This thesis studies the intersection between contemporary international political theory and global environmental politics. It asks whether concern for global environmental degradation requires a rethinking of the assumptions that underlie international political theory as a field of study within the discipline of International Relations. Answering this question, the thesis introduces three ‗images‘ of international political theory: the liberal cosmopolitan, the critical-theoretical, and the anti-foundationalist. It investigates the contributions of these three images of international political theory to global environmental politics. Assessing, through the three images, the status of contemporary international political theory in light of environmental concerns, the thesis suggests that while international political theory offers many important insights into discussions of global environmental politics it also appears significantly limited when dealing with environmental concerns. Key among its limitations is the human-centred framework and mission of contemporary international political theory that an encounter with environmental concerns helps expose. The thesis argues that international political theory, both to be true to its purpose – that is, the extension of moral and political inclusion in world politics – and to maintain its relevance in the contemporary world, must seek a more thorough engagement with environmental concerns. The thesis contends that a fundamental rethinking of the assumptions that underlie contemporary international political theory forms an important – and necessary – part of this engagement.

本文是採取羅斯諾(James Rosenau)的國內外環境分析、霍斯提(K.J.Holsti)的外交政策分析架構及傳統的歷史途徑研究法，經由蒐集史料、整理史料，以分析伊朗從1979年回教革命後至1992年的外交政策與對外關係之發展。 　　本文第一章是緒論，第二章除論述伊朗的權力結構外，且將伊朗外交政策之環境因素，依國內環境及國際關係兩方面加以分析。第三章探討伊朗的政策取向、國家角色及國家目標。第四章及第五章則針對伊朗外交政策的行為與策略，分別按國際層面與區域層面加以探討。第六章則就本文研究所得進行整理與分析，以期達到解釋及預測伊朗外交政策的最後目的。 　　本文研究心得是： 　　一、決策者因素，尤其是何梅尼(Aytollah Ruhollah Khomeini)為主之執政者的意識形態，方是主導伊朗外交政策的關鍵所在。伊朗在1979年革命後的外交政策反映出，什葉派(Shiia)回教革命領袖為追求回教的正義與公平，不惜與強權對抗的心態。至於這種心態來自於過去什葉派「被壓迫者」的自我認知及以往強權對伊朗的侵略、壓迫所致。隨著兩伊戰爭之發展及伊朗逐漸陷於外交困境，使伊朗回教領袖間對於如何以回教教義解釋外交政策產生岐見，而有所謂「強硬派」（或稱「激進派」）及「溫和派」（或稱「務實派」）之別。但基本上，回教執政團體仍未擺脫善惡兩極化之回教世界觀。 　　二、由於伊朗屬於「回教革命基地」的國家角色，且推行「非東非西」的的不結盟外交政策．因此在外交行為上極力貶損、對抗美蘇兩大超級強國，以期樹立伊朗在國內外之回教徒心目中不畏強權的領導者形象。如1979年美國使館人質事件及蘇聯在1979年入侵阿富汗事件中，都有伊朗對抗兩超強之意義。但如此一來，造成美國認定伊朗之中東活動有礙美國在此區之利益，而將伊朗視為恐怖主義支持國。 　　三、在中東地區，無論是黎巴嫩問題、兩伊戰爭或者與「海灣合作理事會」(Gulf Cooperation Council, GCC)會員國關係上，伊朗本著「革命輸出」的目標，希望對抗以色列並協助建立更多中東回教政權，而支持激進派回教團體，從事暴力活動。如此，導致當地政府對伊朗懷有戒心，也影響伊朗在兩伊戰爭期間的武器取得及外交奧援，相對地不利其在戰爭中的表現。 　　四、在兩伊戰後，伊朗國內經濟重建及冷戰結束後的全球和解壓力可能將促使伊朗回教執教者以更務實的外交政策來面封國際社會，然而國內經濟狀況及強硬勢力的起伏也將是決定伊朗未來外交政策是否能持續開放的重要因素。

ABSTRACT Dr. Alice Hamilton (1869-1970), the leading American figure in industrial medicine during the early to mid-1900s, left behind a body of rhetoric that is important in the history of American feminist discourse and American public address. Her discourse is the exemplary of feminist-pragmatist rhetoric, a genre of cross-gender communication developed by New Women associated with Hull House and the University of Chicago between 1892 and 1918. Hamilton’s rhetoric illuminates a key event in the history of the American rhetorical tradition—the emergence of the modern woman from her late-Victorian beginnings through her Progressive self-transformation. This study is approached as a rhetorical biography. It tracks Hamilton’s evolution from “reticent scientist” to outspoken feminist-pragmatist by examining family, educational, peer and social influences on her development; and through critical analysis of her speeches, technical writing, books, and popular and specialty magazine articles over a 36-year period, from 1907 to 1943.

