Shipping is a fragmented, global industry operating in a culturally diverse environment. As a result of rising maritime accident rates and pollution incidents in the 1970s and 1980s, the International Maritime Organisation introduced two conventions that entered fully into force in 2002: the International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and Pollution Prevention (ISM Code), and the 1995 revision of the 1978 Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW Code). Introduction of the conventions served to focus the attention of the international maritime community on the need to raise industry-wide safety standards, but questions were raised about whether it was possible to develop a safety culture in a fragmented, global industry and what effects the diversity of cultures might have upon implementation of the ISM Code. This study explores those questions. Subsequent to a review of the literature, a model of the working of the ISM Code is developed and used to identify the constraints and pressures, particularly those that might be influenced by cultural values and attitudes, that impact upon the development and implementation of a Safety Management System in individual shipping organisations, which is the essence of the ISM Code. A comparative case study methodology is adopted for the empirical research and a number of investigative techniques are used to test the ISM Code model and obtain both qualitative and quantitative data to determine whether the impact of culturally influenced constraints and pressures would be best addressed by stricter enforcement of existing regulatory provisions or greater emphasis on education and training. From analysis of the data collected, the study concluded that: • Professional, vocational and safety training correctly utilised are effective in harmonising culturally influenced safety perspectives, thus improving safety performance; and • Culturally influenced constraints and pressures can be dealt with by the application of standard management techniques which, in a multi-cultural environment requires good cross-cultural management skills. The most common method of determining how effective a company has been in dealing with the various constraints and pressures affecting safety performance is to evaluate the efficacy of the organisation's Safety Management System by analysis of accident records, lost time incidents and hazardous occurrences (ACNSI, 1993). These data, reported under the provisions of Clause 9 of the ISM Code, are therefore analysed and compared with an industry sector benchmark. The study however, goes beyond such a purely quantitative approach and establishes the relative safety climate of the case study companies by means of perceptual audit of salient, safety-related factors. This qualitative technique draws together all the main research elements of the study and a Safety Climate Comparator is developed that provides a useful indicator of the relative status of those culturally influenced factors that ultimately affect a company's safety performance. By extension, the technique may be used to provide a Relative Safety Culture Maturity Model to measure the safety climate of other shipping companies relative to a benchmark standard.

El presente trabajo trata de la idealización y estructuración de un aplicativo móvil cuya finalidad es devolverle la sensación de seguridad a quien la utilice. Esta aplicación fue diseñada pensando en los ciudadanos de Lima metropolitana y su constante temor a ser víctimas de algún acto delictivo. En la última década, el 95% de ciudadanos limeños se sienten inseguros dentro de su día a día, sintiendo desconfianza por las autoridades y su entorno social. La aplicación YARA busca remediar la poca falta de alternativas de prevención contra delitos que existe en la actualidad, ofreciendo un dispositivo que brinde las herramientas necesarias para que los ciudadanos se mantengan siempre precavidos y alertas para evitar estas situaciones. Para la estructuración de este proyecto, se tomó en cuenta las necesidades más importantes que los ciudadanos limeños buscan satisfacer con respecto a la inseguridad ciudadana. Necesidades tales como nivel de inseguridad de las zonas, acceso rápido a las líneas de emergencia disponibles, ayuda colectiva de la comunidad limeña, entre otras más que formarán y fortalecerán una cultura de prevención ante actos delictivos, con colaboración de la comunidad y las autoridades. / This paper is about the idealization and structuring of a mobile application whose purpose is to restore the feeling of security to the users. This application was designed with for Lima citizens in mind and their constant fear of being victims of some criminal act. In the last decade, 95% of Lima citizens feel insecure within their daily lives, feeling distrust of the authorities and their social environment. YARA is an application which seeks to remedy the little lack of crime prevention alternatives that currently exists, offering an app that provides the necessary tools so that citizens always remain cautious and alert to avoid these situations. For the structuring of this project, the investigation takes the most important needs that Lima citizens seek. Needs such as the insecurity’s level in the areas, quick access to the emergency lines, collective help from the Lima community, among others that will form and strengthen a culture of prevention against criminal acts, with the collaboration of the community and the authorities. / Trabajo de investigación

