The current study assessed the effects of two teaching stimulus presentations, i.e. picture to word and word to word, used to teach second language vocabulary to college students. It also evaluated the emergence of untaught relations when picture to word and word to word were used separately as a teaching strategy. The findings showed picture to word training resulted in more untaught relations. Several aspects such time allotted for online quizzes, experimental and teaching arrangements and vocabulary complexity were suggested for future research.

Os organismos reguladores da Contabilidade ao optarem por um usuário-alvo da informação contábil, na atualidade, tem dado ênfase aos investidores. As normas contábeis visam, em teoria, a geração de informações que sejam úteis e relevantes no processo decisório desses usuários. Entretanto, além do conteúdo, o formato de apresentação das demonstrações contábeis pode afetar a maneira como seus usuários incorporam-na em seus processos decisórios. Considerando os investidores como agentes racionais limitados, supõe-se que esses agentes buscam otimizar suas escolhas e consideram o custo-benefício das informações disponíveis, em vista da sua limitada capacidade de processamento. Nesse contexto, a literatura vem destacando que o formato de apresentação das demonstrações contábeis é capaz de afetar a atratividade das decisões sobre investimentos, o que, por consequência, pode influenciar o modo como as entidades divulgam suas informações financeiras. As preferências pelo formato de apresentação das informações contábeis podem ser intensificadas quando as entidades direcionam esse formato, visando destacar as informações que transmitam uma melhor posição financeira das mesmas, segundo o argumento da miopia do mercado acionário. Neste sentido, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar o impacto do formato de apresentação do Resultado Abrangente e da realização dos Outros Resultados Abrangentes (ORA) na decisão de investimento no mercado de capitais. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, foi realizado um experimento 2 X 2 entre sujeitos, com 171 estudantes de pósgraduação lato sensu (MBA), e duração média de vinte minutos. Para a análise dos dados coletados, foi utilizado a técnica estatística de análise de covariância (ANCOVA), visto que a variável dependente era quantitativa e foram utilizados fatores quantitativos e qualitativos para explicar o comportamento dessa variável. Os resultados encontrados indicam que para as variáveis de investimento em ações e investimento em ações ponderado pela atratividade, a influência do formato de apresentação das demonstrações financeiras, deu-se apenas na variável multiplicativa entre aversão ao risco e o fato de se trabalhar em empresa financeira, como também entre ter experiência em investimento e o fato de se trabalhar em empresa financeira. Porém, como não foi possível segregar o efeito entre elas nas variáveis dependentes, não foi possível afirmar que o formato de apresentação separado do Resultado Abrangente afeta a atratividade de investimento. A temporalidade, em nenhuma das variáveis dependentes, demonstrou impactar a atratividade de investimento. Ao analisar o efeito interativo do formato de apresentação e a temporalidade dos ORA, não foi possível afirmar se houve impacto na atratividade do investimento. Com base nos resultados encontrados, não foi possível afirmar que o formato de apresentação da Demonstração do Resultado Abrangente (DRA) e da realização dos ORA ao Lucro Líquido (LL) impactam na decisão de investimento no mercado de capitais. O estudo possui limitações, principalmente em relação à técnica aplicada, à utilização de estudantes como proxy de investidores não profissionais, variáveis não controladas pelo ambiente experimental e possível desconhecimento do que é o Resultado Abrangente por parte dos respondentes. / Choosing a accounting information target user, nowadays, the accounting regulator bodies have emphasized to investors. In theory, accounting rules aim to generate information which is useful and relevant at those users\' decision-making process. However, besides the content, the financial statements presentation format may affect the way the users incorporate them into their decision making processes. Considering the investors as limited rational agents, this study has assumed that those agents seek to optimize their choices and consider the costbenefit of information availability, because of their limited processing capacity. At this context, the literature has highlighted that the financial statements presentation format can affect the investment decisions attractiveness, which, consequently, can influence how the entities disclose their financial information. The preference for the financial information presentation format may be intensified when entities direct the format in order to highlight the information that convey a better financial position, according to the argument of stock market short-termism. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the Comprehensive Income (CI) presentation format impact and the Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) maturity at investment decisions at the capital market. To develop the research, an 2 X 2 between subjects experiment design was conducted, with 171 MBA students, and average duration of twenty minutes. For data analysis, this study used the statistical technique of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), as the dependent variable was quantitative and quantitative and qualitative factors to explain the behavior of that variable were used. The results indicate that the variables for investment at shares and weighted attractiveness investment at shares, the influence of the financial statements presentation format has been only in the multiplicative variable between risk aversion and the fact of the participant works at a financial company, as well as having experience in capital market investment and the fact of the participant works at a financial company. However, as it was not possible to segregate the effect on the dependent variables between them, it was not possible to say that the CI presentation format separately affects the investment attractiveness. In all dependent variables, maturity did not demonstrate to impact the attractiveness of investment. By analyzing the interactive effect between presentation format and the OCI maturity, it was not possible to say whether there was an impact on the investment attractiveness. Based on these results, it was not possible to say that the Comprehensive Income Statement presentation format and the OCI realization to Net Income impact on investment decisions at the capital market. The study has limitations, especially related to the applied technique, the use of students as a proxy for investors, experimental environment variables which were not controlled and misconceptions of what is the Comprehensive Income for the respondents.

