Bakgrund: Samhället har blivit bekvämare och resultatet blir att stor del av befolkningen ökar i vikt. Det är sjuksköterskans ansvar att ha kunskapen som krävs för en viktnedgång, och förmedla kunskapen vidare till patienten. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa sjuksköterskans kunskap som är av betydelse vid viktnedgång och hur kunskapen kan förmedlas till patienten. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes innehållande kvantitativa och kvalitativa artiklar. Analys av artiklarna skedde utifrån en granskningsmall. Resultat: Kategorier framkom som är av betydelse i sjuksköterskans arbete för att kunna hjälpa en patient till viktnedgång. Patienter uppvisade bristande kunskap angående riskerna som följer med övervikt. Negativa attityder mot personer med övervikt förekom hos sjuksköterskor. Socialt stöd förbättrar utsikterna för att patienten ska lyckas gå ner i vikt. Slutsats: Framtida forskning bör rikta in sig på hur sjuksköterskor kan uppmuntras till att söka kunskap gällande patienter med övervikt, för att etablera en god omvårdnadsrelation. I slutändan avgör patienten själv om förändringar ska genomföras för att kunna lyckas gå ner i vikt. / Background: People have become more comfortable in their way of living, the result being that many gain weight. It is the nurse's responsibility to have the knowledge required about weight loss, and to convey this to the patients. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to emphasize nurses´ knowledge which is of significance in weight loss and how nurses can convey this to the patients. Method: A literature review was conducted containing quantitative and qualitative articles. Analysis of the articles was based on a review model. Results: Categories emerged that are relevant to the nursing profession in order to help patients to weight loss. Patients showed lack of knowledge regarding the risks that come with obesity. Nurses were seen to have negative attitudes towards people with obesity. Social support improved the outlook for the patient to succeed in losing weight. Conclusion: Future research should focus on how nurses can be encouraged to seek knowledge on patients with obesity in order to establish a good nursing relationship with the patient. Finally, it is the patient who must make the decision to commit to changes in order to succeed in losing weight.

To date, little research has explored the utility of inter-personal confrontation as a strategy for the reduction of homonegative attitudes and/or behaviours among heterosexual women. Consequently, the purpose of the current study was to explore three unique aspects of such confrontations among a sample of heterosexual women from the University of Saskatchewan. These three aspects were: 1) to what extent do high- and low-prejudiced womens reactions to confrontations of subtle homonegative behaviour differ; 2) what differences exist in the way that heterosexual women respond to bias directed towards gay men than to bias directed towards lesbian women; 3) what effect does the vested interest of a confronter have on heterosexual womens reaction to confrontations of homonegative behaviour. A 2(target condition) X 2(modern homonegativity endorsement) X 4(confronter type) between-subjects design was used wherein 286 female volunteers completed a questionnaire booklet developed for the project. The questionnaire booklet asked participants to first imagine themselves in a scenario where they would be confronted for engaging in subtle homonegative behaviour and to then indicated how they would think, feel, and behave in response to such a confrontation. The results indicated that low-prejudice participants reacted with greater negative-self directed affect (e.g., guilt) and compunction (e.g., apologize for behaviour) than high-prejudice participants when confronted by either a gay man or lesbian woman. Such reactions are important as they mark the initiation of a self-regulatory cycle that allows the individual to avoid such biased behaviour in the future. Limitations of the study and directions for future research concerning inter-personal confrontations of homonegativity are also presented.

By using Austen’s and Bushnell’s two novels as my primary sources I hope to find out whether what has been seen as typically female themes, plots and settings are perceived as less important from a canonical viewpoint. Do the terms “chick-lit” and “women’s literature” determine the status of a novel? I hope to find out what made Austen an esteemed writer and if the same criteria of evaluation can be applied to Bushnell. Are there any similarities between today’ most famous “chick-lit” author who gained her fame by writing about women and their sex lives in an unromantic and shocking fashion, and a pre-Victorian author whose works are part of the literary canon?

Critics of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice often tend to focus on the central characters but focus in this essay will be on the middle sister Mary Bennet. Author Alex Woloch claims in his book The One vs. the Many that Mary’s main function in the novel is to be a contrast to Elizabeth in order to fulfill her as a character. The purpose of this essay is then to show that Mary is an important character and what it is that makes Mary’s character different from her sisters’. A close reading of the novel has been applied in order to analyze Mary’s character and her function in the novel. The essay will show that Mary could be read as a representation of the women of her time who had more faith in themselves than to rely on men in order to have a secure future.

<p>A long tradition of social psychological research suggests that perceptions of similarity and common ground can promote more harmonious relations among otherwise diverse social groups. Yet perceived similarity with and empathy for members of an outgroup can also intensify intergroup bias by threatening the positive distinctiveness of one's group. In the present research, cognitive dissonance theory is used as a framework for understanding how people experience and react to similarity with members of a rival outgroup and for clarifying the conditions under which outgroup similarity reduces or intensifies intergroup prejudice. Four studies tested the hypothesis that outgroup similarity elicits subjective feelings of cognitive dissonance, including psychological discomfort and negative self-evaluation. Study 1 was a pilot test in which similarity to an outgroup member was associated with negative self-evaluation but not psychological discomfort. Study 2 strengthened the interpretation of the turncoat effect as cognitive dissonance by demonstrating that the effect varies as a function of a classic dissonance moderator--perceived choice. Participants induced to experience outgroup similarity reported psychological discomfort and negative self-evaluation, but only when they believed their feelings of similarity resulted from a high degree of personal choice. Study 3 identified strength of ingroup identification as another key moderator of the effect: Only participants who were highly identified with their ingroup reported feelings of dissonance after an induction of outgroup similarity. Finally, Study 4 investigated the implications of three dissonance reduction strategies for intergroup prejudice.</p> / Dissertation