Suicide in India is a complex social issue and a neglected area by the state. Research has focused on risk factors and the epidemiology of suicide; studies concerning the intersection of culture with attempted suicide are limited. The aim of this study is to explore cultural implications of attempted suicide and its prevention in Southern India by means of comparing and contrasting the accounts of survivors of attempted suicide, mental health professionals and traditional healers engaged in treating people with suicidal behaviour. Methodology: A qualitative design is used drawing on constant comparison method and thematic analysis. The analysis of the data is underpinned by the theoretical concepts of Bourdieu’s work. In-depth interviews were conducted with fifteen survivors of attempted suicide, eight mental health professionals and eight healers from Southern India. Results: Application of Bourdieu’s theory of symbolic power and violence, cultural capital and habitus to the analysis of data revealed the process of constant interaction among visible and invisible fields such as faith, power, control, family, religion and social systems which impact survivors’ disposition to situations. Disparities in gender and role structures within families, financial challenges, health concerns, abuse, and violence were commonly cited factors by all three groups of participants. A few survivors and healers attributed misfortunes and distress to magic, spells and ‘bad times’. Healers and professionals were particularly of the opinion that cultural transition has added to stress among people. Survivors considered religious and traditional methods of support as socially accepted norms. Medical assistance was sought only during apparent ill health. Psychosocial support was very rarely accessed and availed. A lack of awareness among family members and friends to identify mental health concerns and a wide gap between identification of severe stressors and treatment increased the risk of suicide and limited timely intervention. Conclusion: This study identified a set of cultural mechanisms that produced negative impact and led to attempted suicide. The role of culture in causing suicide and attempted suicide is explained by unraveling the dynamics of cultural mechanisms and support processes that survivors experienced and as reported by professionals and healers. This research evidence presents pathways into attempted suicide and a life away from suicide.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:31:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Capitulo5_pg118_126.pdf: 872318 bytes, checksum: 347096a62eeff1989fc02f89aa63191b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-07 / The exploratory case we aimed to analyze the communication process used by the professional of the Family Health Strategy, the Health Unit Maruípe, in Vitória, capital of Espírito Santo. As a sample, we chose Maruípe region, which has the largest population of the capital, according to data from IBGE/2000 and that the strategy reaches the entire population. Data collection was performed by structured questionnaires with open questions, closed and semi-open to members of two Family Health teams who voluntarily decides to participate. We applied two different types of questionnaires: one to eight Community Health Workers and other staff members to thirteen. Data Were quantified and qualitatively analyzed in order to reflect on the importance of communication in promotional and preventive health, and their relationship with the local primary care and reducing the numbers od admissions to hospitals for underlying causes. Based on critical theory, theory of communicative action, Habermas and the recent Latin American studies on the importance of communicative action as an input in health, we analyze the communication tools used by the team and how that communication is established in order to draw a protocol suggestions to minimize the communication problems in the development of actions. / O estudo exploratório de caso que teve como objetivo analisar o processo de comunicação utilizado pelos profissionais da Estratégia de Saúde da Família, na Unidade de Saúde de Maruípe, no município de Vitória, capital do Espírito Santo. Como amostra, escolhemos a Região de Maruípe, que possui o maior número de habitantes da capital, segundo dados do IBGE/2000 e em que a estratégia atinge toda a população. A coleta de dados se realizou pela aplicação de questionários estruturados com perguntas abertas, semiabertas e fechadas aos integrantes de duas equipes de Saúde da Família que, voluntariamente, decidiram participar da pesquisa. Foram aplicados dois tipos diferentes de questionários: um para oito Agentes Comunitários de Saúde e outro para treze membros da equipe. Os dados foram quantificados e analisados qualitativamente visando refletir sobre a importância da comunicação nas ações de promoção e prevenção da saúde, e sua relação com a atenção básica municipal e a redução do número de internações nos hospitais por causas básicas. Com base na teoria crítica, na teoria do agir comunicativo de Habermas e nos recentes estudos latino-americanos sobre a importância da comunicação como insumo na saúde, analisamos os instrumentos de comunicação utilizados pela equipe e a forma como essa comunicação se estabelece, a fim de traçar um protocolo de sugestões para minimizar os problemas de comunicação no desenvolvimento das ações.