Avec le remplacement des réseaux hydrauliques et pneumatiques à bord des aéronefs par des réseaux électriques, le nombre d'équipements embarqués pour assurer un bon fonctionnement augmentera. Le passage à un avion entièrement électrique permettrait de réduire les couts de production et fonctionnement, assurerait une meilleure fiabilité des systèmes, et réduirait l'impact écologique de la circulation d'un tel appareil. En effet, un tel avion serait plus léger qu'un avion actuel. Pour s'assurer de cela, il est nécessaire de réduire la masse des équipements embarqués servant à la gestion, la mise en forme, la distribution d'énergie électrique. Le dimensionnement et l'optimisation de la masse des équipements embarqués est donc une problématique fondamentale dans le développement de l'avion plus électrique. Cette masse est majoritairement fixée par les systèmes de refroidissement lorsque l'on considère des systèmes de conversion d'énergie. Parmi l'ensemble des systèmes de refroidissement disponibles et dédiés au refroidissement des convertisseurs statiques, deux grandes technologies ont été sélectionnées, dans l'objectif d'en produire des modèles dédiés à des routines d'optimisation. Les dissipateurs à ailettes droites en convection forcée, ainsi que les systèmes associant dissipateurs à ailettes et caloducs seront modélisés au cours de ces travaux de thèse. Des modèles analytiques de ces systèmes de refroidissement seront proposés, dans l'optique de pouvoir optimiser au mieux leur masse tout en assurant un bon fonctionnement thermique. Même si de nombreuses méthodes de dimensionnement et d'optimisation dédiées aux systèmes de refroidissement existent, notre choix de modélisation s'est porté sur une représentation analytique. En effet, ce type de modélisation est déduit d'une résolution exacte de l'équation de la chaleur pour représenter des configurations géométriques et thermiques simples. Les configurations sélectionnées correspondent à des configurations simples à modéliser analytiquement. L'avantage de tels modèles réside dans le fait que le comportement thermique de systèmes de refroidissement, i.e de la température de la source de chaleur à l'ambiant, est une fonction des paramètres géométriques, des matériaux et des conditions environnementales des systèmes de refroidissement. Ce sont donc des modèles très rapides d'exécution qui donnent une solution exacte du comportement thermique des dissipateurs modélisés. Ils présentent donc un réel intérêt dans l'optique d'optimiser la masse de ces systèmes. / The replacement of hydraulic and pneumatic network embedded in aircraft by electrical network will increase the number of embedded systems to ensure the effective functioning of the aircraft. The development of an electrical aircraft will allow the reduction of production and functioning costs. It will also help ensure a better reliability of systems and will reduce the ecological impact of the aircraft circulation. This kind of plane would be lighter than a usual one. To be sure of this, it is necessary to reduce weight of embedded equipment's dedicated to management, conversion and distribution of electrical energy. The sizing and the optimization of embedded equipment's weight is a critical issue in the development of more electrical aircraft. This weight is mostly defined by heat transfer systems, when we consider the sizing of energy conversion system A lot of heat transfer system exists and are dedicated to the cooling of power converters. We selected two of these heat transfer system, in order to produce models of them. These models will be used in optimization routines. Plate fin heat sink in forced convection, and system assembly, combining heat pipe and plate fin heat sink, will be modelled during this thesis. Analytical models of these heat transfer systems will be developed, to optimize their weight and ensure a good cooling of electrical systems. Even if lots of dimensioning and optimization methods exists, dedicated to heat transfer systems, we choose to use analytical modelling. This kind of models gives an exact solution to the heat equation, to describe simple geometric and thermic configurations. Selected heat transfer systems can be simply described. The main advantage of these models is that it represents the thermal behavior of the system as a function of its geometrical parameters, materials and environmental conditions. Execution of these models is very fast and gives a precise solution of the thermal parameters of the described configuration. There is then a real interest to use this type of models to optimize weight of heat transfer systems, and then power converter.

The number of large-scale wind farms integrated to the power system in Sweden is increasing. Two generator concepts that are widely used are Doubly-Fed Induction Generators (DFIG) and Full Power Converters (FPC). The study is of a quantitative character and the aim of the Master thesis is to compare DFIG-models with FPC-models integrated in an area with high concentration of hydropower. Then it is possible to examine how the dynamics in the power system change depending on the selection of technology (DFIG or FPC) when connecting a wind farm. The power system is simulated during a summer night, i.e., a low load is connected. The Master thesis covers stability analysis of the power system by using rotor angle stability that are split into small-signal stability and transient stability (time-domain simulations) and finally voltage stability to see how the hydropower generators react when varying the power production in the wind farm. The Master thesis concludes that independently of wind turbine technique, integration of a wind farm has slight impact on the stability in the power system compared to a power system without a wind farm, even though the load is low. Further, an integration of a wind farms affects the reactive power production in neighbouring hydropower plants. Finally, when increasing the size of the wind farm the neighbouring hydropower station consume less reactive power which can induce problem with the voltage stability.

