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John Eliot (1604-1690) was known as the “apostle to the Indians” in both Old and New England during his lifetime. His goal of inculcating “civility” with religion among “praying Indians” is often noted as representing an agenda by New English missionaries for cultural assimilation. This dissertation argues that an appropriate understanding of Eliot’s motives and methodology in ministry to Native Americans obtains from a consideration of the Congregationalist and sacrament-centered spirituality he indicated in publications before and after King Philip’s War. Eliot’s mission was more shaped by ecclesiology than eschatology or the aim of cultural hegemony. Eliot intended “praying town” settlements in the Massachusetts Bay Colony to provide Native enquirers the kind of communitarian experience he believed essential for the establishment and maintenance of congregations comprised of genuine converts who could as members in good standing together practice the Lord’s Supper. Communal life with sacramental practice would be the ultimate way for them to experience Christ’s presence. This study extends previous scholarship by employing a theological perspective to explicate Eliot’s understanding of covenantal theology and the work of the Spirit of Christ through various “means of grace.” The project incorporates the perspectives of early American historians; Puritan scholars, especially historians of doctrine; literary critics; and recent studies of colonial encounter that posit cultural negotiation. This dissertation suggests that Eliot’s practices in mission reflect the meaning of Congregationalist Puritanism in colonial context. It adds to the emerging picture of a variegated transatlantic Puritanism and suggests that Eliot’s corpus should be considered in studies of Puritan pneumatology, Christology, sanctification, the sacraments, and religious declension. Eliot’s contribution as a contextual theologian becomes clear when his writings are examined alongside select documents from contemporary interlocutors such as Richard Baxter, Daniel Gookin, William Hubbard, Increase Mather, Mary Rowlandson, and Thomas Shepard. The study also suggests that Eliot’s later literary productions in English reflect his experience in cross-cultural ministry more than is currently recognized, especially his Lord’s Supper preparative, The Harmony of the Gospels, in the Holy History of the Humiliation and Sufferings of Jesus Christ (1678).

Mantodea é uma ordem composta por insetos popularmente conhecidos como louva-a-deus, incluindo aproximadamente 2300 espécies com distribuição principalmente pantropical. Trabalhos recentes trouxeram indícios de que a classificação atual não reflete a história evolutiva da ordem, sendo necessário realizar mais estudos para resolver esse problema. O gênero Stagmatoptera foi criado por Burmeister em 1838 para abrigar as espécies de Mantodea conhecidas por ele que possuíam uma mancha no estigma da tégmina. Com as descrições de novas espécies e o trabalho de outros pesquisadores, a composição do gênero se alterou, e até o início deste trabalho ele incluía 15 espécies. Stagmatoptera foi revisto, tendo como base material depositado em coleções científicas, visando determinar quais espécies eram válidas e se havia espécies não descritas. Também foi investigada a utilidade das genitálias masculina e feminina para estudos taxonômicos. Após o estudo, o número de espécies dentro do gênero é reduzido para 14, com as seguintes alterações: restabelecimento da sinonímia entre Stagmatoptera supplicaria e S. flavipennis, sinonímia entre S. pia e S. nova, sinonímia entre S. femoralis e S. ignota, e a descrição de duas novas espécies. As genitálias se mostraram úteis na distinção entre as espécies, sendo uma fonte de caracteres morfológicos importantes para taxonomia, e possivelmente para estudos filogenéticos. / Mantodea is an order composed by insects popularly known as praying mantises, including about 2300 species with, mainly, a pantropical distribution. Recent works brought to light the possibility that the current classification does not reflect the evolutionary history of the order, thus being necessary more research to solve this problem. The genus Stagmatoptera was created by Burmeister in 1838 to include the Mantodea species he knew, that had a spot on the tegmina. With the description of new species and the work of other scientists the genus composition changed, and at the beginning of this work Stagmatoptera included 15 species. Stagmatoptera was revised using the material deposited in scientific collections, to determine which species were valid and if there were undescribed species. The utility of the male and female genitalia to taxonomic studies was also investigated. After the study, the number of species in the genus is reduced to 14 with the following changes: reestablishment of the synonym between Stagmatoptera supplicaria and S. flavipennis, synonymization between S. pia and S. nova, synonymization between S. femoralis and S. ignota, and the description of two new species. The genitalia proved to be useful in the distinction among the species, being an important source of morphological characters to taxonomic studies and, possibly, phylogenetic studies.