This study examines how an existentialistic perspective in a secular context can be enforcedby interpretations of the Self from a Christian martyr narrative. The existentialistic perspective being the questioning of meaning of life and death. The purpose of is to see how different interpretations can attribute a meaning of Christian martyrdom by using a Christian tradition of self-identification. Two martyr stories are further explored, the story of Kayla Mueller and the story of Father Jacques Hamel. This study presents an analysis of the two martyr narratives, consisting of different perspectives of interpreting the construction of a martyr narrative and a shaping of a narrative self. The two narratives are used to test a theoretical landscape of approaching an ability to attribute meaning of martyrdom and, thus, a meaning of life. Based on theories of the narrative Self, identity and meaning by Ricoeur, Heidegger, Derrida and Taylor, a theoretical framework of pragmatist hermeneutics is applied. An analysis method of mediated narrative analysis by Bamberg (2008) and Page (2018) is used, for the purpose of including situation and interaction in the stories told about the martyrs. The results show that an application of a pragmatist hermeneutic approach is relevant and possible to relate to, also in a contemporary and secular context. This is possible by assuming a process of self-identification, which, by some, is identified as a natural part in a Christian confession. Therefore, a Christian tradition of self-identification is relevant and possible to apply, also in a secular context, when questioning the meaning of life and death.

Underlying institutional forms are normative orders which give meaning to rules, norms, practices and customs. It is only recently that scholars have seriously considered the role of normative orders in institutional dynamics. Two meta-theories of institutionalism offer competing visions of how these normative orders are invoked. The Institutional Logics Perspective calls normative orders “institutional logics” and suggest that they are invoked in a consistent stable fashion. The Pragmatist Institutionalism approach calls normative orders “anchoring concepts” and suggests that they are used in less predictable ways to produce meaning. This study introduces the concept of fidelity to capture the difference between these two approaches and test which approach may offer a more accurate account of how normative orders are invoked in practice. The study uses the case of the USCG response to melting Arctic ice to study this issue by focusing on the two most dominant normative orders of American government. The study relies on interviews conducted with USCG personnel dealing with the agency’s response to melting Artic Ice. The data is then analyzed through a narrative analysis framework. The study finds that normative orders are invoked, in this case, in a manner more closely aligned with Pragmatist Institutionalism. This finding has implications for how administrative judgement is understood especially with respect to public agencies. / Ph. D.

This thesis examines the role of the former national screen agency in Scotland, which was in charge of distributing public funds for screen activity between 1997 and 2010. It examines how external factors such as cultural policy and internal factors such as individual approaches to film funding, affected the agency's perception and remit. The study draws on the institutional logics perspective (Thornton et al., 2012) to frame the interplay of two competing imperatives, one commercial, one creative, affecting the creative industries in Scotland and Scottish Screen's activities more specifically. However, it goes beyond this duality by examining more nuanced factors which significantly affected the organisation's trajectory and remit. Taking into account the predominant logic(s) throughout Scottish Screen's history and focusing on organisational responses during moments of transition or conflict, I use the analytical framework developed by Boltanski and Thévenot in On Justification (2006) to examine criticisms, justifications, and attempts at compromising expressed through official and non-official channels. The thesis outlines how opinions and decisions stemming from disparate views of what is “worthy” affected the agency's activity and funding decisions, as well as the dialogue with its stakeholders. The conclusions extracted from my findings inform existing literature on responses to plurality and challenge some claims made by institutional logic scholars: the first conclusion is that lack of conflict between logics does not necessarily translate into lack organisational conflict, as the latter often derives from different orders of worth which override the commercial-creative logic divide and are incompatible amongst themselves. The second conclusion, related to the first one, is that stability may be enhanced (at least temporarily) in a professional environment dominated by a plurality of logics as long as there is compatibility amongst the orders of worth set forth in pursuit of organisational goals. A third conclusion is related to the examination of some contributions to the orders of worth perspective and the study of plurality and instability in organisational practices, notably Boltanski and Chiapello's (2007) depiction of a seventh world of worth called the ‘projective city' (underpinned by the higher value of activity aimed at creating or maintaining ever-changing networks), and David Stark's (2009) study of plurality and ambiguity management in organisations. My findings suggest that organisational models based on pervasive, horizontal networks capable of transgressing traditional hierarchical structures were never fully deployed in Scottish Screen - traces of these practices are identified, but, overall, actors defended more traditional organisational scripts.