The objective of the research is to develop a cost-effective high-power bi-directional dc/dc converter with low total-device ratings, reduced system parasitic effects, and a wide input/output range. Additional objectives of the research are to develop a small-signal model and control methods, and to present performance characterizations. Device stresses in the proposed topology are controlled to maintain minimal levels by varying the duty ratio and phase-shift angle between the primary and the secondary bridges, which results in a low total-device rating, when compared to conventional bi-directional dc/dc topologies. In the proposed topology, soft switching, which reduces power loss, can be realized under specific operating conditions. When the condition that causes minimal device stress is satisfied, zero-voltage switching (ZVS) can be obtained. In the research, ZVS capability is explored for a wide range of voltage conditions as well as for the minimal device-stress condition. The performance characterization includes verifying the soft-switching regions and power-loss estimation. Another part of the thesis is the controller design of the converter. Small-signal models and feedback controllers are developed, and the controllers are experimentally validated. Because in the isolated high-frequency converters, transformer saturation is an important issue, a method to prevent transformer saturation is proposed and experimentally validated.

[Truncated abstract] This thesis studies current sensing techniques that are designed to meet the requirements for the next generation of power converters. Power converters are often standardised, so that they can be replaced with a model from another manufacturer without an expensive system redesign. For this reason, the power converter market is highly competitive and relies on cutting-edge technology, which increases power conversion efficiency and power density. High power density and conversion efficiency reduce the system cost, and thus make the power converter more attractive to the customer. Current sensing is a vital task in power converters, where the current information is required for monitoring and control purposes. In order to achieve the above-mentioned goals, existing current sensing techniques have to be improved in terms of cost, power loss and size. Simultaneously, current information needs to be increasingly available in digital form to enable digital control, and to allow the digital transmission of the current information to a centralised monitoring and control unit. All this requires the output signal of a particular current sensing technique to be acquired by an analogue-to-digital converter, and thus the output voltage of the current sensor has to be sufficiently large. This thesis thoroughly reviews contemporary current sensing techniques and identifies suitable techniques that have the potential to meet the performance requirements of the next-generation of power converters. After the review chapter, three novel current sensing techniques are proposed and investigated: 1) The usefulness of the resistive voltage drop across a copper trace, which carries the current to be measured, to detect electrical current is evaluated. Simulations and experiments confirm that this inherently lossless technique can measure high currents at reasonable measurement bandwidth, good accuracy and low cost if the sense wires are connected properly. 2) Based on the mutual inductance theory found during the investigation of the copper trace current sense method, a modification of the well-known lossless inductor current sense method is proposed and analysed. This modification involves the use of a coupled sense winding that significantly improves the frequency response. Hence, it becomes possible to accurately monitor the output current of a power converter with the benefits of being lossless, exhibiting good sensitivity and having small size. 3) A transformer based DC current sense method is developed especially for digitally controlled power converters. This method provides high accuracy, large bandwidth, electrical isolation and very low thermal drift. Overall, it achieves better performance than many contemporary available Hall Effect sensors. At the same time, the cost of this current sensor is significantly lower than that of Hall Effect current sensors. A patent application has been submitted. .... The current sensing techniques have been studied by theory, hardware experiments and simulations. In addition, the suitability of the detection techniques for mass production has been considered in order to access the ability to provide systems at low-cost.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται τη μελέτη, το σχεδιασμό και την κατασκευή ενός ηλεκτρονικού μετατροπέα ισχύος ανύψωσης συνεχούς μεταβαλλόμενης τάσης εισόδου σε σταθερή συνεχή τάση εξόδου. Η εργασία αυτή εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι η κατασκευή ενός ηλεκτρονικού μετατροπέα συνεχούς τάσης σε συνεχή, ο οποίος θα τροφοδοτείται από ένα σύστημα ενεργειακών κυψελών και θα παρέχει σταθερή συνεχή τάση εξόδου 50V, ούτως ώστε στην συνέχεια να τροφοδοτείται ένας αντιστροφέας, ο οποίος θα οδηγεί ένα dc brushless κινητήρα. Το συγκεκριμένο σύστημα ενεργειακών κυψελών έχει μεταβαλλόμενη τάση εισόδου από 26-43Vdc και μέγιστη ισχύ 1200W. Αρχικά, παρουσιάζεται μια συνοπτική θεωρία, η οποία αναλύει την χαρακτηριστική V-I μιας ενεργειακής κυψέλης. Στην συνέχεια αναλύεται το σύστημα ενεργειακών κυψελών, το οποίο θα χρησιμοποιηθεί στην εφαρμογή μας. Στην συνέχεια, ακολουθεί η θεωρητική ανάλυση του απλού μετατροπέα ανύψωσης συνεχούς τάσης σε συνεχή αρχικά και έπειτα η θεωρητική ανάλυση του μετατροπέα ανύψωσης συνεχούς τάσης σε συνεχή με διαδοχική αγωγή τεσσάρων φάσεων, που κατασκευάστηκε για την συγκεκριμένη εφαρμογή. Ο συγκεκριμένος μετατροπέας της εφαρμογής προσομοιώθηκε στο πρόγραμμα PSpice ούτως ώστε να ελεγχθεί η συμπεριφορά του. Στο επόμενο βήμα, γίνεται αναλυτική παρουσίαση όλων των στοιχείων και κυκλωμάτων που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την κατασκευή του ηλεκτρονικού μετατροπέα. Τέλος αναλύονται τα δυο προγράμματα ελέγχου που σχεδιάστηκαν για τον έλεγχο της τάσης εξόδου στα 50V dc, το πρόγραμμα ανοικτού και κλειστού βρόγχου και παρουσιάζονται οι μετρήσεις που διεξήχθησαν στον μετατροπέα για την επιβεβαίωση και αξιολόγηση της θεωρητικής ανάλυσης. / The thesis deals with the design, study and construction of a dc/dc boost converter, having a variable input voltage and a constant output voltage. The work was conducted in the Laboratory of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering School of Engineering, University of Patras. The aim is to construct a dc/dc converter, which will be supplied by a fuel cell system and will provide a constant dc output voltage at 50V, in order to supply then an inverter, which will drive a dc brushless motor. In the specific fuel cells system the voltage varies from 26-43V dc and it has maximum output power 1200W. First, a small theory is presented, which analyzes the polarization curve of a fuel cell. Then we analyze the fuel cell system, which will be used in this application. Next, a theoretical analysis of the simple boost converter and then the theoretical analysis of the interleaved multi-(four) channel boost converter, which was constructed, are presented. This converter is simulated with the program PSpice, in order to check its operation. In the next step, a comprehensive presentation of all of the chips and circuits which were used for the construction of the converter is done. Finally, the two programs designed for the control of the output voltage at 50V dc, the open and close loop programs, are analyzed and the experimental measurements carried out in the converter are displayed, so as to confirm and evaluate the theoretical analysis

