlägga på vilket sätt kunskap om och förståelse för våld som sker efter en separation kommer till uttryck och styr det sociala arbetet. Resultatet visar på en diskursiv kamp mellan två tydliga diskurser. Den ena diskursen innehåller risken för ökat, allvarligare och dödligt våld. Den andra diskursen tenderar att omvandla våld till konflikt mellan partners. Detta skapar en diskursiv gråzon där andra typer av våld inte inryms, och där socialtjänstens roll i uppmärksammandet och hanteringen av våldet faller bort.

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The World Health Organization states that violence against women in intimate relationships is a serious threat to women's health. There is a substantial amount of research regarding the consequences of domestic violence. However, less is known about the emotional challenges that women face as a result of the violence and the strategies used to cope with distressing feelings. This scoping review aimed to explore and unfold common emotional challenges women may encounter after the end of a violent relationship as well as the strategies that they might use to cope with their feelings. Painful emotions such as anger, desire for revenge, shame and guilt were found to challenge women emotionally. Many women were also prone to create a wall of protection in relation to others. The challenge to trust men and the need for constant control made it difficult to nurture existing relationships. In addition, women used strategies such as positive thinking, support from peers and professionals, deeper understanding and refocusing to manage these distressing feelings. A problematization of the concept of recovery appeared because of its implication that there is an end date to when the women should have "recovered" from the violence. This false image created an additional feeling of guilt and shame for the women because of the sense of failure if they needed help again later in life. A greater understanding of what can promote as well as hinder the journey towards well-being among battered women is seen as substantial for professionals in order to meet their needs in recovery.

The aim of this study is to find a deeper understanding of in which ways social workers experience that children are exploited to continue power and control, in the form of post-separation abuse, towards the mother after the separation from the abusive father. The study also wants to bring attention to which consequences this can cause the child, from social workers' experiences. The questions at issue are 1. In which ways do social workers see that children are exploited to expose the mother to post-separation abuse? and 2. Which consequences of this exploitation have been seen by social workers? This study uses a qualitative method in the form of interviews. This method is used due to the goal of finding a deeper and more clear view on the social workers' perspective on these questions. In this study there have been 6 interviews. 5 of the respondents work within the Swedish Social Services and 1 in a municipal counseling service. 2 of the respondents work with the children and the remaining 4 work with the adults/parents. The result of this study shows 4 ways children can be exploited to post-separation abuse towards the mother. 1. The child is forced to ally with the father. This means that the child imitates the fathers behavior, language or vocabulary. 2. Misleading penalty. This means that the child is penalized through the fathers' attempt to punish the mother. 3. Economy as an unwitting arena. This means that the father tries to obstruct the mothers' economy by withholding child support or by not contributing towards the childs' clothes or activities. 4. The child as a messenger between the parents. This means the hand-over of the child. This also includes situations where the child is forced to give information about the mother to the father. The result of this study shows that consequences of exploiting the children during post-separation abuse are mental health issues, guilt and shame, poor self-esteem, developmental trauma and being wrongfully diagnosed with, for example, ADHD. This study shows that it is very common and highly likely that children are exploited as a pawn in post-separation abuse towards the mother.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious social problem and a noteworthy health issue internationally. In the United States, approximately 1.3 million women and 835,000 men experience a combination of cruel and violent treatment by an intimate partner. This phenomenological study used lived experiences from both men and women ranging in various ages from 40-70 years to understand their coping and resiliency strategies post-separation from an abusive relationship for 10 or more years. The conceptual framework was guided by Lazarus' transactional theory of coping and psychological stress and the theory of psychological resiliency, which is linked to understanding the ways long-term survivors are able to master, minimize, and tolerate the events of a stressful situation. Data were gathered on 15 participants through semistructured, in-depth interviews using a series of open-ended questions that captured the details of the participants' lived experiences, and provided a textual description to understanding their coping and resiliency strategies after leaving an abusive relationship. Interviews were analyzed using a phenomenological technique by extracting themes. The central themes that emerged based on the 6 interview questions were encounters of physical and emotional abuse, passive and submissive behaviors, supportive services, becoming self-sufficient, and developing their self-efficacy. The findings and recommendations from this study can advance positive social change and interventions for mental health professionals providing services and enhance the IPV survivors' ability to find a continuum of care that could be effective in keeping a positive change while shaping the outcome of future life events.

Att lämna ett våldsamt förhållande innebär inte alltid att kvinnan frigörs. Kvinnor som väljer att separera möter ofta allvarliga konsekvenser i form av hot och kränkningar. Det våld som sker efter separation definieras som eftervåld. Syftet med studien är att undersöka fenomenet eftervåld med hjälp av befintlig forskning. Den frågeställning som kommer att besvaras under studiens gång är: genom vilka former tar sig eftervåldet uttryck i kvinnornas liv? Studien baseras på en litteraturöversikt med 20 artiklar. Undersökningen av artiklarna genomfördes utifrån en tematisk analys som gav sju teman. Föreliggande studies resultat visar att eftervåldet tar sig uttryck genom ekonomi, barn, sabotage, manipulation, kontroll, hot och stalking. Resultatet tyder på att kvinnan utsätts för olika våldshandlingar efter separation. Ett återkommande fynd som litteraturstudien uppmärksammade var hur makt och kontroll återspeglats i samtliga teman som presenterats. Sammanfattningsvis konstateras den ojämlikhet mellan könen som Bourdieu (1999) redogör utifrån könsuppdelning, mannens dominans och det symboliska våldet. / To leave a violent relationship does not always result in the woman being liberated. Women who choose to leave the relationship often receive serious consequences (e.g., threats and violations). The violence that occurs after separation is defined as post-separation violence. The purpose of the study is to examine the phenomenon post-separation violence by using existing research. The research question that the study will be addressing is: in what forms does the post-separation violence manifest itself in the women’s lives? The present study is based on a literature review containing 20 articles. The examination of the articles was done by using a thematic analysis which resulted in seven themes. The results of the present study show that the post-separation violence manifests itself through economy, children, sabotage, manipulation, control, threat and stalking. The results indicate that the woman is exposed to various acts of violence after separation. A recurring finding that the literature study draws attention to was how power and control were the underlying factor to the post-separation violence. In summary, the inequality between the sexes that Bourdieu (1999) reports based on gender division, male dominance and symbolic violence is noted.