Os organismos reguladores da Contabilidade ao optarem por um usuário-alvo da informação contábil, na atualidade, tem dado ênfase aos investidores. As normas contábeis visam, em teoria, a geração de informações que sejam úteis e relevantes no processo decisório desses usuários. Entretanto, além do conteúdo, o formato de apresentação das demonstrações contábeis pode afetar a maneira como seus usuários incorporam-na em seus processos decisórios. Considerando os investidores como agentes racionais limitados, supõe-se que esses agentes buscam otimizar suas escolhas e consideram o custo-benefício das informações disponíveis, em vista da sua limitada capacidade de processamento. Nesse contexto, a literatura vem destacando que o formato de apresentação das demonstrações contábeis é capaz de afetar a atratividade das decisões sobre investimentos, o que, por consequência, pode influenciar o modo como as entidades divulgam suas informações financeiras. As preferências pelo formato de apresentação das informações contábeis podem ser intensificadas quando as entidades direcionam esse formato, visando destacar as informações que transmitam uma melhor posição financeira das mesmas, segundo o argumento da miopia do mercado acionário. Neste sentido, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar o impacto do formato de apresentação do Resultado Abrangente e da realização dos Outros Resultados Abrangentes (ORA) na decisão de investimento no mercado de capitais. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, foi realizado um experimento 2 X 2 entre sujeitos, com 171 estudantes de pósgraduação lato sensu (MBA), e duração média de vinte minutos. Para a análise dos dados coletados, foi utilizado a técnica estatística de análise de covariância (ANCOVA), visto que a variável dependente era quantitativa e foram utilizados fatores quantitativos e qualitativos para explicar o comportamento dessa variável. Os resultados encontrados indicam que para as variáveis de investimento em ações e investimento em ações ponderado pela atratividade, a influência do formato de apresentação das demonstrações financeiras, deu-se apenas na variável multiplicativa entre aversão ao risco e o fato de se trabalhar em empresa financeira, como também entre ter experiência em investimento e o fato de se trabalhar em empresa financeira. Porém, como não foi possível segregar o efeito entre elas nas variáveis dependentes, não foi possível afirmar que o formato de apresentação separado do Resultado Abrangente afeta a atratividade de investimento. A temporalidade, em nenhuma das variáveis dependentes, demonstrou impactar a atratividade de investimento. Ao analisar o efeito interativo do formato de apresentação e a temporalidade dos ORA, não foi possível afirmar se houve impacto na atratividade do investimento. Com base nos resultados encontrados, não foi possível afirmar que o formato de apresentação da Demonstração do Resultado Abrangente (DRA) e da realização dos ORA ao Lucro Líquido (LL) impactam na decisão de investimento no mercado de capitais. O estudo possui limitações, principalmente em relação à técnica aplicada, à utilização de estudantes como proxy de investidores não profissionais, variáveis não controladas pelo ambiente experimental e possível desconhecimento do que é o Resultado Abrangente por parte dos respondentes. / Choosing a accounting information target user, nowadays, the accounting regulator bodies have emphasized to investors. In theory, accounting rules aim to generate information which is useful and relevant at those users\' decision-making process. However, besides the content, the financial statements presentation format may affect the way the users incorporate them into their decision making processes. Considering the investors as limited rational agents, this study has assumed that those agents seek to optimize their choices and consider the costbenefit of information availability, because of their limited processing capacity. At this context, the literature has highlighted that the financial statements presentation format can affect the investment decisions attractiveness, which, consequently, can influence how the entities disclose their financial information. The preference for the financial information presentation format may be intensified when entities direct the format in order to highlight the information that convey a better financial position, according to the argument of stock market short-termism. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the Comprehensive Income (CI) presentation format impact and the Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) maturity at investment decisions at the capital market. To develop the research, an 2 X 2 between subjects experiment design was conducted, with 171 MBA students, and average duration of twenty minutes. For data analysis, this study used the statistical technique of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), as the dependent variable was quantitative and quantitative and qualitative factors to explain the behavior of that variable were used. The results indicate that the variables for investment at shares and weighted attractiveness investment at shares, the influence of the financial statements presentation format has been only in the multiplicative variable between risk aversion and the fact of the participant works at a financial company, as well as having experience in capital market investment and the fact of the participant works at a financial company. However, as it was not possible to segregate the effect on the dependent variables between them, it was not possible to say that the CI presentation format separately affects the investment attractiveness. In all dependent variables, maturity did not demonstrate to impact the attractiveness of investment. By analyzing the interactive effect between presentation format and the OCI maturity, it was not possible to say whether there was an impact on the investment attractiveness. Based on these results, it was not possible to say that the Comprehensive Income Statement presentation format and the OCI realization to Net Income impact on investment decisions at the capital market. The study has limitations, especially related to the applied technique, the use of students as a proxy for investors, experimental environment variables which were not controlled and misconceptions of what is the Comprehensive Income for the respondents.