O presente trabalho apresenta o estudo, o equacionamento, a simulação e uma metodologia de projeto para um conversor CC/CC do tipo Half-Bridge, com transformador de potência alimentado por transistores bipolares em semi-ponte, com circuito de acionamento de base proporcional isolado. O circuito possui um controle de sincronismo aplicado ao transformador de pulso responsável pelo controle das chaves semicondutoras do conversor. A metodologia de projeto do circuito de acionamento de base proporcional isolado é discutida e alguns resultados são mostrados. Além disso, pretende-se empregar esse tipo de conversor em veículos aeroespaciais devido a robustez no circuito de acionamento de base, em específico na Unidade de Suprimento de Energia do satélite universitário ITASAT. Utilizando-se o diagrama esquemático do conversor proposto é feito o equacionamento matemático, a fim de se obter a frequência de oscilação livre, ou natural, a partir do qual é proposta uma metodologia de projeto. Ao final do trabalho são comparados os resultados experimentais com a simulação, com o objetivo de melhor avaliar a metodologia proposta. / This work presents the study, equation development, simulation and a design methodology for a Half-Bridge DC/DC converter, with power transformer fed by bipolar transistors in a half-bridge configuration, with proportional base drive circuit. The circuit has a synchronism control applied to the pulse transformer responsible for controlling the semiconductor switches of the converter. The design methodology of the proportional base drive is discussed and some results are shown. In addition, this type of converter is intended to be used in aerospace vehicles due to the increased robustness of the base drive circuit, for instance, the Power Supply Unit of ITASAT Satellite. A mathematical modeling is done in order to obtain the oscillation frequency (natural frequency) of the converter, from which a design methodology is proposed. At the end of the study the experimental are compared with the simulation, in order to evaluate the proposed methodology.