<p>Critics of Jane Austen’s <em>Pride and Prejudice </em>often tend to focus on the central characters but focus in this essay will be on the middle sister Mary Bennet. Author Alex Woloch claims in his book <em>The One vs. the Many </em>that Mary’s main function in the novel is to be a contrast to Elizabeth in order to fulfill her as a character. The purpose of this essay is then to show that Mary is an important character and what it is that makes Mary’s character different from her sisters’. A close reading of the novel has been applied in order to analyze Mary’s character and her function in the novel.<em> </em>The essay will show that Mary could be read as a representation of the women of her time who had more faith in themselves than to rely on men in order to have a secure future.</p>

In order to examine the phenomenon of fat messages presented through visual media, a content analysis was used to quantify and categorize fat-specific commentary. Fat commentary vignettes were identified using a targeted sampling procedure, and 135 scenes were excised from movies and TV shows. The material was coded by trained raters. Reliability indices were uniformly high for the seven categories (% agreement ranged from .90-.98; kappas ranged from .66-.94). Results indicated that fat commentary and fat humor is often verbal, directed toward another person, and is often presented directly in the presence of the overweight target. Results also indicated that male characters are three times more likely to engage in fat commentary or fat humor than female characters. These findings provide the first information regarding the specific gender, age, and types of fat commentary that occur frequently in movies and TV shows. The stimuli should prove useful in future research examining the role of individual difference factors (e.g., BMI) in the reaction to viewing such vignettes.

The concept of the Victorian antitheatrical prejudice is both well-established and well-respected. This paper, however, examining the Victorian theatrical novel and the Victorian theater in terms of that prejudice, finds the ready assumption of the prejudice to be problematic at best. A close look at three novels that together span the early to mid-nineteenth century shows that, far from being ubiquitous and unilateral, antitheatricality was in many cases an anomaly; indeed, many of those novelistic elements that have long been assumed to be antitheatrical address different issues altogether. Employing close readings of the novels--Jane Austen's Mansfield Park, Charles Dickens's Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, and Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury's The Half-Sisters--along with an examination of historical documents, and utilizing as well current scholarship in Victorian theater and theatrical novels, I demonstrate that the Victorians were instead keen appreciators of theater, and that the Victorian "antitheatrical novel" was in many cases far more interested in the authenticity of human interplay than in the inauthenticity of staged role-play.

In the current project, I examined the distinct elicitors and behavioral outcomes of anti-gay anger and anti-gay disgust. The CAD triad hypothesis (Rozin, Lower, Imada, & Haidt, 1999) suggests that anger and disgust are elicited by distinct moral violations and cognitive appraisals. A plethora of research has documented the strong link between disgust and sexual prejudice, but very little attention has been given to the role of anger in sexual prejudice. The biocultural framework of stigmatization (Neuberg, Smith, & Asher, 2000) suggests that people who counter-socialize against prevailing social norms are stigmatized by others. If homosexual sexual behavior does not elicit anti-gay anger (Giner-Sorrolla, Bosson, Caswell & Hettinger, 2012), then anti-gay anger might be elicited by promoting positive views of homosexuality. In Study 1, participants were induced to feel anger, disgust, or no emotion and then rated one of two gay male target groups. I expected that cognitive appraisals of morality violation would increase when the emotional state was congruent with the perceived threat posed by the target, but the emotion induction failed to elicit differences in cognitive appraisals. The results of Study 2, collected from a non-student sample, were also inconsistent with my hypothesis. Sexually explicit behavior did not elicit disgust, and behavior which resulted in more tolerant attitudes toward homosexuality failed to elicit anger and harm appraisals. These results suggest that sexual prejudice research requires stricter experimental control than online data collection methods currently allow.

This is a history of the relationship between prejudices and reality during the first century of the Spanish Conquest and colonization of America. The study deals particularly with the Discovery and Conquest of La Española and La Nueva España. The authors studied are Cristóbal Colón, Ramón Pané, Pedro Mártir de Anglería, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, Bartolomé de las Casas, Hernán Cortés, Francisco López de Gómara, Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Vasco de Quiroga, Toribio de Benavente "Motolinía", Diego Durán, Bernardino de Sahagún and José de Acosta. There is a change in the perception of reality during the Renaissance. It brings a separation between the realms of the earthly and the divine as well as a glorification of the self, known today as individualism. There is also a great tension between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance in Spain. A way of seeing the world that privileges the divine fights ferociously with another one that suddenly has an immense need to understand the real, concrete world. This tension makes the study of the early descriptions and interpretations of America particularly interesting. They document the ways in which the Western imagination learns to apprehend reality in the very beginnings of the Modern Age. The writers of the Western Indies struggle with their words, their ideas, their faith and their own life in their attempt to describe and understand the New World. The process is highly complex and superbly exemplifies Marx's concept of ideology: the awareness that there is always a real and an imaginary way interacting with each other when we try to live and understand reality. Idealizations, prejudices, inventions, fantasies, destructions and abuses coexist in the texts of the "Cronistas de Indias" with a heroic effort to describe, understand, classify and explain a reality that is totally alien to their eyes and their mental schemes. This effort reaches an end with the triumph of the Counterreformation in Spain. All the early history of the New World had to be proof of a divine plan and so, many of the truths, methods and ideas that the early writers of America had gained, with a truly heroic effort to overcome ideological limitations, started to get lost once again. / text