: Title: Sport Policy and Sports Funding from Public Sources in Finland Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to describe how works sport culture in Finland. The thesis shows a high level of attention devote to sport and physical activities with focus on funding of the sport from public sources and lottery business (Veikkaus). The thesis provides knowledge and new information about sport culture in Finland. Methods: I have used methods of case studies and explanation, which allow me to analyze system of sport funding and sport organization in Finland. The methods were combined with secondary information to obtain furthur insight into the sport system in Finland. Results: A high level of sport policy and sports funding from public sources is proved in Finland. Satisfaction of Finns with sport conditions are documented in Eurobarometr survey. Public funding of sport in Finland is above average compere to other EU states. Due to lottery Veikkaus, state funding in to sport has long term increasing trend. Finnish sport culture highlights and characterizes providing precondition from municipalities and Finnish sport culture is driven by voluntary sector. Keywords: municipality, precondition for sport, sport activities, a subsidy, volunteering

La maintenance consomme une grande partie du coût de développement des logiciels ce qui rend l’optimisation de ce coût parmi les enjeux importants dans le monde du génie logiciel. Dans cette thèse nous visons à optimiser ce coût par rendre ces maintenances modulaires. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous définissons des transformations des architectures des programmes qui permettent de transformer le programme à maintenir vers une architecture qui facilite la tâche de maintenance voulue. Nous nous concentrons plus sur la transformation entre les architectures à propriétés de modularité duales tels que les patrons de conception Composite et Visiteur. Dans ce contexte, nous définissons une transformation automatique et réversible basée sur le refactoring entre un programme structuré selon le Composite et sa structureVisiteur correspondante. Cette transformation est validée par la génération d’une précondition qui garantit statiquement sa réussite. Elle est aussi adaptée afin qu’elle prenne en compte la transformation de quatre variations du patron Composite et est validée sur le programme JHotDraw qui comporte ces quatre variations. Nous définissons aussi une transformation réversible au sein du patron Singleton afin de pouvoir bénéficier de l’optimisation par l’introduction de ce patron et la souplesse par sa suppression selon les exigences de l’utilisateur du logiciel. / Maintenance consumes a large part of the cost of software development which makes the optimization of that cost among the important issues in the world of software engineering. In this thesis we aim to optimize this cost by making these maintenances modular. To achieve this goal, we define transformations of program architectures that allow to transform a program to maintain into an architecture that facilitates the maintenance tasks required. We focus on transformation between architectures having dual modularity properties such as Composite and Visitor designpatterns. In this context, we define an automatic and reversible transformation based on refactoring between a program structured according to the Composite structure and its corresponding Visitor structure. This transformation is validated by generating a precondition which guarantees statically its success. It is also adapted to take into account the transformation of four variations of Composite pattern and it is then applied to JHotDraw program in which these four variations occur. We define also a reversible transformation in the Singleton pattern to benefit from optimization by introducing this pattern and flexibility by its suppression according to the requirements of the software user.

From the viewpoint of the adaptive solution of partial differential equations a finit e element method on hierarchical triangular meshes is developed permitting hanging nodes arising from nonuniform hierarchical refinement. Construction, extension and restriction of the nonuniform hierarchical basis and the accompanying mesh are described by graphs. The corresponding FE basis is generated by hierarchical transformation. The characteristic feature of the generalizable concept is the combination of the conforming hierarchical basis for easily defining and changing the FE space with an accompanying nonconforming FE basis for the easy assembly of a FE equations system. For an elliptic model the conforming FEM problem is solved by an iterative method applied to this nonconforming FEM equations system and modified by projection into the subspace of conforming basis functions. The iterative method used is the Yserentant- or BPX-preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm. On a MIMD computer system the parallelization by domain decomposition is easy and efficient to organize both for the generation and solution of the equations system and for the change of basis and mesh.