Mantodea é uma ordem composta por insetos popularmente conhecidos como louva-a-deus, incluindo aproximadamente 2300 espécies com distribuição principalmente pantropical. Trabalhos recentes trouxeram indícios de que a classificação atual não reflete a história evolutiva da ordem, sendo necessário realizar mais estudos para resolver esse problema. O gênero Stagmatoptera foi criado por Burmeister em 1838 para abrigar as espécies de Mantodea conhecidas por ele que possuíam uma mancha no estigma da tégmina. Com as descrições de novas espécies e o trabalho de outros pesquisadores, a composição do gênero se alterou, e até o início deste trabalho ele incluía 15 espécies. Stagmatoptera foi revisto, tendo como base material depositado em coleções científicas, visando determinar quais espécies eram válidas e se havia espécies não descritas. Também foi investigada a utilidade das genitálias masculina e feminina para estudos taxonômicos. Após o estudo, o número de espécies dentro do gênero é reduzido para 14, com as seguintes alterações: restabelecimento da sinonímia entre Stagmatoptera supplicaria e S. flavipennis, sinonímia entre S. pia e S. nova, sinonímia entre S. femoralis e S. ignota, e a descrição de duas novas espécies. As genitálias se mostraram úteis na distinção entre as espécies, sendo uma fonte de caracteres morfológicos importantes para taxonomia, e possivelmente para estudos filogenéticos. / Mantodea is an order composed by insects popularly known as praying mantises, including about 2300 species with, mainly, a pantropical distribution. Recent works brought to light the possibility that the current classification does not reflect the evolutionary history of the order, thus being necessary more research to solve this problem. The genus Stagmatoptera was created by Burmeister in 1838 to include the Mantodea species he knew, that had a spot on the tegmina. With the description of new species and the work of other scientists the genus composition changed, and at the beginning of this work Stagmatoptera included 15 species. Stagmatoptera was revised using the material deposited in scientific collections, to determine which species were valid and if there were undescribed species. The utility of the male and female genitalia to taxonomic studies was also investigated. After the study, the number of species in the genus is reduced to 14 with the following changes: reestablishment of the synonym between Stagmatoptera supplicaria and S. flavipennis, synonymization between S. pia and S. nova, synonymization between S. femoralis and S. ignota, and the description of two new species. The genitalia proved to be useful in the distinction among the species, being an important source of morphological characters to taxonomic studies and, possibly, phylogenetic studies.

In religious faith I am finding the similar principle to the placebo effect. Placebo effect is associated to human belief and it is so powerful phenomenon that if the new drug in medicine is tested it has to be done through double-blind studies to eliminate the effect of placebo. Without this elimination, even non-working medicaments are having positive impact. In medicine, a placebo is commonly used to cure physiological or psychological problem, to achieve the effect, result. But there are other ways where we can meet placebo and is not it so easily recognized. Placebo can be a message, political doctrine or religious belief. Placebo investigates a mysterious area of effect without apparent cause, it is merely a reflection of our state of mind. Religion wraps its doctrine in sparkly packaging, tinsel, so that it is easily consumable and friendly. But under the wrapping is nothing but a placebo pill, we are attracted to, and which we may or may not believe will work. The pill is nothing, has no content, it is empty. It is in some way false, fake and illusory. But the most interesting part is that works reliably for decades.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Pascuotti.pdf: 407338 bytes, checksum: 4227453e87a87630230a6fa8b3d2c0dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-31 / This research aims to understand senses and functions that an experience of praying has upon illness situation. In order to achieve its purpose it is presented some historical considerations on psychology of religion, praying and getting ill, and, for instance, interviewing a patient who survived an invasive cancer. The interview, semi-conducted, researched the different meanings and functions of praying and how they were lived and felt by the patient during the illness process. The data was analyzed accordingly to the phenomenological psychology and allowed to conclude that praying provided caring functions, peace and psychological support. Praying has assumed different senses and functions and this diversitiy highligtens its importance / O objetivo dessa dissertação é compreender quais os sentidos e funções que a experiência da oração desempenha em situações de adoecimento. Para tanto, apresento algumas considerações históricas sobre a psicologia da religião, a oração e o adoecimento, para, em seguida, entrevistar um paciente que sobreviveu a um câncer invasivo. A entrevista, semidirigida, pesquisou os diferentes significados e funções da oração, e como foram vividos pelo sujeito durante o adoecimento. O trabalho foi analisado a partir da proposta da abordagem da psicologia fenomenológica, e permitiu concluir que a oração desempenhou funções de apoio, alento, paz e sustentação psicológica. A oração assumiu diferentes sentidos e é essa diversidade que destaca sua importância

abstract: This thesis examines literacy development among the Algonquian-speaking Indian peoples of New England from approximately the years 1600-1775. Indians had forms of literacy prior to the coming of European settlers, who introduced them to English literacy for the purpose of proselytization. I describe the process of English-language literacy taking hold during colonization and argue that Indians in the colonial period subverted the colonizing intent of English-language literacy to preserve their mother tongues, their claims to land and affirm their nationhood as a people. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis American Indian Studies 2016