<p>This study is an inquiry into design-theoretical aspects of architectural design in Finland based mainly on the pragmatist philosophy of John Dewey. The study comprises two case studies. The . rst case deals with a young family designing their future home – a detached house built from prefabricated components – in cooperation with an architect. The second case deals with the design process of a leading Finnish architect, Professor Ilmari Lahdelma, as he prepares his proposal for an architectural competition for a new city library in Lohja, a competition he eventually wins. The case describes and interprets Lahdelma’s design process, the processes of other competition entries made by the of. ce staff, as well as the process of the jury’s evaluation of the competition entries. The two cases are analysed and interwoven with aspects from three different theoretical perspectives: existing design theories, Pierre Bourdieu’s . eld theory and John Dewey’s thinking regarding art and research. In the study I argue that Dewey’s philosophy can provide a framework for a design-theoretical epistemology. I also arrive at conclusions regarding the interpretation of some key design-theoretical concepts and the position of design theory and its structures. I further argue that the Finnish architectural competition system is a strong tool for generating developments in the production of the architectural avant-garde, which acts as the leading light for the rest of the . eld of architecture. The present study also highlights the gap between ‘high-’ and ‘low culture’ in the . eld of architecture, yet points out that the design of a simple family house – assumedly a case of ‘low culture’ – is by no means trivial to the family itself, and is indeed . lled with moments of aesthetic experiences, which is a central issue in Dewey’s description of creative processes.</p>

This study is an inquiry into design-theoretical aspects of architectural design in Finland based mainly on the pragmatist philosophy of John Dewey. The study comprises two case studies. The . rst case deals with a young family designing their future home – a detached house built from prefabricated components – in cooperation with an architect. The second case deals with the design process of a leading Finnish architect, Professor Ilmari Lahdelma, as he prepares his proposal for an architectural competition for a new city library in Lohja, a competition he eventually wins. The case describes and interprets Lahdelma’s design process, the processes of other competition entries made by the of. ce staff, as well as the process of the jury’s evaluation of the competition entries. The two cases are analysed and interwoven with aspects from three different theoretical perspectives: existing design theories, Pierre Bourdieu’s . eld theory and John Dewey’s thinking regarding art and research. In the study I argue that Dewey’s philosophy can provide a framework for a design-theoretical epistemology. I also arrive at conclusions regarding the interpretation of some key design-theoretical concepts and the position of design theory and its structures. I further argue that the Finnish architectural competition system is a strong tool for generating developments in the production of the architectural avant-garde, which acts as the leading light for the rest of the . eld of architecture. The present study also highlights the gap between ‘high-’ and ‘low culture’ in the . eld of architecture, yet points out that the design of a simple family house – assumedly a case of ‘low culture’ – is by no means trivial to the family itself, and is indeed . lled with moments of aesthetic experiences, which is a central issue in Dewey’s description of creative processes.

Une maladie est considérée comme étant rare si elle touche moins d’une personne sur 2000. Étant donné les connaissances limitées sur ces conditions médicales, les adultes atteints de maladies rares peinent à être diagnostiqués rapidement et à obtenir des traitements appropriés. Ces soins inadéquats leur occasionnent des difficultés importantes dans le milieu de la santé, leurs vies quotidiennes, leurs relations interpersonnelles ainsi que leurs carrières et leurs études. Plusieurs de ces difficultés peuvent être qualifiées de situations moralement problématiques selon l’éthique pragmatiste. L’éthique pragmatiste est une théorie en éthique qui reconnaît la place centrale de la moralité dans la vie humaine. Elle souligne l’importance existentielle de ces situations pour les personnes qui les vivent. Elle apprécie leur agentivité. Elle leur offre des outils pour mieux comprendre ces situations et les résoudre. Malgré la signification qu’ont ces situations pour les personnes qui les vivent, elles n’ont pas été étudiées précédemment. En parallèle, le concept de situation moralement problématique a seulement été décrit superficiellement dans la littérature. Pour répondre à ces lacunes dans la littérature, le projet de recherche décrit dans cette thèse avait quatre objectifs : (1) identifier des situations moralement problématiques vécues par les adultes atteints de maladies rares; (2) approfondir les situations moralement problématiques les plus significatives vécues par les adultes québécois atteints de maladies rares; (3) proposer un plan d’action de nature éthique qui soutient la résolution des trois situations moralement problématiques les plus significatives vécues par les adultes atteints de maladies rares; et (4) enrichir le concept de situation moralement problématique en précisant ses composantes. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, nous avons entrepris un projet de recherche-action participative compris d’étapes de recherche qualitatives. Nous avons formé le Groupe de travail sur l’éthique et les maladies rares pour nous appuyer dans la mise en œuvre du projet. Le groupe de travail était constitué de trois personnes atteintes de maladies rares, deux cliniciens-chercheurs, une représentante d’une association de patients, une assistante de recherche et un éthicien. Les étapes de recherche du projet étaient une revue de littérature, une collecte de témoignages sous la forme d’un sondage en ligne et le développement d’un plan d’action de nature éthique. Les membres du groupe de travail ont contribué au développement de ces étapes, à l’interprétation des résultats et à la rédaction des chapitres de résultats qui en découlent. Ces étapes de recherche révèlent que les adultes atteints de maladies rares vivent des situations moralement problématiques dans le milieu de la santé, la vie quotidienne, la carrière et les études ainsi que dans les interactions sociales et les relations interpersonnelles. Ces situations sont moralement problématiques parce qu’elles engendrent des tensions internes chez les personnes qui les vivent, contraignent leur agentivité et à l’occasion, les incitent à mobiliser des stratégies d’autonomisation pour les surmonter. Ces situations ont des causes et des répercussions affectives, elles évoluent et elles ont des impacts négatifs et positifs. Dans notre plan d’action de nature éthique, nous présentons des interventions prometteuses qui pourraient limiter l’émergence de ces situations dans le milieu de la santé. / A disease is considered rare if its prevalence is less than 1 in 2,000 people. Given the limited knowledge about these medical conditions, adults living with rare diseases struggle to be promptly diagnosed and receive appropriate treatment. This inadequacy in care causes them significant difficulties in the healthcare environment, their daily lives, their interpersonal relationships, and their careers and studies. Many of these difficulties can be qualified as morally problematic situations according to pragmatist ethics. Pragmatist ethics is a theory in ethics that recognizes the centrality of morality in human life. This theory underlines the existential importance of these situations for the people who experience them. It also appreciates their agency. Thus, it provides them with tools to better understand these situations and resolve them. Despite the significance that these situations have for those who experience them, they have not been studied previously. Moreover, the concept of the morally problematic situation has only been superficially described in the literature. To address these gaps in the literature, the research project described in this dissertation had four objectives: (1) to identify morally problematic situations experienced by adults living with rare diseases; (2) to understand in greater depth the most significant morally problematic situations experienced by adults living with rare diseases in the province of Québec; (3) to propose an ethics action plan that supports the resolution of the three most significant morally problematic situations experienced by adults living with rare diseases; and (4) to enrich the concept of the morally problematic situation by specifying its components. To meet these objectives, we undertook a participatory action research project that included qualitative research steps. We created the Ethics and Rare Diseases Working Group to support us in carrying out the project. The working group was made up of three individuals living with rare diseases, two clinician researchers, a representative of a patient association, a research assistant and an ethicist. The research stages of the project were a literature review, collecting testimonies through an online survey and the development of an ethics action plan. The members of the working group notably contributed to the development of these stages, the interpretation of the results, and the drafting of the chapters reporting these results. Our research reveals that adults with rare diseases experience morally problematic situations in the health environment, daily life, career and studies, and in social interactions and interpersonal relationships. These situations are morally problematic because they elicit internal tensions within the people who experience them, constrain their agency and, on occasion, prompt them to mobilize empowerment strategies to overcome them. These situations have causes and emotional repercussions, they evolve, and they have negative and positive impacts. In our ethical action plan, we present promising interventions that could limit the emergence of these situations in the health sector.

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