The recent application of semiconductor materials, such as GaN, to power electronics has led to the development of a new generation of devices, which promise lower losses, higher operating frequencies and reductions in equipment size. The aim of this research is to study the capabilities of emerging GaN power devices, to understand their advantages, drawbacks, the challenges of their implementation and their potential impact on the performance of power converters. The thesis starts by presenting the development of a simple model for the switching transients of a GaN cascode device under inductive load conditions. The model enables accurate predictions to be made of the switching losses and provides an understanding of the switching process and associated energy flows within the device. The model predictions are validated through experimental measurements. The model reveals the suitability of the cascode device to soft-switching converter topologies. Two GaN cascode transistors are characterised through experimental measurement of their switching parameters (switching speed and switching loss). The study confirms the limited effect of the driver voltage and gate resistance on the turn-off switching process of a cascode device. The performance of the GaN cascode devices is compared against state-of-the-art super junction Si transistors. The results confirm the feasibility of applying the GaN cascode devices in half and full-bridge circuits. Finally, GaN cascode transistors are used to implement a 270V - 28V, 1.5kW, 1 MHz phase-shifted full-bridge isolated converter demonstrating the use of the devices in soft-switching converters. Compared with a 100 kHz silicon counterpart, the magnetic component weight is reduced by 69% whilst achieving a similar efficiency of 91%.

The aim of the diploma thesis was to design active loudspeakers. The project contains the final solution of the designed loudspeakers that have a digital input of the multichannel audio signal with both sided data communication. In the work, there are also created circuits for processing an audio signal with a following amplification for the loudspeakers. Added functions are an infra acceptor for a remote control and binary outputs for assistant functions - a control of the motor and an indication via LED diodes.

Ce travail de thèse a pour objectifs l'observation et la commande des convertisseurs multi-niveaux et la commande des machines synchrones. Pour satisfaire le besoin des clients de l’entreprise GS Maintenance et pour des raisons de maintenance, une commande en courant de la machine synchrone est implémentée expérimentalement. L'accent est mis sur le démarrage de ce type de machines car durant ces phases de fonctionnement (basses vitesses), les forces électromotrices sont faibles pour assurer la commutation des thyristors de l'onduleur. Ensuite, l'entreprise a proposé à ses clients un convertisseur statique en moyenne tension afin de garder sa place dans la variation de vitesse. Dans ce cadre, une commande en tension moderne de la machine synchrone alimentée par un onduleur de tension est proposée et validée par des résultats de simulation. Compte tenu du fonctionnement en moyenne tension, les convertisseurs multi-niveaux ont été retenus par l’entreprise. Dans ce cadre, le convertisseur multicellulaire série est proposé dans ce travail et une commande directe basée sur la théorie des modes glissants et le principe de priorité est conçue pour assurer l'équilibrage des tensions flottantes du convertisseur. Cette commande a été généralisée pour un nombre quelconque de cellules du convertisseur et validée par des résultats de simulation pour un nombre de cellules égal à 7. Pour réduire le coût et l'encombrement du convertisseur, un observateur adaptatif des tensions flottantes est proposé en prenant en compte les états de commutation du convertisseur. Cet observateur est ensuite associé à la commande directe en boucle fermée. Un banc d'essai du convertisseur à 3 cellules est réalisé au sein de l’entreprise et l’ensemble « observateur + commande directe » est testé expérimentalement sur ce banc. / This PhD thesis aims to the observation and control of multilevel converters and the synchronous machines control. To satisfy the needs of GS Maintenance's customers and for maintenance reasons, a control strategy for a current fed self controlled synchronous machine is validated by experiments tests. The proposed strategy focus on a very low speed because the machine counter electromotive force is insufficient for inverter thyristors switching. Recently, the company proposed for its customers a power converter with medium voltage to keep its place in the speed variation. So, a modern voltage control of the synchronous machine fed by a voltage inverter is proposed and validated by simulation results. Medium voltage operation encouraged the company to choose the multi-level converter. Then, the flying capacitor converter is proposed in this work and a direct control based on the sliding mode theory and the priority principle is designed to guarantee the voltage balance. This control strategy has been generalized for any number of cells of the converter and validated by simulation results for a 7 cells converter. To reduce the cost and complexity of the converter, an adaptive observer floating voltages is proposed by taking into account the switching states of the converter. This observer is then associated with the direct control in closed loop. A test bench of a 3 cells converter is set up in the company. Experimental tests of « observer based direct control » are then conducted on this test bench.

Energy security, global warming, and climate change have been a major source of global discussions and development. Likewise, the rising cost of electricity for consumers and exponential demand for energy are major factors driving the incremental growth and integration of sustainable forms of energy generation into power the system cycle. Distributed generation resources are majorly integrated into the electricity distribution system at the medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) level of the utility grid system. Unexpected power outages on an electricity distribution network can lead to an islanding situation, in which a distributed generation system continues to supply power to the electricity grid. It is highly recommended by operational standards that, under such conditions, a distributed generation system is disconnected from the grid within a short period to prevent damage to power equipment and ensure personnel safety. The decoupling process requires an islanding detection method (IDM). Such detection methods are implemented in grid-tied power electronic converters (PEC) to detect and prevent islanding conditions.  The thesis investigates and describes an active islanding detection method, the active frequency drift with positive feedback. It also covers the parameter design and the analysis of the non–detection zone. The effectiveness of the method was verified through MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation