<p>Avian Influenza (AI) is a contagious viral zoonotic disease with great public health implications and negative socioeconomic impact (WHO, 2006a). The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infection is transmitted from birds to man mostly through contact with contaminated poultry and objects (INFOSAN, 2005), hence people who come in contact with birds such as live bird sellers (LBS) are the more vulnerable population (WHO, 2006a). Inadequate knowledge of AI health risks and poor practice of AI preventive measures amongst LBS increases the risk of spread of the infection in both humans and animals.The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the knowledge and practice of LBS with regards to avian influenza health risks and preventive activities in Agege, an urban area in Lagos State, Nigeria.</p>

Alkali Silica Reaction in concrete is a chemical deterioration process occurring between alkalis in cement paste and reactive aggregates. ASR increases expansion and cracking as well as other durability problems such as freezing and thawing. It is most probable that concrete structure will collapse unless mechanical, mineral, or chemical preventive measures are taken against ASR or this problem is realized and solved in the design stage of the concrete structure or later on. Rather than ordinary preventive measures in which mineral admixtures are used, mechanical ones were investigated in this study. In the experiment done by using the accelerated mortar bar method, reinforced concrete specimens on which pre-stressing force was applied were examined. The effects of reinforcement ratio and pre-stressing force on ASR based expansion and cracking were studied. Expansion and cracking developments in time were followed, and the connection between these phenomena and the energy produced by ASR was made. By applying the same mechanical preventive measures on the specimens prepared by using different reactive aggregates, the effectiveness of these methods with respect to the degree of v ASR was investigated. Also, the methods in question were compared with traditional preventive measures (fly ash). The investigation results show that reinforcement and pre-stressing force play a significant role in diminishing the effects of ASR.Keywords:Alkali-Silica Reaction, Reinforced Concrete Specimen, Pre-stressed Concrete, Mechanical Preventive Measures, Energy of ASR

Polio epidemics appeared in Sweden in 1881 and at the turn of the 20th century the disease became an annual feature in the epidemiological pattern. Due to vaccination starting in 1957 epidemics ceased to exist in Sweden around 1965. This thesis deals with the history polio epidemics in Sweden, 1880-1965 and studies the demographical influence of polio, how the medical authorities investigated and tried to combat it, and the care of those who contracted the disease. A study of polio mortality and incidence in Sweden at the national level during 1905-1962 reveals that the disease caused 6,000 deaths out of the 51,000 cases reported. At the beginning of the 20th century polio primarily attacked children up to 10 years of age. At the end of the period victims were represented in all age groups, but mainly in the ages 15-39. Moreover, a regional incidence study shows considerable regional differences. Sweden and the USA developed different ways of investigating and explaining the causes of polio thinking that led to diverse preventive measures. Moreover, in the 1950’s Sweden developed its own vaccine, different in choice of methods and materials from the widely used Salk-vaccine. When polio was classified as an epidemic in 1905, those infected by polio were usually taken to an isolation hospital. These hospitals were owned and financed by the state. The aftercare of polio victims was organized by philanthropist organizations. Polio was associated with dirt and unhygienic circumstances until the 1950’s when the theory of polio epidemics as a backlash of good hygiene and sanitary standards was established. The theory is built upon the correlation between neonatal mortality and polio incidence. However, correlation analysis at the regional level reveals no significant relationship between these variables. In Sweden, the hygienic movement had been very influential, and this study suggests that the theory quickly was accepted, because it explained why Sweden could be hit by epidemics and still be considered a welfare state with good hygienic and sanitary standards. / digitalisering@umu

<p>Avian Influenza (AI) is a contagious viral zoonotic disease with great public health implications and negative socioeconomic impact (WHO, 2006a). The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infection is transmitted from birds to man mostly through contact with contaminated poultry and objects (INFOSAN, 2005), hence people who come in contact with birds such as live bird sellers (LBS) are the more vulnerable population (WHO, 2006a). Inadequate knowledge of AI health risks and poor practice of AI preventive measures amongst LBS increases the risk of spread of the infection in both humans and animals.The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the knowledge and practice of LBS with regards to avian influenza health risks and preventive activities in Agege, an urban area in Lagos State, Nigeria.</p>