Contexte: La cardiopathie ischémique (IHD) reste une cause majeure de mortalité en Amérique du Nord. La thérapie cellulaire cardiaque (CCT) a émergé comme une thérapie prometteuse pour aider à guérir certaines malades cardiaques. Parmi les cellulaires avec propriétés pluripotentes, les cellules stromales mésenchymateuses (MSC) sont prometteuses. Cependant, plusieurs questions demeurent non résolues et certaines défis empêchent l'application clinique de la CCT se dans l'IHD, tels que le faible taux de rétention cellulaire in situ, le suivi des cellules in vivo post-implantation et post-acheminements et l`apoptose. Ici, le traitement préliminaire des MSC avec des facteurs de croissance et leur couplage avec des nanoparticules (NP) seront étudiés comme des méthodes pour optimiser MSC. Méthodes: Des MSCs provenant du rat (rMSC) et du cochon (pMSC) ont été isolés à partir de moelle osseuse. Les rMSC ont été préconditionnées avec SDF-1a, TSG-6 et PDGF-BB, et ensuite soumises à une hypoxie, une privation de sérum et a un stress oxydatif. Des études de cicatrisation ont également été effectués avec rMSCs préconditionnées. En parallèle, de nouvelles NP ferromagnétiques liées aux silicones ont été synthétisées. Les NPs ont été couplées aux pMSCs suivant leur fonctionnalisation avec l`anticorps, CD44, un antigène de surface du MSC bien connu. Par la suite, les études de biocompatibilité ont été réalisées sur pMSC-NP et en incluant des tests des processus cellulaires tels que la migration, l'adhésion, la prolifération et les propriétés de la différenciation. Résultats: Parmi toutes les cytokines testées, PDGF-BB a démontré la plus grande capacité à améliorer la survie de MSC dans des conditions d'hypoxie, de privation de sérum et en reponse au stress oxydatif. La conjugaison de NP a atténué la migration et la prolifération des pMSCs, mais n`a pas changé leur capacité de différenciation. Enfin, la complexe du MSC-NP est détectable par IRM. Conclusion: Nos données suggèrent que de nouvelles stratégies, telles que traitement préliminaire de PDGF-BB et le couplage des nanoparticules ferromagnétiques, peuvent être considérés comme des avenues prometteuse pour optimiser les MSCs pour la CCT. / Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains a leading cause of mortality in North America. Cardiac cell therapy (CCT) has emerged as a promising therapy to help heal the damaged heart. Among the various candidates for stem-progenitor cells, Mesenchymal Multipotential Stromal/Stem Cells (MSC) is of great promise. However, there remain unresolved issues and challenges that prevent clinical application of MSC-based CCT in IHD. Among the latter, low cellular retention rate, in vivo cell tracking and post-delivery apoptosis. Here in, growth factor preconditioning and MSC coupling to nanoparticles are investigated as methods to optimize MSC. Methods：Lewis Rat MSC (rMSC) and pig MSC (pMSC) were isolated from bone marrow. Rat MSCs were preconditioned with SDF-1a, TSG-6 and PDGF-BB, and then subjected to hypoxia, serum deprivation and oxidative stress. Wound healing assays were also done with preconditioned rat MSCs. In parallel, novel ferromagnetic silicone core-shell nanoparticles (NP) were synthesized. Pig MSCs were coupled to NPs following functionalization of the NPs with an antibody to a well-recognized MSC surface antigen, CD44. Subsequently, biocompatibility studies were performed on the pMSC-NP complex and included testing of key cellular processes such as migration, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation properties. Results: Of all cytokines used, PDGF-BB showed greatest capacity to improve MSC survival under conditions of hypoxia, serum deprivation and oxidative stress. NP conjugation has mitigated effect on the migration and proliferation of pig MSC, but do not change the differentiation capacity of MSC. Finally, the MSC-NP complex was detectable by MRI. Conclusion: Our data suggest that novel strategies, such as PDGF-BB preconditioning and ferromagnetic nanoparticle coupling, can be considered as promising avenues to optimize MSCs for CCT.

The present study deals with the scope of action available to a social worker when analyzing, assessing and proposing measures regarding young persons experiencing social problems. The interest in the subject area emanates from the fact that the number of youth placed in different forms of round the clock out-of-home care in Sweden increases, whereas research in the subject shows that such placement gives few positive results and sometimes even has negative consequences for their development. The study investigates how the preconditions of the social worker influence their scope of possible action, in particular as regards their place of work, the situation of the individual dealt with, and the profession itself being one based both on scientific evidence and knowledge gained by experience. Lipsky’s theory on ”street-level bureaucracy” and Hasenfelds theory on human servicing organizations form the theoretical framework of the present study. The empirical input comes from interviews with focus groups of active social workers. The analysis of the interviews shows that social workers generally feel that they have a broad scope of action as far as the regulatory framework and office management are concerned. They have, however, less room of manoeuvre when it comes to the resources of their place of work and their ability to use the whole range of possible measures may be limited by an insufficient level of experience and a weak management structure. According to the interviews social workers feel that the situation of the juvenile clients themselves constitutes the most limiting factor. It is evident that placements in out-of-home care are almost exclusively done for protective reasons, when the social worker sees no other possibility to break a seriously destructive way of life.