This study investigates whether the current lack of structure of internal control weakness disclosures (a narrative about the reliability of the financial reporting system) leads nonprofessional investors to make differential investment decisions. Using the non-accelerated filer (smaller public company) setting, where nonprofessional investors are likely to consume unaudited internal control reports in their investing judgments and decisions, I examine two facets of internal control disclosure formats: presentation salience and disaggregation of material weaknesses. A 2 x 2 between-participants behavioral experiment was conducted with internal control presentation salience (bulleted vs. in-text) and disaggregation level (a single material weakness vs. a combination of multiple control deficiencies that is a material weakness). I find that nonprofessional investors reward companies that disclose internal control weaknesses more saliently. The results also indicate that disaggregation interacts with salience in that it increases the effect of salience on investing judgments such that salient (stealth) disclosure of a combination of control deficiencies is viewed more positively (negatively) than salient (stealth) disclosure of a material weakness. These findings are contrary to Rennekamp (2012) who finds that processing fluency in bad news leads to more negative investment judgements. Additional analyses indicated that the results related to management trust and credibility are consistent with prior literature. The findings contribute to academia and practice by shedding light on the importance that needs to be placed on the presentation format of internal control disclosures.

No description available.

Information visualization (InfoViz) is an essential component of decision support systems (DSS). Sparklines is a visualization tool. This study examines if Sparklines in digital financial reports aids novice investors and if so under what circumstances? Does it enhances decision-making performance and facilitates effective decision-making experience? Additionally, does it lowers decision making effort; reduces dilution effect from non-relevant data in financial reports and mitigates recency bias in using digital financial reports? The hypothesis is guided by the theory of Proximity Compatibility Principle and the Theory of Cognitive Fit. The research methodology for this study is a repeated measure, controlled laboratory based experiment. A pilot test was conducted in with a sample of forty undergraduate students from Gatton College of Business and Economics. The sample size for this study was 275 subjects. The result revealed that there was significant effect of sparklines on decision making performance and it provides an incremental value over a tabular format. Sparklines makes an important contribution towards mitigating recency bias. The results also suggested that the irrelevant information cue in the shareholder’s report were not able to weaken the impact of relevant information in the audited financial data reported using sparklines. Sparklines increased the attention of the readers to the tables. Subjects performed the integrative tasks and spatial better when using Sparklines. For tasks such as symbolic tasks, Sparkline does not necessarily improve decision performance. It was also found out that decision makers experience greater satisfaction when using sparklines. The overall cognitive load experienced by subjects was lower using sparklines when task demands are high (such as in a bankruptcy prediction task). Interestingly, the results indicate that there is no significant effect of sparkline on decision confidence and time. In conclusion, recall of facts and pattern among subjects was found superior with use of sparkline. This study provides an empirical and justifiable basis for policy makers to make explicit recommendations about use of novel graphics such as sparkline in digital financial reports. Limitations of this study are noted.