This study aims to enhance understanding of the experiences of women subjected to post-separation violence in their interactions with authorities. Employing a narrative analysis grounded in feminist theory, five autobiographies storys published between 2005 and 2020 were explored. A thematic analysis strategy was applied to identify and analyze patterns and themes within the women's narratives.  The findings show that sometimes women feel the support they receive is not enough. It's crucial for authorities, especially social services and the judiciary, to consider the study's findings to improve the support they offer. The study also points out that post-separation violence is known in Sweden but lacks specific research on its dynamics. I suggests more research into how social services can handle post-separation violence, given the uncertainty women in the study felt about the support they received. To conclude, future research should compare this study's findings with how women perceive support after the introduction of child contact centers in Swedish law. This could maybe improve the support provided by authorities to women who have experienced post-separation violence.

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Studiens syfte är att beskriva och förstå fem vuxna kvinnors levda erfarenheter av eftervåld och deras upplevelser av samhällets stöd. Utgångspunkten är kvinnornas berättelser, där deras erfarenheter och upplevelser, tankar och känslor står i centrum. Studiens vetenskapsteoretiska förankring är hermeneutisk och utgår från en kvalitativ metod med abduktiv ansats. Studiens empiriska material består av fem intervjuer som analyserats genom ett hermeneutiskt tolkningsförfarande. Bourdieus teori om den manliga dominansen och Ebaughs exitteori har använts som teoretiska utgångspunkter i tolkningen. Resultatet pekar på att eftervåldet kan utövas på olika sätt och innebära olika konsekvenser. Hot och trakasserier är en vanlig våldsform, liksom att gemensamma barn utnyttjas som maktmedel av våldsutövaren i syfte att fortsätta kontrollera den våldsutsatta kvinnan. Resultatet pekar vidare på att upplevelsen av samhällsstödet kan skilja sig åt samt att förståelse och kunskap om våld och eftervåld är en gemensam faktor för att samhället ska kunna stödja kvinnorna på ett adekvat sätt. Våra främsta forskningsfynd är att de våldsutsatta kvinnornas livskvalitet försämras av eftervåldet och dess konsekvenser, men även att motståndskraften hos dem hela tiden ökar trots barriärerna. / The aim of this study is to describe and understand five adult women’s lived experiences of post separation violence and their experiences of society support. The focus is the women’s own stories. The grounding is hermeneutic and emanates from a qualitative method with an abductive approach. The empirical materials consist of five interviews which has been analyzed by a hermeneutic interpretation procedure. Bourdieu’s theory masculine domination and Ebaugh’s theory the process of role exit has been used as theoretical starting points in the interpretation. The results shows that post separation violence can be exerted in different ways and implicate various consequences. Threats and harassment are a common type of violence, as well as using mutual children as a mean of power for the abuser to continue control the exposed woman. The results also shows that the experiences of society support differ and that understanding and knowledge of domestic violence and post separation violence is a common factor for society to be able to support the women in an adequate way. Our main findings are that the exposed women’s quality of life decreases because of the post separation violence and its consequences, but also that the resilience increases despite the barriers.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit LL.M. (2-325-1-0)" / Le Québec est la seule province canadienne à ne pas imposer d'obligation légale quant aux rapports interpersonnels entre les membres de couples non mariés. Pourtant, leur nombre augmente considérablement et, en 2001, il y avait 1 158 410 couples en union libre au Canada, dont 508 525 vivaient au Québec. Les conjoints de fait des autres provinces canadiennes ont revendiqué un statut juridique d'égalité de droits avec les couples mariés, ce qui a donné lieu à plusieurs décisions de la Cour suprême du Canada et à la mise en vigueur de lois visant l'encadrement juridique de la rupture de ces conjoints de fait. C'est ainsi que toutes les provinces canadiennes, sauf le Québec, imposent une obligation alimentaire entre conjoints de fait à la rupture. La présente étude utilise les méthodologies d'analyse proposées par les théories légales féministes pour aborder la situation juridique de la famille québécoise dans un contexte historique et social afin de suggérer la mise en place d'un cadre légal des rapports interpersonnels des conjoints de fait. Afin de favoriser une plus grande égalité et une solidarité familiale, l'auteur propose l'établissement d'une obligation alimentaire compensatoire entre les membres des couples québécois non-mariés, avec enfants. / Quebec is the only Canadian province that does not impose legal obligations regarding interpersonal relations between the members of unmarried couples. In 2001, there was 1 158 410 unmarried couples in Canada, of which 508 525 were living in the province of Ouebec. Common law spouses from other provinces have claimed equal legal status with married couples, which lead to many decisions from the Supreme Court of Canada and to provincial legislations regarding their separation. Thus, ail Canadian provinces except Ouebec impose alimentary support on common law spouses at separation. This study uses the methodology of feminist legal theories to approach the legal situation of Quebec families in a historical and sociological context to propose a legislation regarding interpersonal relations within unmarried couples. According to the author, there should be a compensatory obligation of support between the members of unmarried couples with children to favor equality and familial solidarity.