Contexte: La cardiopathie ischémique (IHD) reste une cause majeure de mortalité en Amérique du Nord. La thérapie cellulaire cardiaque (CCT) a émergé comme une thérapie prometteuse pour aider à guérir certaines malades cardiaques. Parmi les cellulaires avec propriétés pluripotentes, les cellules stromales mésenchymateuses (MSC) sont prometteuses. Cependant, plusieurs questions demeurent non résolues et certaines défis empêchent l'application clinique de la CCT se dans l'IHD, tels que le faible taux de rétention cellulaire in situ, le suivi des cellules in vivo post-implantation et post-acheminements et l`apoptose. Ici, le traitement préliminaire des MSC avec des facteurs de croissance et leur couplage avec des nanoparticules (NP) seront étudiés comme des méthodes pour optimiser MSC. Méthodes: Des MSCs provenant du rat (rMSC) et du cochon (pMSC) ont été isolés à partir de moelle osseuse. Les rMSC ont été préconditionnées avec SDF-1a, TSG-6 et PDGF-BB, et ensuite soumises à une hypoxie, une privation de sérum et a un stress oxydatif. Des études de cicatrisation ont également été effectués avec rMSCs préconditionnées. En parallèle, de nouvelles NP ferromagnétiques liées aux silicones ont été synthétisées. Les NPs ont été couplées aux pMSCs suivant leur fonctionnalisation avec l`anticorps, CD44, un antigène de surface du MSC bien connu. Par la suite, les études de biocompatibilité ont été réalisées sur pMSC-NP et en incluant des tests des processus cellulaires tels que la migration, l'adhésion, la prolifération et les propriétés de la différenciation. Résultats: Parmi toutes les cytokines testées, PDGF-BB a démontré la plus grande capacité à améliorer la survie de MSC dans des conditions d'hypoxie, de privation de sérum et en reponse au stress oxydatif. La conjugaison de NP a atténué la migration et la prolifération des pMSCs, mais n`a pas changé leur capacité de différenciation. Enfin, la complexe du MSC-NP est détectable par IRM. Conclusion: Nos données suggèrent que de nouvelles stratégies, telles que traitement préliminaire de PDGF-BB et le couplage des nanoparticules ferromagnétiques, peuvent être considérés comme des avenues prometteuse pour optimiser les MSCs pour la CCT. / Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains a leading cause of mortality in North America. Cardiac cell therapy (CCT) has emerged as a promising therapy to help heal the damaged heart. Among the various candidates for stem-progenitor cells, Mesenchymal Multipotential Stromal/Stem Cells (MSC) is of great promise. However, there remain unresolved issues and challenges that prevent clinical application of MSC-based CCT in IHD. Among the latter, low cellular retention rate, in vivo cell tracking and post-delivery apoptosis. Here in, growth factor preconditioning and MSC coupling to nanoparticles are investigated as methods to optimize MSC. Methods：Lewis Rat MSC (rMSC) and pig MSC (pMSC) were isolated from bone marrow. Rat MSCs were preconditioned with SDF-1a, TSG-6 and PDGF-BB, and then subjected to hypoxia, serum deprivation and oxidative stress. Wound healing assays were also done with preconditioned rat MSCs. In parallel, novel ferromagnetic silicone core-shell nanoparticles (NP) were synthesized. Pig MSCs were coupled to NPs following functionalization of the NPs with an antibody to a well-recognized MSC surface antigen, CD44. Subsequently, biocompatibility studies were performed on the pMSC-NP complex and included testing of key cellular processes such as migration, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation properties. Results: Of all cytokines used, PDGF-BB showed greatest capacity to improve MSC survival under conditions of hypoxia, serum deprivation and oxidative stress. NP conjugation has mitigated effect on the migration and proliferation of pig MSC, but do not change the differentiation capacity of MSC. Finally, the MSC-NP complex was detectable by MRI. Conclusion: Our data suggest that novel strategies, such as PDGF-BB preconditioning and ferromagnetic nanoparticle coupling, can be considered as promising avenues to optimize MSCs for CCT.

The research presented in this thesis is aimed at developing reliable information systems through the application of model-driven and formal techniques. These are techniques in which a precise, formal model of system behaviour is exploited as source code. As such a model may be more abstract, and more concise, than source code written in a conventional programming language, it should be easier and more economical to create, to analyse, and to change. The quality of the model of the system can be ensured through certain kinds of formal analysis and fixed accordingly if necessary. Most valuably, the model serves as the basis for the automated generation or configuration of a working system. This thesis provides four research contributions. The first involves the analysis of a proposed modelling language targeted at the model-driven development of information systems. Logical properties of the language are derived, as are properties of its compiled form---a guarded substitution notation. The second involves the extension of this language, and its semantics, to permit the description of workflows on information systems. Workflows described in this way may be analysed to determine, in advance of execution, the extent to which their concurrent execution may introduce the possibility of deadlock or blocking: a condition that, in this context, is synonymous with a failure to achieve the specified outcome. The third contribution concerns the validation of models written in this language by adapting existing techniques of software testing to the analysis of design models. A methodology is presented for checking model consistency, on the basis of a generated test suite, against the intended requirements. The fourth and final contribution is the presentation of an implementation strategy for the language, targeted at standard, relational databases, and an argument for its correctness, based on a simple, set-theoretic semantics for structure and operations.

From the viewpoint of the adaptive solution of partial differential equations a finit e element method on hierarchical triangular meshes is developed permitting hanging nodes arising from nonuniform hierarchical refinement. Construction, extension and restriction of the nonuniform hierarchical basis and the accompanying mesh are described by graphs. The corresponding FE basis is generated by hierarchical transformation. The characteristic feature of the generalizable concept is the combination of the conforming hierarchical basis for easily defining and changing the FE space with an accompanying nonconforming FE basis for the easy assembly of a FE equations system. For an elliptic model the conforming FEM problem is solved by an iterative method applied to this nonconforming FEM equations system and modified by projection into the subspace of conforming basis functions. The iterative method used is the Yserentant- or BPX-preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm. On a MIMD computer system the parallelization by domain decomposition is easy and efficient to organize both for the generation and solution of the equations system and for the change of basis and mesh.

Dans l’industrie de l’avionique, les Générateurs Automatiques de Code (GAC) sont de plus en plus utilisés pour produire des parties du logiciel embarqué. Puisque le code généré fait partie d’un logiciel critique, les standards de sûreté exigent une vérification approfondie du GAC: la qualification. Dans cette thèse en collaboration avec AdaCore, nous cherchons à réduire le coût des activités de test par des méthodes automatiques et efficaces.La première partie de la thèse aborde le sujet du test unitaire qui assure une exhaustivité élevée mais qui est difficile à réaliser pour les GACs. Nous proposons alors une méthode qui garantit le même niveau d’exhaustivité en n’utilisant que des tests d’intégration de mise en œuvre plus facile. Nous proposons tout d’abord une formalisation du langage ATL de définition du GAC dans la théorie des Transformations Algébriques de Graphes. Nous définissons ensuite une traduction de postconditions exprimant l’exhaustivité du test unitaire en des préconditions équivalentes qui permettent à terme de produire des tests d’intégration assurant le même niveau d’exhaustivité. Enfin, nous proposons d’optimiser l’algorithme complexe de notre analyse à l’aide de stratégies de simplification dont nous mesurons expérimentalement l’efficacité.La seconde partie du travail concerne les oracles de tests du GAC, c’est à dire le moyen de valider le code généré par le GAC lors d’un test. Nous proposons un langage de spécification de contraintes textuelles capables d’attester automatiquement de la validité du code généré. Cette approche est déployée expérimentalement à AdaCore pour le projet QGen, un générateur de code Ada/C à partir de Simulink®. / In the avionics industry, Automatic Code Generators (ACG) are increasingly used to produce parts of the embedded software. Since the generated code is part of critical software, safety standards require a thorough verification of the ACG called qualification. In this thesis in collaboration with AdaCore, we seek to reduce the cost of testing activities by automatic and effective methods.The first part of the thesis addresses the topic of unit testing which ensures exhaustiveness but is difficult to achieve for ACGs. We propose a method that guarantees the same level of exhaustiveness by using only integration tests which are easier to carry out. First, we propose a formalization of the ATL language in which the ACG is defined in the Algebraic Graph Transformation theory. We then define a translation of postconditions expressing the exhaustiveness of unit testing into equivalent preconditions that ultimately support the production of integration tests providing the same level of exhaustiveness. Finally, we propose to optimize the complex algorithm of our analysis using simplification strategies that we assess experimentally.The second part of the work addresses the oracles of ACG tests, i.e. the means of validating the code generated by the ACG during a test. We propose a language for the specification of textual constraints able to automatically check the validity of the generated code. This approach is experimentally deployed at AdaCore for a Simulink® to Ada/C ACG called QGen.

No description available.