My study is motivated by standard setters interest in better understanding (and the gap in research as to) the effects of item complexity and disaggregation across a financial statement on users' decision processes (Bonner 2008; Glaum 2009; FASB 2010b). I examine whether complexity of an item and the method used to present the item on a financial statement influences nonprofessional investors' judgments. Specifically, I examine two issues raised concerning IAS 19 Employee Benefits. The first is to examine whether there are differences in nonprofessional investors' judgments when individual components of a complex item (defined pension cost) are disaggregated across a financial statement (the statement of comprehensive income) versus when individual components of a complex item are aggregated on the face of the same statement. Differences may arise since disaggregation across a statement provides information about how an item relates to different economic events and this information could help nonprofessional investors to better interpret and use the information in judgments. A second objective is to examine whether increasing the complexity of an already complex item affects the usefulness of information. I find that nonprofessional investors weigh higher levels of item complexity in certain judgments. Additionally, I find that when a complex item (defined pension cost) is disaggregated across a financial statement (the statement of comprehensive income) nonprofessional investors are able to acquire more information about the item and are able to more accurately understand the function of the item. This, in turn, helps the nonprofessional investors decide whether the information is useful in certain judgments.

The purpose of this thesis is to highlight the importance of graphic design and its visual effects in day-to-day life, notice new methods, justify relevant investments to advertisement as well as mention continuously rising demands made on professional graphic designers. The theoretical part of the thesis is based on the research article, which subject is the extent of consumers' product understanding of products being sold online. The research concludes that it is possible to choose the appropriate presentation format according to task complexity (product features) in terms of graphical and multimedia means of online presentation, such as static pictures with text captions, videos with or without narration and Virtual Product Experiences (VPE ). This is followed by the definitions of communication process and relevant standards related to web design, concluding with the description and interpretation of the most interesting and useful theoretical foundations. The main body is about implementing the theoretical findings in the real world business case including advertising campaign in a project having the purpose to give a real economic/business value. All the project phases are described from finding the business partner to the launch of brand new web service and its propagation. The new web page and other propagation materials were made in order to attract selected companies.

The purpose of this research was to determine whether changes in the presentation format of items in a computer display could be used to alter the impact of specific cognitive biases, and to add to the knowledge needed to construct theory-based guidelines for output design. The problem motivating this study is twofold. The first part of the problem is the sub-optimal decision making caused by the use of heuristics and their associated cognitive biases. The second part of the problem is the lack of a theoretical basis to guide the design of information presentation formats to counter the effects of such biases. An availability model of the impact of changes in presentation format on biases and heuristics was constructed based on the findings of a literature review. A six-part laboratory experiment was conducted utilizing a sample of 205 student subjects from the college of business. The independent variable was presentation format which was manipulated by altering the visual salience or visual recency of items of information in a visual computer display. The dependent variables included recall, perceived importance, and the subjects' responses to three judgment tasks. The results clearly demonstrate that changes in presentation format can be used to alter the impact of cognitive biases on human decision making. The results also provide support for the availability model, with the exception of the proposed influence of learning style. Learning style was found to have no significant impact on decision making whether alone or in combination with changes in presentation format. The results of this investigation demonstrate that by using our knowledge of cognitive processes (e.g., the visual salience effect, the visual recency effect, and the availability heuristic), presentation formats can be altered in order to moderate the effects of certain biases and heuristics in human decision making. An understanding of these results may be useful in improving DSS design.

No description available.