Psykiskt välbefinnande på arbetsplats kan kännetecknas av att det finns ett bra samspelmellan arbetsgivare och anställda och en arbetsgivare som förebygger hälsa ochsäkerhet genom att vidtar nödvändiga åtgärder. Brist på socialt stöd, kamratskap,psykisk belastning och stress är några faktorer som kan leda till psykisk ohälsa på enarbetsplats. Syftet med studien var att undersöka anställdas psykiska välbefinnande påarbetsplatser med fokus på gruppdynamik, arbetsmotivation, stress och vilkaförebyggande åtgärder som görs av arbetsgivaren. Undersökningen baseras på enenkätstudie med 97 deltagare i olika åldrar. Utifrån enkäterna gjordes tester i SPSS medyrkeskategorin i fokus och dess förhållande till psykiskt välbefinnande, stress,arbetsmotivation och gruppdynamik samt förebyggande åtgärden kring psykisk ohälsainom varje yrkeskategori. Resultatet visar att anställda som uppskattas och har brakommunikation har ett bättre välbefinnande på arbetsplatsen. Resultatet visar att det ihuvudsak är arbetskamraterna som motiverar varandra på arbetsplatsen. Av resultatet såframkommer det att inom de flesta yrkeskategorierna så gör inte arbetsgivaren någotfysiskt för att förbättra arbetsmiljön och välbefinnandet på arbetsplatsen. För vidareforskning inom detta område, hade det varit intressant att undersöka åldersskillnaderinom psykisk ohälsa och arbetsmiljö. Studien hade också kunnat undersöka utifrånarbetsgivarens perspektiv vad gäller informationshantering och förbyggandehandlingsplanplan vid psykisk ohälsa. / Mental well-being at the work place, could be characterised by a well-functioninginteraction between employer and employees, as well as when the employerpromotes health and safety for the employees, by applying adequate measures.Lack of social support and camaraderie together with mental pressure and stress,are some factors contributing to lack of mental well-being at the work place.The purpose of the study was to investigate the employee’s mental well-being atthe work place, focusing on group dynamics, work motivation and stress, togetherwith what preventive measures may have been taken by the employer.The investigation is based on a web-based survey, resulting in 97 completeresponses from individuals of various ages. From the survey results, tests wheremade in SPSS with different professions in focus and its relation to mental weebeing,stress, work motivation and group dynamics, in addition to preventivemeasures to address lack of mental well-being within each profession category.The result shows that employees who are appreciated and where thecommunication is well developed, also benefit from mental well-being to a higherdegree. Primarily it is the co-workers and colleagues that motivate each othermost at the work place. It also shows that related to most professions, theemployer does not apply any physical improvements to the work environment, norto improve the mental well-being at the work place.To further the study within this area, the education level could be evaluated toseek a connection to mental well-being.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The changes in environmental processes results in the generation of a new geomorphological and pedological configuration consisting of materials wasted by industrial, commercial and domestic activities. Such deposits recognized as Technogenic causing innumerous social, economic, environmental problems and barriers for the urban planning. The central focus of this work in urban area of Araguaína located in the northern state of Tocantins (Brazil) lies in the improvement of the methodology of study of these artificial bodies in genesis and morphologies and in a propose of measures to mitigate the impacts and facilitate the activities of environmental planning. The methodology used was based on literature review, characterization and mapping of the study area, characterization of urban sprawl, and morphological and textural analysis of the dynamics of Technogenic Deposits. The results show great difficulty in identifying with satellite images of the DT indirectly as differentiated vegetation (exotic), emergence of new fluvial deposits, erosional features exposed by stormwater and areas with exposure of pedological layer and material handling. The DT in the city of Araguaína tends to expand its original area by entrainment of material by runoff with a layered structure and selection of tecnogenic materials in bottoms valleys. The intensity and volume of stormwater on DT added the slopes less steep causes mass movements affecting the stability of civilians building structures in several areas of the Araguaína city. Another observed fact is the amount of area with DT will become obsolete for use as public parks, green areas, as well as for the urban settlement. In this meaning, the techniques of remediation and recovery were determined according to the specific characteristics of each deposit and the environment in which it operates in the city of Araguaína. / As alterações dos processos ambientais resultam na geração de uma nova configuração geomorfológica e pedológica composta de materiais descartados pelas atividades industriais, comerciais e domésticas. Tais depósitos reconhecidos como Tecnogênicos causam inúmeros problemas sociais, econômicos, ambientais e causam entraves para o planejamento urbano. O foco central deste trabalho na área urbana de Araguaína situado no norte do estado de Tocantins (Brasil) reside no aprimoramento da metodologia de estudo desses corpos artificiais em sua genêse e morfologias, com vistas a proposição de medidas destinadas à mitigação dos impactos e facilitar as atividades de planejamento ambiental. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se na revisão bibliográfica, caracterização e mapeamento da área de estudo, caracterização da expansão urbana, análise morfológica e textural e análise da dinâmica dos Depósitos Tecnogênicos. Os resultados apontam grande dificuldade na identificação por imagens de satélite dos DT indiretamente como manchas diferenciadas de vegetação (exóticas), surgimento de novos depósitos fluviais, feições erosivas expostas pelas águas pluviais e áreas com exposição da camada pedológica e movimentação de material. Os DT na cidade de Araguaína tendem a expandir sua área original por carreamento do material pelo escoamento superficial com uma estruturação em camadas e seleção dos materiais tecnogênicos nos fundos de vale. A intensidade e o volume das águas pluviais sobre os DT somados a declividades menos acentuadas causam movimentos de massa afetando a estabilidade das estruturas de edificações civis em várias áreas da cidade de Araguaína. Outro fato observado é quantidade de área com DT que se tornam obsoletas para o uso público como parques, áreas verdes, bem como para o assentamento urbano. Neste sentido, as técnicas de remediação e recuperação foram determinadas em função das características específicas de cada depósito e do ambiente em que se insere na cidade de Araguaína. / Doutor em Geografia

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:31:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GilmaraCMA.pdf: 1532756 bytes, checksum: 7b1eca940a792c6e0e411e7db831881d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-22 / Family Health Program (FHP) presents itself as a restructured model on basic cares besides having prevention practices and promotion in health as essential parts. According to that, the purpose of this study is to perceive which prevention practices in oral health are accomplished by the dentists from the FHP of Natal-RN as well as the way they have been developed, the knowledge basis to execute the procedure and the use of evaluation instruments by the dentists and by the Oral Health Co-Ordinator. A list of dentists participating on the FHP of Natal in March, 2006 (n= 91) was obtained so it was possible to formulate a structured interview. After excluding those with less than six months attending to the program, and considering the loss, eighty dentists got to be interviewed. It had questions about individual and group preventive procedures, sources of basement to develop the activities and to verify the impact and evaluation instruments. Besides that, an interview was made with the Oral Health Co-Ordinator about the evaluating process and the existence of a protocol as well as about document analysis in the Ambulatory Informations System Unique Health System (AIS-UHS), Information of Basic Care System and Pact of Recorder. The main individual activities consist on Oral Hygiene Orientation (87,5%) and Fluoridization (95%). Group activities remain at scholar groups acts(91,25%) being fluoridization done by 91,25% and educative activities by 86,25% mainly through speeches (61,25%).Orientations about oral cancer were detached on the aged group (39,96%)and hypertensive and diabetic group (19,51%), as well as integration with the health team was respectively 21,93% and 39,02%. Speeches and talk rounds are the main activities for aged, hypertensive and diabetics, and are also expressive to pregnant women. For pregnant women and babies group predominate hygiene and diet orientation. About the evaluation instruments 73,75% of the dentists do not consider their existence, despite 73,75% consider that actions have impact specially due to a increase of hygiene and decrease of caries index on the children. The main sources of basement are clinical experience (42,5%) and preparative courses (33,75%), only 7,5% mentioned population need and local reality. The Oral Health Co-Ordinator related the Attention Pact Recorder and records from the AIS - UHS as evaluation source but also detached the lack of epidemiologic surveying. She mentioned the increase of supervised brushing as a positive result and detached the hardness of the professional to act inside the family and as a team. The AIS-UHS records showed that fluoridization is more used individually and the supervised brushing is predominant as a group action, besides that educative activities at the Health Establishment predominate due to actions at the community. Facing the results, it was verified the act in different groups, special attention given to scholars, as well as focus the activities on caries giving less emphasis to other oral problems. Despite that, there was no epidemiologic instruments or data of the local reality to guide the actions and to be part of the planning and evaluation process / O Programa Sa?de da Fam?lia (PSF) apresenta-se como modelo reestruturador na aten??o b?sica, e as pr?ticas de preven??o e promo??o em sa?de s?o partes integrantes nesse contexto. Neste sentido, objetivou-se conhecer as pr?ticas preventivas em sa?de bucal realizadas pelos dentistas do PSF do munic?pio de Natal-RN, assim como de que forma s?o desenvolvidas, as bases de conhecimento norteadoras das condutas e a utiliza??o de instrumentos de avalia??o pelos dentistas e pela Coordenadora de Sa?de Bucal. Para tanto, obteve-se uma lista dos dentistas inseridos no PSF de Natal em mar?o de 2006 (n=91) para realiza??o de uma entrevista estruturada. Ap?s excluir aqueles com menos de seis meses de PSF e considerar a perda, entrevistou-se 80 dentistas. A entrevista continha quest?es sobre procedimentos preventivos em ?mbito individual e coletivo, fontes de embasamento para desenvolvimento das atividades e verifica??o do impacto e instrumentos de avalia??o. Al?m disso, realizou-se uma entrevista com a Coordenadora de Sa?de Bucal sobre o processo avaliativo e a exist?ncia de protocolo, assim como an?lise documental no SIA-SUS (Sistema de Informa??es Ambulatoriais do SUS), SIAB (Sistema de Informa??o de Aten??o B?sica) e Pacto de Indicadores. As atividades principais em ?mbito individual foram a Orienta??o de Higiene Bucal (87,5%) e Aplica??o T?pica de Fl?or (ATF) com 95%.Em ?mbito coletivo prevaleceu atua??o a grupos de escolares (91,25%), sendo a ATF realizada pelos 91,25% e as atividades educativas por 86,25%, principalmente atrav?s de palestras (61,25%).Orienta??es sobre c?ncer de boca foram destacadas no grupo de idosos (39,96%) e hipertensos e diab?ticos (19,51%), assim como integra??o com a equipe de sa?de que foi respectivamente de 21,93% e 39,02%. As palestras e rodas de conversa foram as principais atividades para idosos, hipertensos e diab?ticos, e tamb?m foram expressivas ?s gestantes. No grupo de gestantes e beb?s predominou orienta??o de higiene e dieta. No que concerne a instrumentos de avalia??o, 73,75% dos dentistas relataram n?o existir. Apesar disso 73,75% consideraram que as a??es t?m impacto, principalmente devido melhor higiene e redu??o no ?ndice de c?rie de crian?as. As principais fontes de embasamento s?o a experi?ncia cl?nica (42,5%) e cursos de capacita??o (33,75%), sendo a necessidade da popula??o e realidade local citada por apenas 7,5%. A Coordenadora de Sa?de Bucal relacionou os Indicadores do Pacto de Aten??o e registros do SIA-SUS como fonte de avalia??o, mas destacou a aus?ncia de levantamento epidemiol?gico. Relatou o aumento de escova??o supervisionada como resultado positivo, e destacou a dificuldade do profissional de atuar na fam?lia e em equipe. Os registros do SIASUS demonstraram que individualmente utiliza-se predominantemente ATF gel e em ?mbito coletivo a escova??o supervisionada, al?m de observar que atividades educativas no Estabelecimento de Sa?de predominam em detrimento a a??es na Comunidade. Diante dos resultados, verificou-se atua??o em diferentes grupos, mas com maior aten??o a escolares, assim como direcionamento das atividades ? c?rie dent?ria, existindo pouca ?nfase a outros problemas bucais. Al?m disso, n?o existem instrumentos epidemiol?gicos ou dados da realidade local para norteamento das condutas e como parte do processo de planejamento e avalia??o

Magister Public Health - MPH / Avian Influenza (AI) is a contagious viral zoonotic disease with great public health implications and negative socioeconomic impact (WHO, 2006a). The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infection is transmitted from birds to man mostly through contact with contaminated poultry and objects (INFOSAN, 2005), hence people who come in contact with birds such as live bird sellers (LBS) are the more vulnerable population (WHO, 2006a). Inadequate knowledge of AI health risks and poor practice of AI preventive measures amongst LBS increases the risk of spread of the infection in both humans and animals.The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the knowledge and practice of LBS with regards to avian influenza health risks and preventive activities in Agege, an urban area in Lagos State, Nigeria. / South Africa

De ungas psykiska ohälsa är ett allt ökande problem, vilket är något som måste stoppas. Syftet med studien var att undersöka yrkesverksammas upplevelser och erfarenheter av förebyggande insatser mot psykisk ohälsa för unga. Vi genomförde en kvalitativ studie där vi intervjuade sex yrkesverksamma personer som arbetar med unga i olika sammanhang. Den insamlade datan har analyserats med en tematisk analys. Resultatet av studien visar att yrkesverksamma arbetar väldigt mycket i sitt dagliga arbete med förebyggande insatser. Det framkommer även att det saknas forskning kring ämnet, särskilt evidensbaserad. Studien visar att den psykiska ohälsan enligt yrkesverksamma delvis uppfattas som en konsekvens av det förändrade samhället. Vår uppfattning är att det behövs mer forskning gällande ämnet och mer arbetsmetoder som yrkesverksamma kan använda sig av. / The mental ill-health of young people is a growing problem, which is something that must be stopped. The aim of this study was to show the perceptions and experiences of professionals about treatment against mental ill-health for young people. We conducted a qualitative study in which we interviewed six professionals who work with young people in different contexts in the community. The collected data has been analyzed with a thematic analysis. The results of this study showed that professionals work very much in their daily work with preventative efforts. There is short of research on the subject, especially evidencebased. The study's results showed that mental ill-health is a problem that is partly a consequence of the changing society we live in today. Our opinion is that more research is needed on the subject and more working methods that professionals can use.

Street-racing är ett världsomspännande och växande fenomen, som är en källa till mycket nöje för de deltagande, men samtidigt orsakar åtskilliga dödsfall och skador på både person och egendom varje år. I Sverige innebär de medföljande problemen med street-racing framför allt brott mot trafikförordningen och andra trafikrelaterade lagar, samt den fara det utgör för både förare, åskådare och allmänheten. Helsingborg som stad har länge figurerat på den svenska street-racing-scenen, och varit förknippat med ett starkt motorintresse, inte minst tack vare den årligen återkommande Vallåkraträffen, och detta tar sig uttryck i form av ostrukturerade fordonsträffar, drifting, och street-racing. Denna studie undersöker och klarlägger förekomsten av street-race i Helsingborg, i såväl omfattning som form, samt hur berörda myndigheter och institutioner har arbetat för att motverka detta. Det centrala frågeställningarna i studien var att undersöka hur street-racing beskrivs i Helsingborg, vilken problematik och brottslighet det medför, och hur kan det brottsförebyggande arbetet förbättras och utvecklas? För att åstadkomma detta hölls semistrukturerade intervjuer med nyckelinformanter vid Polismyndigheten, Helsingborgs Kommuns Trafikenhet och Brottsförebyggande samordning, samt Svenska Motorklubbens Helsingborgsgren. Utöver detta analyserades även rapportering av street-race i Helsingborg i nyhetsartiklar. Denna studie tar formen av en explorativ fallstudie och har därmed en kvalitativ och induktiv ansats. I resultaten från intervjuerna och nyhetsartiklarna framkom det att Street-racing är ett ökande problem i Helsingborg och det lockar både deltagande och publik inte bara nationellt, utan även från andra länder. Street-racing beskrivs som svårarbetat, och att problemet har en tendens att förflytta sig när insatser görs. Genom att se till tidigare forskning från länder där street-racing är ännu starkare rotat, i kombination med nyinhämtad kunskap om hur arbetet sker på lokal nivå i Sverige, ges förslag på hur ett effektivt arbete mot street-racing kan ske. / Street-racing is a worldwide and growing phenomenon, and is the source of a lot of amusement for the participants, although at the same time it is the cause of several deaths and injuries on both people and property every year. In Sweden, the problems that follow street-racing are mainly crimes against the traffic ordinance and other traffic-related laws, as well as the danger posed for both drivers, bystanders and the general public. Helsingborg as a city has long appeared on the street-race scene, and been associated with a large interest in motor and vehicles, a lot thanks to the yearly recurring Vallåkraträffen, which expresses itself through unstructured vehicle gatherings, drifting and street-racing. The following study examines and clarifies the presence of street-racing in Helsingborg, in its fullest extent, and also how affected authorities and institutions have worked to combat the problem. The most central subject of the research questions of the study was to look into how street-racing is described in Helsingborg, what kind of non-criminal problems as well as crimes it brings, and in which way can the crime preventive work improve and develop? To accomplish this, semistructured interviews were held with key informants from the Police, Helsingborg municipalities Traffic Office and crime preventive coordinator as well as representatives of The swedish motorclub. In addition to this, reports of street-racing in news articles from Helsingborg were also analyzed. This study takes the shape of an explorative case study and therefore has a qualitative and inductive focus. The results of the interviews and news-articles showed that street-racing is an increasing problem in Helsingborg and it attracts both participants and spectators not just nationally but also from other countries. Street-racing is described as a difficult challenge to solve, and the problem has a tendency of moving rather than being solved when an effort is made. By looking at previous research from countries where street-racing is even more strongly rooted, in combination with newly gathered knowledge on how the work continues on a local level in Sweden, suggestions are given on how to work effectively against street-racing.