The relatively small insect order Mantodea (praying mantises) is comprised of approximately 2,366 described species distributed in 436 genera. Members of the group occupy diverse habitats and are distributed across the globe, though their greatest numbers and diversity are concentrated primarily in the tropics. Though continental endemism is common, many groups have a broad global distribution. An immense diversity of morphology is exhibited across the order with adult mantises ranging in size from 2cm to ~25cm, and appearing like a dead leaf, a piece of quartz rock, or a blade of grass. The diversification and specialization of mantises in ecologically diverse and biogeographically dispersed habitats suggest interesting questions about their morphological and behavioral adaptations. Despite their considerable popularity and consistent presence in the history of humanity, praying mantises have received surprising little attention from a phylogenetic or evolutionary standpoint. Though taxonomic studies have been thorough, discrepancies among classifications suggest wide latitude in the interpretation of morphological characters and their relative importance for grouping taxa. To address the lack of evolutionary knowledge surrounding praying mantises, the specific goals of this project were to: a) Reconstruct a comprehensive phylogeny for Mantodea using molecular characters; b) Use the phylogeny to elucidate character system evolution including hunting strategy, auditory evolution, and morphological convergences; and c) Investigate biogeographic patterns and determine the origins of the modern Mantodea. A comprehensive taxonomic and distributional sampling of Mantodea, covering virtually all higher-level groups, was assembled to reconstruct the phylogeny for the order. Sequence data were generated from five mitochondrial and four nuclear loci for 331 mantis species along with ten cockroach and termite species as outgroups. The resulting phylogenetic hypotheses served as the first glimpse of mantis evolutionary relationships and provided a template for further investigation. Only 7 of 15 families, 16 of 48 subfamilies, and 11 of 46 tribes were recovered as monophyletic indicating that phylogeny is largely incongruent with current mantis classification. As is the case in many other orders of insects, 'key characters' that do not reflect phylogeny are largely responsible for delimiting the groups. An investigation of mantis hunting strategy revealed clear transitions from generalist hunting mantises to the more derived strategies of cursorial and ambush hunting. In fact, the ambush hunting strategy appears to have evolved once, which led to a major diversification within the order. Some praying mantises have sensitive ultrasonic hearing arising from a unique 'cyclopean' ear located in the ventral metathorax. This project explored the evolutionary history of the mantis auditory system by integrating large anatomical, neurophysiological, behavioral, and molecular databases. Using an 'auditory phylogeny' based on 13 morphological characters, a primitively earless form of metathoracic anatomy was indentified in several extant taxa. In addition, there are five distinct mantis auditory systems. Three of these can be identified anatomically, and the other two can only be detected neurophysiologically. Mapping these results onto a phylogenetic tree derived from molecular data, shows that the cyclopean mantis ear evolved once 85-90 mya. All the other auditory system types are either varying degrees of secondary loss, or are recent innovations that each occurred independently multiple times. The neurophysiological response to ultrasound is remarkably consistent across all taxa tested, as is the multi-component, in-flight behavior triggered by ultrasound. Thus, mantises have an ancient, highly conserved auditory neural-behavioral system that probably arose for evasion of echolocating predators. Modern bat families diverged ca. 63 mya, but the echolocating ancestors of bats appeared earlier. Alternatively, non-bat predators may have driven the evolution of the unique mantis auditory systems. Mapping biogeographic regions on the phylogeny demonstrated that our results adhere closer to geographic distribution than to the current classification. Specific patterns in distribution suggest that major morphological convergences have confounded taxonomists ability to construct natural groups. It was found that major mantis lineages diverged prior to the isolation of geographic regions and subsequent ecomorphic specializations within these regions led to convergences in morphology. Divergence time estimations place the origins of Mantodea at the beginning of the Jurassic with modern mantises originating on Gondwanaland in the Early Cretaceous. The first major divergence among modern mantises occurred as a result of the splitting of South America from Africa. The subsequent breakup of Gondwanaland continents spurred numerous divergences within the order and led to the contemporary paraphyletic assemblages of taxa within each biogeographic region. In fact, most divergences between Afrotropical and Indomalayan lineages resulted from the slow dissociation between Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Our results also suggest that Antarctica played an important role as a biological conduit during the diversification of some Afrotropical and Indomalayan lineages. Further, Antarctica facilitated the repeated invasions of South America and Australia prior to the separation of these two continents from Antarctica during the Eocene. When India slammed into Asia around 50 million years ago, it released a flood of mantises into Asia and Southeast Asia that diversified and currently comprise the largest component of Indomalayan taxa. The origins, secondary invasions, and regional extinctions have created an order of insects with complex distributional and evolutionary histories.

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